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"A renaissance of virus research is taking centre stage in biology. Empirical data from the last decade indicate the important roles of viruses, both in the evolution of all life and as symbionts of host organisms. There is increasing evidence that all cellular life is colonized by exogenous and/or endogenous viruses in a non-lytic but persistent lifestyle. Viruses and viral parts form the most numerous genetic matter on this planet."

"This volume comprises a collection of articles on a variety of topics relevant to primate genomes, including evolution, human origins, genome structure, chromosome genomics, and bioinformatics. The book covers the cutting-edge research in molecular primatology and provides great insights into the functional diversity of primates. This valuable collection will benefit researchers and students, including primatologists, anthropologists, molecular biologists, evolutionary biologists, and animal behaviorists."

"This book from a seasoned biologist offers new insights into the nature of life by illuminating a fascinating architecture of dualities inherent in its existence and propagation. Life is connected with individual living beings, yet it is also a collective and inherently global phenomenon of the material world. It embodies a dual existence of cycles of phenotypic life, and their unseen driver, an uninterrupted march of genetic information whose collective immortality is guaranteed by individual mortality. Although evolution propagates and tunes species of organisms, the beings produced can be regarded merely as tools for the survival and cloning of genomes written in an unchanging code. What are the physical versus informational bases and driving forces of life, and how do they unite as an integrated system? What does time mean for individuals, life on the global scale, and the underlying information? This accessible examination of principles and evidence shows that a network of dualities lies at the heart of biological puzzles that have engaged the human mind for millennia."

"Saat ini tengah banyak studi yang dilakukan untuk menemukan antivirus dengue (DENV) dari ekstrak bebagai tumbuhan sebagai alternatif pengobatan terhadap infeksi DENV. Calophyllum flavoramulum (C. flavoramulum) merupakan tanaman yang banyak hidup di daerah Asia Tenggara ini memiliki kandungan dari turunan xanthone dan flavonoid yang memiliki potensi sebagai antivirus. Pada studi ini dilakukan evaluasi efek inhibisi dari fraksi etanol ekstrak daun C. flavoramulum terhadap DENV-2 strain New Guinea C (NGC). Efek inhibisi (IC50) dievaluasi dengan menggunakan focus assay. Sedangkan efek toksisitas (CC50) terhadap sel dievaluasi pada sel Huh7it-1 menggunakan metode MTT assay. Hasil dari studi ini menunjukan CC50 = 473,50ug/ml, IC50 = 41,74ug/ml, dan SI=11,33. Hasil tersebut menunjukan bahwa C. flavoramulum tidak toksik terhadap sel hidup dan memiliki nilai SI yang cukup tinggi sehingga efektif untuk digunakan sebagai antivirus dengue. Akan tetapi, perlu diteliti lebih lanjut mengenai kandungan aktif dalam C. flavoramulum yang memiliki aktivitas untuk menghambat replikasi DENV.

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In recent years, several studies have been conducted to find dengue (DENV) antiviral from natural extract as an alternative management for dengue infection. Calophyllum flavoramulum(C. flavoramulum), one of South East Asia plants, contains derivates of flavonoid and xanthone where both have been known as potential dengue antivirals. This study evaluated inhibitory potential of ethanol extract from C. flavoramulum leaf to DENV-2 strain New Guinea C (NGC) through focus assay. Along with inhibitory effect (IC50), toxicity effect (CC50) to Huh7it-1 cell also evaluated through MTT assay. The result of this study shown IC50 = 41.74 μg/mL, CC50 = 473.50 μg/mL, and SI=11.33. In conclusion, extract of C. flavoramulum can be used selectively as a dengue antiviral, besides it is not toxic for living cells. More studies are needed to find its active ingredients which specifically have the ability to inhibit DENV replication."

"Deteksi cepat protein non-structural 1 (NS1) telah banyak digunakan untuk diagnosis infeksi dengue. Beberapa kit diagnostik yang mampu mendeteksi antigen NS1 sudah tersedia di Indonesia, salah satunya adalah SD Bioline Dengue Duo®. Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross-sectional, berbasis komunitas, yang mengevaluasi sensitivitas dan spesifisitas SD Bioline Dengue Duo® pada infeksi dengue primer dan sekunder di Jakarta, Indonesia dari tahun 2010 sampai 2011. Kinetika NS1 serta antibodi antidengue juga diamati. Sampel serum diambil dari 105 pasien dengan demam kurang dari 48 jam. Infeksi dengue dikonfirmasi menggunakan tiga tes standar emas, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) dan/atau isolasi virus di cell line C6/36 dan/atau Imunoglobulin G (IgG) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Sensitivitas SD Bioline Dengue Duo® lebih tinggi pada infeksi primer (93,1% [95% CI, 92,7 sampai 100]) dibandingkan infeksi sekunder (86,1% [95% CI, 82,7 sampai 100]). Spesifisitas kit di kedua kelompok penelitian adalah 100%. Selain itu, penelitian kami menunjukkan bahwa pada infeksi sekunder, tes NS1 yang dilakukan sedini mungkin setelah onset demam berbuah pada sensitivitas kit yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan studi-studi sebelumnya. Kemampuan kit untuk mendeteksi NS1 menurun seiring dengan perjalanan penyakit dan mencapai titik nadir pada hari ke 7 di kelompok infeksi primer maupun sekunder. Oleh karena sensitivitas yang baik dan spesifisitas yang sempurna, SD Bioline Dengue Duo® adalah alat yang dapat dipercaya untuk keperluan skrining infeksi dengue pada awal demam.

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Some diagnostic kits capable of detecting dengue virus (DENV) NS1 are already available in Indonesia, one of which is SD Bioline Dengue Duo®. This research is a cross-sectional that evaluates the sensitivity and specificity of SD Bioline Dengue Duo® for primary and secondary DENV infection in Jakarta, Indonesia between 2010 and 2011. The kinetics of NS1 as well as anti-DENV antibodies detected by the kit was also observed. A panel of sera samples from 105 patients experiencing fever within the last 48 hours was tested. DENV infection was confirmed using three gold standard tests, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and/or virus isolation in C6/36 cell line and/or Imunoglobulin G (IgG) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

The sensitivity of SD Bioline Dengue Duo® was higher in primary infection (93.1% [95% CI, 92.7 to 100]) than in secondary infection (86.1% [95% CI, 82.7 to 100]). The kit's specificity in both study groups was 100%. Moreover, our study showed that in secondary infection, NS1 test performed as early as 1 or 2 days after fever onset resulted in a better sensitivity of the kit compared to past studies. NS1 detection rate reduced over the course of the illness and was lowest on day 7 in both primary and secondary infection. Given its high sensitivity and excellent specificity, SD Bioline Dengue Duo® is a reliable tool for early screening for DENV infection."

"Indonesia merupakan negara dengan jumlah kasus dengue terbanyak dan terparah di Asia Tenggara Studi filogenetik virus dengue DENV diperlukan sebagai dasar pengembangan struktur vaksin yang cocok Meskipun demikian data sekuens DENV masih terbatas Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis sekuens dan filogenetik keseluruhan gen envelope DENV 1 dibandingkan dengan domain III saja Data didapatkan dari GenBank dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia berupa whole genome DENV 1 sebanyak 30 sekuens yang diolah dengan Genetyx 5 1 Hasil analisis nukleotida gen envelope DENV 1 menunjukan strain Indonesia termasuk genotipe I dan IV Sedangkan analisis nukleotida dengan hanya domain III menunjukan adanya perbedaan cluster antar strain namun tetap dalam genotipe yang sama Dengan demikian studi filogenetik penentuan genotipe dapat dilakukan dengan hanya menggunakan domain III saja Analisis homologi asam amino domain III menunjukan epitope utama dilestarikan dan dapat menjadi landasan penting dalam pembuatan vaksin dengue berbasis domain III

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Phylogenetic study of dengue virus DENV is required as a basis to develop a suitable structure for vaccine development Nonetheless DENV sequence data is limited This study aims to analyze and compare the sequence and phylogenetic of DENV 1 envelope gene with domain III The data is obtained from GenBank and Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Thirty sequences of DENV 1 whole genome were processed using Genetyx 5 1 Analysis using DENV 1 envelope nucleotide showed that strain Indonesia has genotype I and IV Analysis using only the nucleotide of domain III showed the same genotype with difference of clusters between strains Thus phylogenetic studies determining the genotype can be done using domain III alone Homology analysis of amino acid of domain III showed that the main epitope is well reserved This finding can be an important cornerstone in the development of domain III based dengue vaccine."