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"Dealing with volcanic and seismic activity, this book comprises eighteen papers, most of which were presented at an international seminar organized and held at the Complutense University of Madrid in October 2001. It addresses geodetic, geophysical and geochemical effects; monitoring; and theoretical modelling of volcanic and seismic processes."

"Pada tanggal 21 November 2022, terjadi gempa bumi di Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat, dengan kekuatan 5,6 Mw dan kedalaman 11 km, mengakibatkan kerusakan bangunan yang sangat masif, ratusan korban meninggal, dan ribuan luka-luka. Untuk meminimalisasi dampak bencana gempa bumi yang masih sangat mungkin terjadi, diperlukan adanya mitigasi, salah satunya dengan menggunakan Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) yang menghitung tingkat bahaya gempa bumi berupa potensi getaran tanah maksimum pada suatu daerah secara probabilistik berdasarkan data historikal kegempaan berupa magnitudo, lokasi, dan jumlah gempa bumi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah katalog gempa PuSGeN, USGS, dan ISC; serta informasi mengenai karakteristik zona subduksi dan sesar. Seluruh data diproses dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak R-CRISIS sehingga didapat nilai percepatan tanah maksimum (PGA) di batuan dasar dalam 3 peta dan percepatan spektra (SA) dalam 6 peta. Nilai Nilai PGA, SA pada T=0.2 detik, dan SA pada T=1 detik dengan probabilitas terlampaui (PoE) 2% dalam 50 tahun berturut-turut ada dalam rentang 0,78—1,05 g; 1,08—1,64 g; dan 0,42—0,75 g. Nilai PGA, SA pada T=0.2 detik, dan SA pada T=1 detik dengan PoE 7% dalam 75 tahun berturut-turut ada dalam rentang 0,62—0,88 g; 0,83—1,23 g; dan 0,32—0,53 g. Nilai PGA, SA pada T=0.2 detik, dan SA pada T=1 detik dengan PoE 10% dalam 50 tahun berturut-turut ada dalam rentang 0,5—0,72 g; 0,69—0,98 g; dan 0,25—0,40 g. Wilayah Kabupaten Cianjur yang memiliki tingkat kerawanan tertinggi adalah bagian selatan yang lebih dekat dengan zona subduksi megathrust serta bagian tengah yang dilalui sesar. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi informasi tambahan untuk rencana mitigasi Kabupaten Cianjur ke depannya.

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On November 21, 2022, an earthquake occurred in Cianjur Regency, West Java, with a magnitude of 5.6 Mw and a depth of 11 km. It caused extensive damage to buildings, hundreds of fatalities, and thousands of injuries. To reduce the impact of the disaster that is still very likely to occur, an action to mitigate is needed, one of which is by using the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) which calculates the level of earthquake hazard in the form of maximum ground vibration potential in an area probabilistically based on historical seismic data in the form of magnitude, location, and number of earthquakes. The data used in this study are PuSGeN, USGS, and ISC earthquake catalogs; as well as information on the characteristics of subduction zones and faults. All the data was processed using the R-CRISIS software, resulting in three maps of peak ground acceleration (PGA) at the bedrock and six maps of spectral acceleration (SA). The values of PGA, SA at T=0.2 seconds, and SA at T=1 second with a probability of exceedance (PoE) of 2% in 50 years are within the range of 0.78—1.05 g, 1.08—1.64 g, and 0.42—0.75 g, respectively. The values of PGA, SA at T=0.2 seconds, and SA at T=1 second with a PoE of 7% in 75 years are within the range of 0.62—0.88 g, 0.83—1.23 g, and 0.32—0.53 g, respectively. The values of PGA, SA at T=0.2 seconds, and SA at T=1 second with a PoE of 10% in 50 years are within the range of 0.5—0.72 g, 0.69—0.98 g, and 0.25—0.40 g, respectively. The southern part of Cianjur Regency, which is closer to the megathrust subduction zone, and the central part traversed by faults, are identified as the areas with the highest vulnerability. The results of this research are expected to provide additional information for future mitigation plans in Cianjur Regency."

"Kota Surabaya merupakan salah satu kota besar di Indonesia yang wilayahnya dilewati oleh dua segmen patahan dari Sesar Kendeng, yaitu Patahan Waru dan Patahan Surabaya. Keduanya memiliki laju pergerakan sebesar 0,05 mm/tahun dan berpotensi terjadi gempabumi berkekuatan besar di masa mendatang. Selain itu, Wilayah Surabaya berdekatan dengan Megathrust East Java di Selatan Pulau Jawa. Berdasarkan riwayat kegempaan, Wilayah Surabaya belum pernah menjadi titik episenter gempabumi dan hanya ikut terguncang akibat gempabumi yang terjadi disekitarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan memetakan besaran percepatan tanah di Surabaya akibat gempabumi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) dengan bantuan perangkat lunak R-CRISIS. Sumber gempabumi yang diolah berada pada radius 500 Km dari Surabaya dengan kedalaman <300 Km dan dikumpulkan dari berbagai katalog seperti katalog BMKG, katalog PuSGeN, katalog USGS, dan katalog ISC dari tahun 1900-Januari 2023. Hasil pengolahan menunjukkan bahwa nilai percepatan tanah yang diperoleh pada PoE 2% dalam 50 tahun (periode ulang 2.475 tahun) saat T=0s sebesar 0,314-0,538 g, T=0,2s sebesar 0,759-1,308 g, dan T=1s sebesar 0,192 – 0,321 g. Berikutnya, nilai percepatan tanah pada PoE 5% dalam 50 tahun (periode ulang 975 tahun) saat T=0s sebesar 0,236-0,391 g, T=0,2s sebesar 0,562 – 0,903 g, dan T=1s sebesar 0,134-0,211 g. Selanjutnya, nilai percepatan tanah pada PoE 10% dalam 50 tahun (periode ulang 475 tahun) saat T=0s sebesar 0,180-0,289 g, T=0,2s sebesar 0,417-0,678 g, dan T=1s sebesar 0,101-0,147 g. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, Wilayah Surabaya Barat mengalami respon percepatan tanah paling tinggi. Hal ini bersesuaian dengan tektonik Surabaya Barat yang dilewati oleh Patahan Surabaya dan Patahan Waru, sehingga nilai percepatan tanah yang tinggi diakibatkan oleh sumber gempabumi fault (patahan). Setelah dikonversi menjadi gal, potensi kerusakan yang ditimbulkan berdasarkan nilai percepatan tanah yang diperoleh sebesar VI-XII MMI (99,05-1.282,71 gal).

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Surabaya City is one of the major cities in Indonesia that is passed by two fault segments of the Kendeng Fault, namely the Waru Fault and the Surabaya Fault. Both have a movement rate of 0,05 mm/year and potentially have a large-power earthquake in the future. In addition, the Surabaya Region is adjacent to the East Java Megathrust in the South of Java Island. Based on the history of seismicity, the Surabaya Region has never been the epicenter of an earthquake and has only been shaken by earthquakes that occurred around it. This study aims to analyzing and mapping the amount of ground acceleration in Surabaya due to earthquakes. The research method used is the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) method using R-CRISIS software. The processed earthquake source is within 500 Km from Surabaya with a depth of <300 Km and is collected from various catalogs such as the BMKG catalog, the PuSGeN catalog, the USGS catalog, and the ISC catalog from 1900 to January 2023. The results of processing show that the ground acceleration values obtained at PoE 2% in 50 years (return period of 2.475 years) when T=0s is 0,314 – 0,538 g, T=0,2s is 0,759-1,308 g, and T=1s is 0,192-0,321 g. Subsequently, the ground acceleration values at PoE 5% in 50 years (return period of 975 years) when T=0s is 0,236-0,391 g, T=0,2s is 0,562-0,903 g, and T=1s is 0,134-0,211 g. Furthermore, the ground acceleration values at PoE were 10% in 50 years (return period of 475 years) when T=0s is 0,180-0,289 g, T=0,2s is 0,417-0,678 g, and T=1s is 0,101-0,147 g. Based on the results of the analysis, the West Surabaya Region experienced the highest ground acceleration response. This corresponds to the tectonics of West Surabaya which is passed by the Surabaya Fault and the Waru Fault, so that the high value of ground acceleration is due to the fault earthquake source. After being converted into gal, the potential damage caused based on the ground acceleration value obtained is VI-XII MMI (99,05 – 1.282,71 gal)."

"Gempa bumi berkekuatan 4,8 SR pernah terjadi pada 13 Juni 2018 pukul 20.06 WIB di Kabupaten Sumenep, Pulau Madura yang mengakibatkan ratusan rumah warga rusak akibat bencana ini. Agar dampak kerusakan dan kerugian jiwa hingga materiil dapat diminimalisir, diperlukan usaha mitigasi bencana gempa bumi di Pulau Madura dengan melakukan penelitian mengenai kemungkinan munculnya gempa bumi pada tingkat bahaya tertentu dengan metode PSHA (Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis). Metode ini menggunakan mengkombinasikan karakteristik magnitudo, jarak, dan waktu dari riwayat gempa bumi di wilayah penelitian untuk memperkirakan kemungkinan percepatan gerakan tanah maksimum atau PGA yang mungkin terjadi dalam periode ulang tertentu (Dewi et al., 2018). Penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data berupa katalog riwayat gempa Pulau Madura, informasi karakteristik active fault, zona subduction, dan zona background di sekitar Pulau Madura, serta informasi fungsi atenuasi yang sesuai dengan daerah penelitian. Seluruh data telah diproses sedemikian rupa hingga menghasilkan 3 peta PGA di batuan dasar dalam masa guna bangunan 50 tahun dan 1 grafik respon SA dalam periode 4 detik di lokasi kejadian gempa 13 Juni 2018. Peta pertama dengan PoE 10% (periode ulang gempa 475 tahun) memiliki rentang nilai PGA 0,21 – 0,31 g. Peta kedua dengan PoE 5% (periode ulang gempa 975 tahun) memiliki rentang nilai PGA 0,23 – 0,34 g. Peta ketiga dengan PoE 2% (periode ulang gempa 2.475 tahun) memiliki rentang nilai PGA 0,25 – 0,4 g. Peningkatan rentang nilai PGA saat nilai PoE menurun disebabkan oleh semakin panjang periode ulang tahunnya maka semakin banyak gempa bumi dengan magnitudo yang lebih besar dapat muncul. Pada Pulau Madura, peta PGA dengan PoE 2% (periode ulang gempa 2.475 tahun) hasil penelitian memiliki rentang nilai PGA 0,25 – 0,27 g, sedangkan pada peta PGA dengan PoE yang sama milik SNI 1726:2019 memiliki rentang nilai 0,15 – 0,20 g. Jika nilai PGA dengan PoE 2% (periode ulang gempa 2.475 tahun) hasil penelitian di Pulau Madura dikonversi menjadi MMI, maka akan masuk ke intensitas VII (very strong) hingga VIII (severe). Lalu menurut grafik respon SA dalam periode 4 detik di lokasi kejadian gempa 13 Juni 2018, diperlukan revisi kode bangunan nasional SNI 1726:2019 di koordinat riwayat gempa bumi Sumenep pada 13 Juni 2018 dari percepatan tanah spektral tertinggi 0,45 g menjadi 0,61 g. Kedepannya, disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian lanjutan terhadap PGA di Pulau Madura menggunakan informasi kondisi batuan sebenarnya, melakukan pemutakhiran sumber-sumber gempa bumi di sekitar Pulau Madura, melakukan penelitian lanjutan terhadap PGA di Indonesia untuk perbaikan kode bangunan nasional SNI 1726:2019, dan diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi informasi tambahan bagi proses mitigasi bencana gempa bumi di Pulau Madura.

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An earthquake of 4.8 Richter Scale occurred on June 13, 2018 at 20.06 WIB in Sumenep Regency, Madura Island, which damaged hundreds of residents' houses as a result of this disaster. To reduce the damage and loss of life to material, it’s necessary to mitigate the earthquake disaster on Madura Island by conducting research on the possibility of earthquakes occurring at a certain hazard level using the PSHA (Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis) method. This method combines the characteristics of magnitude, distance, and time from the history of earthquakes in the study area to estimate the possible maximum ground motion acceleration or PGA that may occur within a certain return period (Dewi et al., 2018). This study uses data sources such as earthquake history catalog of the Madura Island, active faults, subduction zones, and background zones characteristics around Madura Island, and also attenuation function information related to the research area. All data has been processed and produced 3 PGA maps in bedrock with a 50 year building life and 1 SA response graph in a 4 second period at the site of the 13 June 2018 earthquake. The first map with 10% PoE (475 years earthquake return period) has a PGA value range of 0,21 – 0,31 g. The second map with 5% PoE (975 years earthquake return period) has a PGA value range of 0,23 – 0,34 g. The third map with a PoE of 2% (2.475 years earthquake return period) has a PGA value range of 0,25 – 0,4 g. The increase in the PGA range value when the PoE value decreases is caused by the longer the earthquake return period, the more earthquakes with a larger magnitude can occur. On Madura Island, the PGA map with a PoE of 2% (2.475 years earthquake return period) of this study have a PGA value range of 0,25 – 0.27 g, while the PGA map with the same PoE belonging to SNI 1726:2019 has a value range of 0,15 – 0,20 g. If the PGA value with a PoE of 2% (2.475 years earthquake return period) from the research on Madura Island is converted to MMI, the intensity will be VII (very strong) to VIII (severe). Then according to the graph of the SA response for a period of 4 seconds at the location of the 13 June 2018 earthquake, it is necessary to revise the national building code of SNI 1726: 2019 in the coordinates of the Sumenep earthquake history on 13 June 2018 from the highest spectral ground acceleration of 0,45 g to 0,61 g. In the future, it is recommended to carry out further research on PGA on Madura Island using information on actual rock conditions, update earthquake sources around Madura Island, conduct further research on PGA in Indonesia to improve the national building code SNI 1726:2019, and hope that this research can be additional information for the earthquake disaster mitigation process on Madura Island."

"Kota Surabaya bagian barat berada di antara dua patahan aktif, yaitu Patahan Surabaya dan Waru. Mikrozonasi seismik dan karakterisasi lokasi gempa di wilayah sekitar patahan sangat penting untuk pembangunan kota dan mitigasi potensi bencana akibat gempa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengestimasi tingkat kerentanan seismik di Kecamatan Tandes dan Sambikerep yang berada di bagian barat Kota Surabaya. Data mikrotemor diolah menggunakan metode Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) untuk mendapatkan nilai frekuensi dasar (f0) nilai amplifikasi (A0), dan kurva H/V. Inversi kurva H/V dilakukan untuk mendapatkan profil nilai kecepatan gelombang geser (Vs) terhadap kedalaman. Indeks kerentanan seismik tanah (Kg) dihitung berdasarkan nilai amplifikasi permukaan (A0) dan frekuensi dasar (f0). Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai frekuensi dasar (f0) di Kecamatan Tandes dan Sambikerep berkisar antara 0,5051-3,9541 Hz. Sebaran nilai faktor amplifikasi (A0) di Kecamatan Tandes dan Sambikerep berkisar antara 1,0250-4,1135. Indeks Kerentanan Seismik (Kg) di wilayah penelitian bervariasi antara 0.4602 hingga 15.3294. Kecamatan Tandes dan Sambikerep memiliki nilai Kerentanan Seismik (Kg) relatif rendah sehingga lebih aman untuk pembangunan infrastruktur daripada daerah bagian utaranya.

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The western part of Surabaya city is located between Surabaya and Waru active faults. Seismic microzonation and characterization of earthquake locations around fault areas are very important for city development and potential disaster mitigation caused by earthquakes. The objective of the research is to estimate the level of seismic vulnerability in the Tandes and Sambikerep districts located in the western area of Surabaya City. The microtremor data was processed using the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method to obtain fundamental frequency values (f0), amplification values (A0), and H/V curves. Inversion of H/V curves carried to obtain profiles of shear wave velocity values (Vs) versus depth. The soil seismic vulnerability index (Kg) is calculated based on the surface amplification value (A0) and fundamental frequency (f0). The research results show that the fundamental frequency (f0) value in Tandes and Sambikerep Districts ranges between 0.5051-3.9541 Hz. The amplification factor values (A0) in Tandes and Sambikerep Districts range between 1.0250-4.1135. The Seismic Vulnerability Index (Kg) of the study area varies from 0.4602 to 15.3294. Conclusion. Tandes and Sambikerep districts have relatively low Seismic Susceptibility (Kg) values. Therefore, these areas are safer for infrastructure building than the northern areas."

"Earthquakes represent a major risk to buildings, bridges and other civil infrastructure systems, causing catastrophic loss to modern society. Handbook of seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems reviews the state of the art in the seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems.Part one reviews research in the quantification of uncertainties in ground motion and seismic hazard assessment. Part twi discusses methodologies in seismic risk analysis and management, whilst parts three and four cover the application of seismic risk assessment to buildings, bridges, pipelines and other civil infrastructure systems. Part five also discusses methods for quantifying dependency between different infrastructure systems. The final part of the book considers ways of assessing financial and other losses from earthquake damage as well as setting insurance rates.Handbook of seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems is an invaluable guide for professionals requiring understanding of the impact of earthquakes on buildings and lifelines, and the seismic risk assessment and management of buildings, bridges and transportation. It also provides a comprehensive overview of seismic risk analysis for researchers and engineers within these fields."

"Gedung olahraga merupakan struktur yang pada umumnya terdiri atas material baja. Selain itu gedung olahraga pada umumnya memiliki elevasi atap yang tinggi untuk menunjang kegiatan olahraga. Gedung olahraga Universitas Indonesia terletak pada elevasi yang berbeda serta dihubungkan dengan bangunan penghubung. Penelitian ini berfokus pada efek dari jenis sambungan pada bangunan penghubung yang menghubungkan kolom pada gedung olahraga dengan balok bangunan penghubung terhadap respons struktur terhadap gempa khususnya pada arah y. Selain itu juga terdapat penelitian tentang pemberian beda elevasi antar kedua bangunan serta pemodelan variasi jenis perletakan pada elevasi yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variasi jenis sambungan tidak mempengaruhi respons struktur secara signifikan. Adapun jenis sambungan yang paling efektif ialah pada sambungan rigid. Adanya variasi jenis perletakan lebih berpengaruh pada bangunan yang berada di elevasi lebih tinggi. Kombinasi antara variasi beda elevasi, jenis perletakan, dan jenis sambungan mempunyai dampak yang berbeda terhadap respons struktur. Pola respons dengan variasi jenis sambungan pada model dengan tidak ada beda elevasi dapat berubah ketika diberi perbedaan elevasi.

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Sports building is a structure that generally consists of steel material. In addition, sports buildings generally have a high roof elevation to support sports activities. The University of Indonesia's sports building is located at a different elevation and is connected to the connecter building. This research focuses on the effect of the type of connection on the connecting building connecting the column in the sports building with the connecting building beam to the structural response to the earthquake especially in the y direction. In addition there are also studies on the provision of elevation differences between the two buildings as well as modeling variations in the types of placement at higher elevations. This study shows that variations in connection types do not significantly affect structural responses. The most effective type of connection is the rigid connection. The variation in the type of placement is more influential on buildings that are at higher elevations. The combination of variations in elevation differences, type of placement, and type of connection has a different impact on the response of the structure. The response patterns with variations in the connection types in models with no elevation difference can change when given elevation differences."

"The consequences of a large dam failing can be disastrous. However, predicting the performance of concrete dams during earthquakes is one of the most complex and challenging problems in structural dynamics. Based on a nonlinear approach, Seismic Safety Evaluation of Concrete Dams allows engineers to build models that account for nonlinear phenomena such as vertical joint slippage, cracks, and cavitation. This yields more accurate estimates. Advanced but readable, this book is the culmination of the work carried out by Tsinghua University Research Group on Earthquake Resistance on Dams over the last two decades."