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"The book provides an up-to-date account of mangrove forests from Asia, together with restoration techniques, and the management requirements of these ecosystems to ensure their sustainability and conservation. All aspects of mangroves and their conservation are critically re-examined. The book is divided into three sections presenting the distribution and status of mangrove ecosystems in Asia, the challenges they are facing, their issues and opportunities, and the management strategies for their conservation."

"Deforestasi masif terhadap ekosistem mangrove di berbagai negara telah menambah ancaman dampak perubahan iklim pada kehidupan di pesisir. Menyadari hal tersebut, banyak pihak di berbagai negara telah melakukan upaya konservasi dan restorasi. Namun seringkali upaya konservasi dan restorasi tersebut menemui tantangan yang tidak ringan. Kepentingan ekonomi politik sering kali menjadi penghalang upaya konservasi dan restorasi yang telah dicanangkan sehingga kondisi akhir lahan hutan mangrove ditentukan oleh pihak yang memenangkan konflik tersebut, yang biasanya dipengaruhi oleh besarnya sumber daya dan akses kekuasaan yang mereka miliki. Dengan melihat aspek ekonomi politik, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisi gap pada ketersediaan literatur-literatur terkait pemulihan dan perlindungan ekosistem mangrove, khususnya di tingkat lokal. Untuk itu, penelitian melihat hambatan pada proses pemulihan ekosistem mangrove melalui studi kasus di Cagar Alam Tanjung Panjang, Provinsi Gorontalo, dengan menggunakan pendekatan yang berorientasi aktor dari Bryant & Bailey (1997) dan teori akses dari Ribot & Peluso (2003). Dalam pengambilan data, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam kepada pemangku kepentingan, analisis dokumen kebijakan terkait, serta observasi fisik. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh politik petambak dan kepentingan ekonomi pemerintah menjadi hambatan utama dalam upaya pemulihan dan perlindungan ekosistem mangrove di Cagar Alam Tanjung Panjang. Meskipun pemerintah, LSM, dan masyarakat telah berupaya bersama untuk mencegah konversi kawasan mangrove yang tersisa, upaya tersebut masih belum cukup kuat untuk menghadapi akses struktural dan relasional yang dimiliki oleh para pengusaha tambak. Situasi ini tercermin pada tahun 2017, ketika para pengusaha tambak berhasil menghambat proses penegakan hukum dan mempengaruhi perubahan kebijakan dan langkah pemerintah pusat di tahun-tahun berikutnya. Pada akhirnya hal tersebut membuat pencapaian upaya perlindungan dan pemulihan kawasan mangrove menjadi semakin jauh dari yang diharapkan.

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Massive deforestation of mangrove ecosystems in various countries has heightened the risk of climate change impacts on coastal communities. In response, many parties in various countries have made efforts toward conservation and restoration. However, these efforts often encounter significant challenges. Political and economic interests often obstruct conservation and restoration efforts, as the final state of mangrove forest lands is typically determined by the party prevailing in the conflict, which is often the actor with greater access to resources and power. By acknowledging the effects brought about by these political-economic factors, this study aims to fill the gap in the existing literature on mangrove ecosystem recovery and protection, particularly at the local level. To achieve this, the research explored the barriers to mangrove ecosystem recovery through a case study in the Tanjung Panjang Nature Reserve, Gorontalo Province, employing an actor-oriented approach by Bryant & Bailey (1997) and the access theory of Ribot & Peluso (2003). The study employs a qualitative approach for data collection, utilizing in-depth interviews with stakeholders, analysis of relevant policy documents, and direct physical observations. Findings revealed that the political influence of fish farmers and the government's economic interests are the primary barriers to the recovery and protection of the mangrove ecosystem in the Tanjung Panjang Nature Reserve. Despite collaborative efforts by the government, NGOs, and local community to prevent further conversion of the remaining mangrove areas, these measures remain insufficient to counter the structural and relational access advantages held by fish farmers. This issue was evident in 2017 when fish farmers successfully obstructed law enforcement processes and influenced policy changes at the central government level in subsequent years. Consequently, the goal of protecting and restoring the mangrove ecosystem remains unfulfilled."

"The student demographic of universities today has changed quite dramatically from even a decade ago. As universities seek to internationalise, widen participation and derive attendant reputational and financial benefits, along with greater opportunities for research collaborations and industry links, they also face a growing challenge associated with what Neil Murray terms 'the English language question'. In particular, as the proportion of students of non-English speaking backgrounds entering universities increases, there is growing concern over levels of language proficiency and what this can mean for educational standards, the student experience and, ultimately, institutional standing. Standards of English in Higher Education unpacks a number of key and interrelated issues - for example, the assessment of proficiency and the structure and nature of provision - that bear on the question of English language standards, and in doing so offers a frank and critical appraisal of English language in higher education today."

"This volume is focused on the development of vaccines which generate immune effectors capable of blocking mucosal entry or peripheral pathogen spread. Other chapters describe strategies for enhancing uptake of mucosal vaccines, for instance through targeted delivery to antigen-sampling M cells, construction of virus-like particles which mimic natural pathogens, addition of mucoadhesives or formulation as nanoparticles. Topics include edible vaccines as well as plant-based production of subunit or particulate vaccines that could be administered by any route. Dry powder vaccines that could be insufflated or directly applied to mucosal surfaces may be particularly ideal for mass vaccination in developing countries. The manufacture, stability and efficacy of powder formulations is comprehensively reviewed. We conclude with chapters on two of the greatest challenges facing mucosal vaccine development : human immunodeficiency virus and bioterrorist agents. This monograph highlights progress and information that should prove invaluable for the development of contemporary vaccines that prevent infection by these and other mucosal pathogens."

"Pengelolaan mangrove berkelanjutan memiliki pendekatan multidimensional yakni ekologi, ekonomi, sosial dan kelembagaan. Keberlanjutan pengelolaan dapat tercapai jika keempat dimensi tersebut seimbang. Namun, tidak semua daerah dapat mengimplementasikan dimensi keberlanjutan secara seimbang, salah satunya di Desa Kaliwlingi. Tujuan penelitian secara umum untuk menentukan dimensi paling berpengaruh dalam pengelolaan mangrove secara berkelanjutan, sedangkan tujuan khusus untuk menganalisis status keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove di Desa Kaliwlingi ditinjau dari dimensi ekologi, dimensi sosial, dimensi ekonomi dan dimensi kelembangaan dan merekomendasikan konsep keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah multidimensional scaling menggunakan Rapfish (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) untuk menentukan status keberlanjutan pengelolaan dilanjutkan dengan metode AHP (Analitical Hierarchy Process) untuk menentukan prioritas alternatif kebijakan. Hasil penelitian status keberlanjutan pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove cukup berkelanjutan dengan nilai total 63,69. Sedangkan nilai masing-masing dimensi cukup berkelanjutan dengan rincian dimensi sosial (73,65), kelembangaan (63,43), ekologi (66,78) dan ekonomi (54,34). Konsep keberlanjutan dengan prioritas melakukan pengawasan dan patroli pengamanan secara berkala, melaksanakan rehabilitasi mangrove dengan penganekaragaman bibit sesuai kondisi geofisik lingkungan, melaksanakan sosialisasi, penyadartahuan dan kapasitas masyarakat sekitar terkait mangrove, dan meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat sekitar dengan melakukan diversifikasi produk pemanfaatan mangrove.

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Sustainable mangrove management employs a multidimensional approach, encompassing ecological, economic, social, and institutional dimensions. Achieving sustainability in management requires a balanced integration of these four dimensions. However, not all regions can implement sustainability dimensions in equilibrium, as exemplified in the case of Kaliwlingi Village. The general objective of this research is to identify the most influential dimension in sustainable mangrove management. The specific goals include analyzing the sustainability status of mangrove ecosystem management in Kaliwlingi Village from ecological, social, economic, and institutional dimensions. The research aims to recommend a concept for the sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems. The methodology employed in this research includes multidimensional scaling using Rapfish (Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries) to determine the sustainability status of management. This is followed by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to establish priorities. The research findings indicate a reasonably sustainable status for mangrove ecosystem management, with a total score of 63.69. The individual dimension scores are as follows: social dimension (73.65), institutional dimension (63.43), ecological dimension (66.78), and economic dimension (54.34). The recommended concept for mangrove ecosystem management is based on participatory management involving the community with strengthening non-formal community institutions."

"Penelitian tentang struktur komunitas makrozoobentos dalam ekosistem mangrove telah dilakukan di Cilamaya Wetan, Karawang, Jawa Barat pada Mei 2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan struktur komunitas makrozoobentos seperti komposisi, kepadatan, keanekaragaman, kerataan, kerataan, dominansi, dan frekuensi kehadiran. . Tujuan lain adalah untuk menentukan hubungan antara kepadatan bakau dengan kepadatan dan keanekaragaman makrozoobentos di daerah tersebut. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan purposive sampling dan menggunakan metode transek kuadrat di tiga stasiun, yaitu Desa Muara Baru, Desa Tangkolak Barat, dan Desa Tangkolak Timur. Studi ini menemukan 16 jenis makrozoobentos dan 7 jenis bakau dengan kepadatan yang sangat padat (0,23-0,32 ind / m2). Kepadatan makrozoobentos tertinggi di Desa Tangkolak Barat (8 ind / m2) dan terendah di Desa Muara Baru (2 ind / m2). Keragaman makrozoobentos tergolong tinggi di Desa Tangkolak Barat dengan indeks 1,58 dan Desa Tangkolak Timur dengan indeks 2,05, sedangkan keragaman tergolong rendah di Desa Muara Baru dengan indeks 0,28. Distribusi makrozoobentos diklasifikasikan hampir terdistribusi secara merata di Desa Tangkolak Barat dan Desa Tangkolak Timur dengan indeks kegagangan masing-masing 0,88 dan 0,85, sementara itu didistribusikan secara merata di Desa Muara Baru dengan indeks kegagahan 0,59. Data menunjukkan tidak ada spesies yang mendominasi di Desa Tangkolak Barat dan Desa Tangkolak Timur, kecuali di Desa Muara Baru. Episesarma palawanense adalah macrozoobenthos yang memiliki frekuensi kehadiran tertinggi di Desa Muara Baru dengan frekuensi 27,7%. Parameter lingkungan termasuk suhu, pH, dan salinitas dianggap sebagai kategori normal untuk makrozoobentos dan kehidupan bakau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan bakau berhubungan dengan kepadatan dan keanekaragaman makrozoobentos.

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Research on the structure of macrozoobenthos communities in mangrove ecosystems has been conducted in Cilamaya Wetan, Karawang, West Java in May 2019. This study aims to determine the structure of macrozoobenthos community such as composition, density, diversity, flatness, flatness, dominance, and frequency of attendance. . Another goal is to determine the relationship between mangrove density and the density and diversity of macrozoobenthos in the area. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling and using the quadratic transect method at three stations, namely Muara Baru Village, West Tangkolak Village, and East Tangkolak Village. This study found 16 types of macrozoobenthos and 7 types of mangrove with very dense density (0.23-0.32 ind / m2). The highest density of macrozoobenthos is in West Tangkolak Village (8 ind / m2) and the lowest in Muara Baru Village (2 ind / m2). The diversity of macrozoobenthos is relatively high in the village of West Tangkolak with an index of 1.58 and the village of East Tangkolak with an index of 2.05, while the diversity is relatively low in the village of Muara Baru with an index of 0.28. The distribution of macrozoobenthos is classified almost evenly in the Village of West Tangkolak and the Village of East Tangkolak with a trade index of 0.88 and 0.85 respectively, while it is distributed equally in the Muara Baru Village with a pride index of 0.59. Data shows that there are no species that dominate in the villages of West Tangkolak and East Tangkolak, except in Muara Baru Village. Palawanense Episesarma is macrozoobenthos which has the highest attendance frequency in Muara Baru Village with a frequency of 27.7%. Environmental parameters including temperature, pH, and salinity are considered normal categories for macrozoobenthos and mangrove life. The results showed that mangrove density was related to macrozoobenthos density and diversity."

"Pada September 2018 terjadi gempa bumi dengan magnitudo 7,5 Mw di Teluk Palu, yang diikuti tsunami. Dampak dari bencana ini adalah rusaknya infrastruktur bangunan, lingkungan, dan hilangnya nyawa. 4.194 orang meninggal dunia dan merusak 8.107 bangunan, 43 fasilitas kesehatan dan 386 fasilitas pendidikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran serta masyarakat lokal dalam pengelolaan mangrove, evaluasi peran pemerintah dalam recovery mangrove, dan strategi mitigasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, dan analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dan komparatif. Pentingnya penelitian ini adalah membandingkan kondisi ekosistem mangrove, peran serta masyarakat dan pemerintah dalam memitigasi bencana tsunami. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat dan pemerintah mulai menyadari pentingnya mangrove untuk mengurangi dampak tsunami, dimana banyak masyarakat yang mulai menanam dan mengelola mangrove. Strategi mitigasi bencana tsunami yang dapat diterapkann yaitu dengan pembanguan tanggul dan greenbelt sebagai peredam kekuatan gelombang tsunami.

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In September 2018 there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 Mw in Palu Bay, which was followed by a tsunami. The impact of this disaster is the destruction of building infrastructure, the environment, and loss of life. 4,194 people died and damaged 8,107 buildings, 43 health facilities and 386 educational facilities. This study aims to analyze the participation of local communities in mangrove management, evaluate the role of the government in mangrove recovery, and mitigation strategies. The method used in this study is qualitative, and the analysis used in this study is descriptive and comparative method. The importance of this study is to compare the condition of the mangrove ecosystem, the participation of the community and the government in mitigating the tsunami disaster. The results showed that the community and the government began to realize the importance of mangroves to reduce the impact of the tsunami, where many communities began to plant and manage mangroves. A tsunami disaster mitigation strategy that can be applied is by building embankments and greenbelts as a dampener for the strength of tsunami waves."