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"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) adalah garam natrium glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonessensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan peningkatan stres oksidatif di hati dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap peningkatan stres oksidatif pada hati tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar MDA, GSH, dan aktivitas spesifik katalase sebagai penanda adanya stres oksidatif. Sebanyak 27 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dibagi dalam 3 kelompok: kelompok kontrol (diberi akuades), kelompok P1A (diberi MSG 4g/KgBB), dan kelompok P2A (diberi MSG 6g/KgBB). Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Pengambilan sampel hati dilakukan pada hari ke-31. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan kadar MDA pada kelompok perlakuan yang berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok kontrol, p≤0,05, tetapi pada kadar GSH terjadi penurunan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, (p≥0,05). Aktivitas spesifik katalase, juga terjadi penurunan yang tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol, p≥0,05. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pemberian MSG dengan dosis 4g/KgBB dan 6g/KgBB selama 30 hari menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan stres oksidatif pada hati tikus (Rattus norvegicus) jantan yang ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan kadar MDA.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is a nonessential amino acid that may cause exicytotoxicity. There are allegations that glutamate could potentially increase an oxidative stress in the rat's liver by the same mechanism with exicytotoxicity because of glutamate receptors are also found in the liver.

This study aims to determine the effect of MSG on oxidative stress in the rat's liver. The level of MDA and GSH were measured as the marker of oxidative stress, and also specific activity of catalase. 27 albino rat's (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: control group (distilled water), and 2 treatment groups, P1A (treated with MSG 4g / KgBW), and P2A (treated with MSG 6g / KgBW). The treatment was carried out for 30 days. On day 31 the liver were collected after euthanasia of the rats.

The results showed there were increased levels of MDA in the treatment groups compare to control significantly, p≤0,05, but the decreased of GSH levels were not significantly different than the control group, (p≥0,05). The specific activity of catalase, also a decreasing but not significantly different compared to control group, p≥0,05.

This study showed that the administration of MSG with a dose of 4g / KgBW and 6g / KgBW for 30 days led to an increased in oxidative stress on the liver of rats (Rattus norvegicus) which is indicated by elevated levels of MDA."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan garam natrium dari glutamat yang merupakan asam amino nonesensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan oksidatif di hati dengan mekanisme yang sama dengan eksitotoksisitas karena reseptor glutamat juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pemulihan kerusakan oksidatif hati tikus setelah pemberian MSG dihentikan. Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dewasa dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kontrol (akuades), kelompok MSG 4 g/kg dan 6 g/kg. Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Setiap kelompok kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi 2 berdasarkan waktu mematikannya (hari ke-45, dan hari ke-59). Organ hati diambil untuk pemeriksaan kadar MDA, GSH dan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase. Kadar MDA meskipun tidak berbeda bermakna pada semua kelompok tetapi cenderung menurun, kadar GSH meningkat dan berbeda bermakna (p=0,017), aktifitas spesifik katalase menurun dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p=0,012). Tidak terdapat korelasi antara kadar MDA, GSH, dan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase pada jaringan hati tikus setelah penghentian pemberian MSG. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pasca penghentian pemberian MSG dengan dosis 4 gr/kg BB dan 6 gr/kg BB selama 14 dan 28 hari dapat menyebabkan penurunan kadar MDA, peningkatan kadar GSH, dan penurunan aktivitas spesifik enzim katalase jaringan hati tikus. Hal ini mengindikasikan telah terjadi pemulihan kerusakan oksidatif akibat penghentian total pemberian MSG.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt which is can be excitotoxic. Glutamate could potentially cause oxidative damage in the liver by excitotoxicity because glutamate receptors are also found in the liver. This study aims to investigate the oxidative damage recovery rat liver after administration of MSG is stopped. A total of 30 adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 3 groups: control (distilled water), MSG 4 g / kg and the last group MSG 6 g / kg. The treatment is given through a sonde for 30 days. Each group was further divided into two by sacrivised time as follow, day 45, and day 59. The liver was taken for measurement of MDA, GSH levels and the specific activity of catalase. MDA levels although not significantly different in all groups but tend to decline. Different levels of GSH increased significantly (p = 0.017) during recovery, the specific activity of catalase were decline (p=0.012). There was no correlation between MDA, GSH, and specific activity of catalase in the liver after cessation of MSG. This study shows that cessation administration of that certain doses of MSG can lead to decreased levels of MDA, GSH levels, and a decrease in the specific activity of catalase rat liver tissue. This indicates that there was a recovery process of oxidative damage as a result of the cessation of administration of MSG."

"Monosodium glutamat (MSG) merupakan penyedap rasa makanan yang sangat sering digunakan. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MSG dalam dosis tinggi dapat bersifat neurotoksik/eksitotoksik bagi sel saraf di sistem saraf pusat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh MSG terhadap pembentukan memori khususnya memori spasial dan pengaruh MSG terhadap selsel saraf di hipokampus mengingat area ini sangat berperan dalam proses pembentukan memori. Subjek penelitian adalah 25 ekor tikus putih jantan galur Sprague Dawley (berusia 8-10 minggu, berat 150-200 gr) yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok (dua kelompok kontrol dan tiga kelompok perlakuan masing-masing mendapat MSG sebanyak 2 mg/gr, 4 mg/gr dan 6 mg/gr yang diberikan secara oral selama 30 hari). Uji memori spasial dilakukan dengan menggunakan water-E maze, sebelum pemberian MSG dimulai dan setiap minggu hingga minggu ke-4 (dilakukan 5x pengujian). Setelah hari terakhir pemberian MSG, seluruh hewan coba dikorbankan. Jaringan otak diambil dengan hati-hati, segera difiksasi dalam cairan formalin untuk selanjutnya diwarnai dengan pewarnaan HE. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan one way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Hasil uji memori dengan perangkat water-E maze menunjukkan adanya peningkatan jumlah kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh kelompok perlakuan dosis 4 mg/gr dan 6 mg/gr serta peningkatan durasi waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh semua kelompok perlakuan untuk menyelesaikan uji memori yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol setelah pemakaian MSG selama 30 hari. Gambaran histologi hipokampus menunjukkan peningkatan persentase kerusakan sel saraf di hipokampus pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Penggunaan MSG dalam dosis tinggi seperti yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan sel saraf di hipokampus tikus dan menurunkan fungsi pembentukan memori spasial.

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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is commonly used as a flavor enhancer in modern nutrition. Recent studies have shown that high dose of MSG was neurotoxic/excitotoxic to neuronal cells in Central Nervous System. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of MSG on spatial memory formation and neuronal cells in hippocampus which play the role in forming memory. Twenty five male albino Sprague Dawley rats (age: 8-10 weeks, weight: 150-200 gr) were divided into five groups (two control groups and three treated groups with varying doses of MSG: 2mg/gr, 4 mg/gr and 6 mg/gr respectively received MSG dissolved in normal saline by oral gavage for a period of 30 days). To measure the spatial memory, the animals were exposed to the water-E maze before treatment and every week until the 4th week (5 times measurement). The rats were sacrified after the last day of MSG treatment. The brain was carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde and then stained with HE staining. Result were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by a Post Hoc test. Water-E maze performance showed a significant increase in the number of errors in the 4 mg/gr and 6 mg/gr MSG treated groups and increase duration time to finish the spatial memory task in all treated groups compared to control groups after 30 days of MSG treatment. Histological structure of hippocampal showed significant increase in the percentage of neuronal cells damage. The study conclude that high dose of MSG at the doses administered was damaged neuronal cells in the rat's hippocampus and impaired the spatial memory formation."

"Latar Belakang : Monosodium glutamat (MSG) mengandung glutamat yang apabila terakumulasi akan mengakibatkan kerusakan berbagai sel dan organ, salah satunya adalah sel Leydig. Sel Leydig memiliki kemampuan regenerasi setelahmengalami kerusakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kemampuan regenerasi sel Leydig tikus dewasa yang rusak akibat pajanan MSG.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan 27 ekor tikus putih jantan strain Sprague Dawley usia 10-12 minggu yang dibagi menjadi 9 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol (K) diberikan aquadest 1,5 ml, kelompok PI diberikan MSG 4g/kgBB, dan kelompok PII diberikan MSG 6g/kgBB. Perlakuan diberikan secara oral selama 30 hari. Dari masing-masing perlakuan akan dibagi menjadi kelompok yangdimatikan 1 hari, 14 hari, dan 28 hari pasca perlakuan terakhir dihentikan. Testis kanan dan hipofisis dibuat sajian histologi menggunakan pewarnaan HE dan PAS. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah sel Leydig, sel berinti lonjong intersisial tubulus seminiferus, dan sel basofil adenohipofisis.Hasil : Peningkatan dosis MSG menyebabkan penurunan jumlah sel Leydig, serta peningkatan jumlah sel berinti lonjong intersisial tubulus seminiferus yang diduga merupakan sel progenitor Leydig. Pajanan MSG juga menyebabkanpenurunan jumlah sel basofil adenohipofisis. Setelah pajanan MSG dihentikan selama 14 hari dan 28 hari, tejadi peningkatan jumlah sel Leydig, penurunan jumlah sel berinti lonjong, dan peningkatan jumlah sel basofil.Kesimpulan : Sel leydig memiliki kemampuan regenerasi yang berlangsung antara 14 hingga 28 hari setelah penghentian pajanan MSG.

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Background : Monosodium glutamate (MSG) contains glutamate which if accumulated will result in damage to various cells and organs, one of which in the Leydig cells. Leydig cells had the ability to regenerate after damage. This study aims to investigate the Leydig cells regeneration of adult male rats after cessation

of MSG exposure. Methods: This study was performed on twenty-seven Sprague Dawley male rats (10-12 weeks old). They were divided into 9 groups. Control group (K) was given aquadest 1,5ml/day and two treated groups (PI and PII ) were given MSG 4g/kgBB and 6 g/kgBB. Treatment was given orally during 30 days. Each group

was then divided into three groups that were sacrificed 1 day, 14 days and 28 days after the last treatment. Histological preparations of the right testes and pituitary was studied using HE and PAS staining, respectively. The number of Leydig and oval nucleated cells of the seminiferous tubules interstitial as well as basophil cells of adenohypophysis were observed.

Result : Monosodium glutamate exposure caused a dose-dependent decrease in the number of Leydig cells and an increase in the number of oval nucleated cells. It was suggested that the oval nucleated cells were leydig progenitor cells.

Monosodium glutamate exposure also caused a decrease in the number of basophil cells of adenohypophysis. After cessation of MSG for 14 and 28 day, there was an increase in the number of Leydig cells, a decrease in the number of

oval nucleated cells and an increase the number of basophil cells.

Conclusion : Leydig cells had the ability to regenerate and the regeneration took place between 14 and 28 days after cessation of MSG exposure."

"Monosodium Glutamat (MSG) merupakan garam natrium dari glutamate yang merupakan asam amino nonessensial yang dapat bersifat eksitotoksik. Terdapat dugaan bahwa glutamat yang berlebihan berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan dihati dengan mekanisme eksitotoksik karena reseptor glutamate juga ditemukan di hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui metabolisme hati yang berkaitan dengan Fungsi hati (enzim GPT) dan glukoneogenesis pada tikus jantan dewasa setelah pemberian MSG dan penghentiannya. Sebanyak 45 ekor tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok : Kelompok kontrol(diberi akuades), kelompok pemberian MSG 4 gr/KgBB/hari dan kelompok pemberian MSG 6 gr/KgBB/hari. Perlakuan diberikan melalui sonde selama 30 hari. Setiap kelompok dibagi lagi menjadi 3 kelompok berdasarkan waktu pengambilan jaringan hati (30+1, 30+14 dan 30+28), jaringan hati diambil untuk pengiukuran kadar protein, glukosa dan aktivitas spesifik enzim GPT. Pemberian MSG 4 gr/KgBB/hari tidak menyebabkan perubahan kadar glukosa (P=0,132), tetapi terjadi peningkatan bermakna aktifitas spesifik enzim GPT (p=0,038) pada jaringan hati tikus. Pemberian MSG 6 gr/KgBB/hari menyebabkan penurunan bermakna kadar glukosa ( p=0,065 ) paska penghentian 28 hari, tetapi terjadi penekanan tidak bermakna pada aktifitas spesifik enzim GPT ( 0, 651) pada jaringan hati.

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Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is the sodium salt of glutamate which is an amino acid nonessensial. Wich tend to be exitotoxic. There are allegations that excessive glutamate could potentially caused damage to the liver, because glutamate receptors are also found in the liver. This study aim was to determine the liver metabolism related to the specific activity of the glutamate pyruvate transaminase and gluconeogenesis in adult male rats after administration of MSG and its termination. A total of 45 rats (Rattus norvegicus) males were divided into 3 groups: control group (distilled water), the group MSG 4 g / Kg BB / day and MSG 6 g / KgBB / day administration. The treatment is given by sonde for 30 days. Each group was subdivided into three groups based on the time period after MSG discontinued (30 + 1, 30 + 14 and 30 + 28), the liver tissue is taken for measuring: protein, glucose concentration, and GPT specific activity. Administration of MSG 4 g / kgBB / day did not lead to changes in glucose levels (P = 0.132), but there was a significant increase in GPT specific activity (p = 0.038) in the rat liver tissue. Administration of MSG 6 g / kg BB/ day caused a significant decrease in glucose levels (p = 0.065) after discontinuation of 28 days, but there was not significant different in the specific activity of the GPT enzyme (p=0, 651) in the liver tissue."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data pengaruh penghentian pajananmonosodium glutamat terhadap gambaran histologis tubuli seminiferi testis padatikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) dewasa. Penelitian ini adalah penelitianeksperimental in vivo prospektif, menggunakan tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus)dewasa strain Sprague Dawley yang diberi msg dosis 4 g/kgBB dan 6 g/kgBB tiaphari selama 30 hari. Msg diberikan dengan dosis 4 g/kgBB dan 6 g/kgBB yangdilarutkan dalam aquades, masing-masing pada satu kelompok besar. Selain itudigunakan sekelompok besar tikus sebagai kelompok perlakuan yang hanyadiberikan aquades. Perlakuan dilakukan dengan pemberian menggunakan sonde1,5 ml aquades atau aquades 1,5 ml yang merupakan larutan msg sesuai dosis.Sehari, 14 hari dan 28 hari pasca penghentian pajanan, tikus disakrifikasi dandilakukan pengamatan. Pengamatan dilakukan pada tubuli seminiferi testis, yaitupada diameter tubuli seminiferi, jumlah spermatogonia, jumlah spermatosit danjumlah spermatid. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan adanya perubahan (regenerasi)pada tubuli seminiferi, meskipun belum sampai pada keadaan seperti kontrolperlakuan. Data ini diharapkan dapat memberi informasi dan membukakesempatan penelitian lanjut yang terkait dengan mekanisme regenerasi pascakerusakan oleh monosodium glutamat

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to analize histological appearance of testis aftertermination of msg exposure. Msg was given 4 g/kg BW and 6 g/kg BW soved iniaquadest. Each those treatment was given in two group of rats. This study alsoused a group of treatment control rat. The treatment was done by giving withsonde 1,5 ml aquadest or 1,5 ml aquadest with msg according the doses. The testiswere isolated one day, 14 days and 28 days after termination of msg exposure; therat were sacrificed and were examined the histological appearances of the testis.Spesificaly, the examination was done to tubuli seminiferi diameter, the amountof the spermatogonia, spermatocyts and spermatids. This study concluded thatthere was changed (regeneration) of the tubuli seminiferi, although not yet reachthe situation in the control groups."

"Latar Belakang Kerusakan lipid pada jaringan hati akibat proses peroksidasi oleh radikal bebas menghasilkan malondialdehid yang dapat digunakan sebagai parameter stres oksidatif. Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, Spirulina dikenal sebagai antioksidan alternatif untuk mengurangi radikal bebas. Penelitian ini akan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian Spirulina platensis terhadap kadar malondialdehid jaringan hati tikus berbagai kelompok usia. Metode Penelitian eksperimental dengan mengukur kadar malondialdehid sebagai pertanda terjadinya stres oksidatif pada 30 jaringan hati tikus wistar jantan yang berasal dari 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok yang diberikan aquades berusia 12 minggu,18 minggu, dan 24 minggu, serta kelompok yang diberikan Spirulina platensis berusia 12 minggu, 18 minggu, dan 24 minggu. Kadar malondialdehid diukur dengan menggunakan metode TBARS. Hasil Rata – rata kadar malondialdehid pada kelompok tikus yang diberikan aquades tertinggi adalah kelompok usia 24 minggu (91,28 nmol/gram jaringan) dan terendah adalah kelompok usia 18 minggu (64,69 nmol/gram jaringan). Kadar malondialdehid setelah pemberian Spirulina platensis pada kelompok usia 12 minggu 0,96 kali lipat (p>0,05); usia 18 minggu 0,78 kali lipat (p<0,05); dan usia 24 minggu adalah 0,94 kali lipat (p<0,05) lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang diberikan aquades. Kesimpulan Terjadi penurunan kadar malondialdehid pada usia tikus 12, 18, dan 24 minggu yang diberikan Spirulina platensis dibandingkan dengan aquades, meskipun hanya bermakna pada kelompok usia 18 dan 24 minggu.

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Introduction Lipid damage in liver tissue due peroxidation process by free radicals produces malondialdehyde that used as a parameter of oxidative stress. Based on previous research, Spirulina is known as an alternative antioxidant to reduce free radicals. This research will determine the effect of giving Spirulina platensis on malondialdehyde levels in liver tissue of mice of various age groups. Method Experimental research measuring malondialdehyde levels as a sign of oxidative stress in 30 rat liver tissues from 6 groups, namely the group given aquades aged 12 weeks, 18 weeks and 24 weeks, and the group given Spirulina platensis aged 12 weeks, 18 weeks, and 24 weeks. Malondialdehyde levels were measured using the TBARS method. Results The highest average level of malondialdehyde in mice that given aquades was the 24 weeks age group (91.28 nmol/mg tissue) and the lowest was the 18 weeks age group (64.69 nmol/mg tissue). Malondialdehyde levels after administration of Spirulina platensis in the 12 weeks age group 0.96 times (p>0.05); age 18 weeks 0.78 times (p<0.05); and age 24 weeks was 0.94-fold (p<0.05) lower than the group given aquades. Conclusion There was a decrease in malondialdehyde levels in mice aged 12, 18 and 24 weeks who were given Spirulina platensis compared to aquades, although it was only significant in the 18 and 24 weeks age groups."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian madu PS (Pollen substitute) terhadap penurunan konsentrasi kolesterol total plasma darah tikus putih jantan. Dua puluh empat ekor tikus putih jantan dibagi dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol normal (KK1) yang hanya diberi akuades, kelompok kontrol perlakuan (KK2) yang diberi diet lemak tinggi dan akuades, dan 2 kelompok perlakuan (KP1 dan KP2) yang diberi diet lemak tinggi, Propylthiouracil (PTU) dan madu PS dengan konsentrasi berturut-turut 10% dan 20%. Bahan uji diberikan setiap hari selama 14 hari. Pengambilan darah dilakukan pada hari ke-0 (T0) dan hari ke-14 (T14). Analisis konsentrasi kolesterol total dilakukan dengan metode Cholesterol Oxidase Para Aminophenazone (CHOD-PAP). Hasil uji anova satu faktor (P<0,05) pada akhir penelitan menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata pemberian madu PS terhadap konsentrasi kolesterol total pada semua kelompok perlakuan. Hasil uji LSD (P<0,05) menunjukkan penurunan kolesterol total pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan (KP1 dan KP2). Penurunan konsentrasi kolesterol total terbesar dicapai oleh kelompok perlakuan konsentrasi 20% (KP2) dengan persentase penurunan mencapai 16,22% dibandingkan terhadap KK2. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian madu PS dapat menurunkan konsentrasi kolesterol total secara signifikan.

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The study was undertaken to assess the effect of pollen substitute (PS) honey on blood total cholesterol concentration of Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus L.). Twenty four rats were divided into four treatment groups, consisting of a normal control group (KK1) which had no high lipid diet treatment; a treatment control group (KK2); which was fed with a high lipid diet only; and two treatment groups (KP1 and KP2) which were fed .with a high lipid diet, Propylthiouracil (PTU), and PS honey at different concentrations, 10% and 20% respectively, for 14 consecutive days. The treatment was carried out by gavage method. The concentrations of blood total cholesterol were analyzed with Cholesterol Oxidase Para Aminophenazone (CHOD-PAP) method.

One way anova test (P<0,05) showed that blood total cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly. LSD test (P<0,05) showed that the decreased blood total cholesterol concentration occurred at both treatment groups (KP1 and KP2). The concentration of blood total cholesterol reduced into the normal range. Even though the reducing effect of PS honey was showed at both doses of 10% and 20%, the more prominent result was gained by the later one. It is concluded that feeding with PS honey significantly lowered blood total cholesterol concentration."

"PCSK9 berperan dalam regulasi homeostasis kolestrol dimana meningkatkan kadar LDL-C dengan mendegradasi reseptor LDL (LDL-R). Penelitian mengenai obat inhibitor PCSK9 masih dikembangkan namun metode uji in vivo yang memfasilitasi PCSK9 sangat terbatas terlebih di Indonesia. Maka dilakukan pembuatan model hewan tinggi PCSK9 menggunakan tikus tipe wild yang diinduksi diet tinggi fruktosa mengikuti penelitian yang telah dilakukan pada hamster dan mencit. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tikus wistar jantan dengan menginduksi diet tinggi fruktosa (HFD) sebanyak 3mL/200grBB selama 3, 4, dan 5 minggu. Plasma dan jaringan ginjal diambil setiap durasi 3, 4 dan 5 minggu dan kadar PCSK9 diukur menggunakan uji ELISA. Sementara ekspresi PCSK9 ginjal dianalisis menggunakan metode western blot. Tikus kelompok HFD menunjukkan kadar PCSK9 plasma yang meningkat signifikan (p<0,05) terhadap kelompok kontrol durasi 3 dan 4 minggu. Durasi optimal peningkatan kadar PCSK9 plasma pada tikus adalah 4 minggu yang menghasilkan kadar PCSK9 sebesar 1389,02 ng/mL. Sementara kadar PCSK9 ginjal menurun signifikan (p<0,05) terhadap kelompok kontrol durasi 3 dan 4 minggu. Ekspresi mature PCSK9 ginjal kelompok HFD lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol.

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PCSK9 plays a role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis which increases LDL-C levels by degrading LDL receptors (LDL-R). Research on PCSK9 inhibitor drugs is still being developed but in vivo test methods that facilitate PCSK9 are limited, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, an animal model for high PCSK9 was created using wild-type rats induced by a high-fructose diet following research that had been conducted on hamsters and mice. This research was conducted on male Wistar rats by inducing a high fructose diet (HFD) of 3mL/200grBW for 3, 4, and 5 weeks. Plasma and kidney tissue were collected every 3, 4 and 5 weeks and PCSK9 levels were measured using the ELISA test. While kidney PCSK9 expression was analyzed using western blot method. The HFD group rats showed significantly increased plasma PCSK9 levels (p<0.05) compared to the control group for 3 and 4 weeks duration. The optimal duration of increasing plasma PCSK9 levels in rats is 4 weeks which results in PCSK9 levels of 1389.02 ng/mL. Meanwhile, kidney PCSK9 levels decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to the control group for 3 and 4 weeks duration. The expression of kidney mature PCSK9 in the HFD group was higher than the control group."

"Kacang hijau (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) mengandung fitoestrogen berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai pengobatan preventif dan alternatif osteoporosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian sari kacang hijau (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) terhadap densitas tulang dengan mengukur kadar kalsium femur menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA) dan jumlah osteoklas dari preparat histologi yang dibuat dari bagian tibia tikus yang diovariektomi.Metode ovariektomi digunakan untuk mewakili kondisi osteoporosis yang dilakukan pada 36 tikus betina galur Sprague Dawley yang terbagi ke dalam 7 kelompok. Kelompok 1 (K1) yaitu kelompok Sham adalah kontrol tikus dengan pembedahan tanpa ovariektomi dan akuades, kelompok 2 (K2) yaitu kontrol negatif tikus ovariektomi dan diberi akuades, kelompok 3 (K3) adalah kontrol tikus ovariektomi yang diberi Estradiol, kelompok 4 (K4) adalah kontrol tikus ovariektomi yang diberi vit E, kelompok K5, K6, dan K7 adalah kelompok tikus yang diberikan sari kacang hijau 50 g/100 ml dengan variasi volume 5 ml/200 gBB, 2,5 ml/200 gBB, dan 1,25 ml/200 gBB tikus. Terhadap 6 kelompok kecuali kelompok sham dilakukan ovariektomi pada hari ke-1 kemudian diistirahatkan selama 20 hari. Bahan uji diberikan satu kali sehari secara oral pada hari ke 21 sampai hari ke 50. Pengukuran kadar kalsium dilakukan pada hari ke 51.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sari kacang hijau tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar kalsium tulang dan jumlah osteoklas terhadap hewan perlakuan.

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Greenbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) contained phytoestrogen suspected has a potential effect as an preventive and alternative treatment of osteoporosis. This study proposed to determine the effect of extracts of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) on bone density by measuring calcium levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometry (AAS) from femur and the number of osteoclasts collected from histological object which made from ovariectomized rat?s tibia.Ovariectomy method conducted to represent the osteoporosis condition on 36 female Sprague Dawley strain rats were divided into 7 groups. Group 1 notice as Sham was the rat control with surgery without ovariectomy and given with distilled water, group 2 as negative control is given distilled water and ovariectomized rat control, group 3 rat positive control were ovariectomized and is given estradiol, group 4 as positive control 2 rat were ovariectomized given vitamine E. Group 5, 6, and 7 are given the greenbean milk from 50 g/100 ml green bean by volume variation 5 ml/200 gBW, 2.5 ml/200 gBW, and 1.25 ml /200 gBW. Six groups had ovariectomized except sham group and rested for 20 days. Greenbean milk was given orally once daily started from day 21th until day 50th. Calcium concentration and osteoclas measurements process taken on day 51th.The results of bone calcium levels and osteoclast number showed that greenbean milk did not give significant differences among ovariectomized rats."