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"[ABSTRAKProduksi cat menghasilkan limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun. Jumlah limbah pabrik cat, sebagian besar berasal dari air pencucian peralatan pabrik. Saat ini PT. XYZ, s ebuah i ndustri c at, belum m enggunakan ke mbali a ir l imbahnya unt uk mencuci pe ralatan pabriknya, b elum m engetahui bi aya pe nggunaan a ir ol ahan untuk pr oses p encucian alat dan belum m engetahui peranan karyawannya unt uk menurunkan jumlah limbahnya. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menentukan konsentrasi optimal bakterisida dengan parameter jumlah bakteri, pH, kekeruhan dan T SS di air olahan (air limba h ditambah ba kterisida), menentukan bi aya penggunaan air ol ahan, dan menganalisis persepsi karyawan tentang pe ranan mereka unt uk menurunkan jumlah limbahnya. Penentuan konsentrasi optimal bakterisida dilakukan pada 4 sampel selama 9 hari, penentuan biaya penggunaan air ol ahan telah di hitung danuntuk menganalisis persepsi p eranan karyawandilakukan s urvei terhadap 93 responden. Penelitian ini m enghasilkan 3kesimpulan. Kesimpulan pertama adalah konsentrasi optimal bakterisida terdapatpada sampel air olahan yang mengandung Acticide MBS 0,4%. Kesimpulan keduaadalah biaya penggunaan air olahan belum menguntungkan secara ekonomi padasaat ini. Kesimpulan ke 3 adalah nilai persepsi karyawan tentang peranan merekauntuk menurunkan jumlah limbah adalah 4,93 dari 6 skala.

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ABSTRACTPaint production generates hazardous and toxic waste. The amount of paint waste, mostly came from t he wash water from plant e quipments. Currently, P T. X YZ, the paint industry, has not reused the waste water for cleaning plant equipments, not known the cost of using treated water for cleaning plant equipments and not known the role of their employees to reduce the amount of waste. This study was conducted to determine the optimum concentration of bactericide with parameter such as number of bacteria, pH, turbidity, and TSS (Total Suspended Solid) in the treated water (waste water added bactericide) for reuse in the cleaning process of plant equipment, to analyze the cost of using treated water, and to analyze the role of em ployees in reducing the a mount of waste. The d etermination of optimum concentration of ba ctericide done on 4 s amples f or 9 da ys, the c ost of us ing treated water has been calculated, and the role of employees had been analized via survey with 93 respondents. There are 3 conclutions of this research. The first is the optimum concentration was found in the sample of t reated water containing 0.4% A cticide MBS. The second is the cost of using treated water is not economical provitable at this time. The third is the value of the role of respondents to reduce the amount of waste is 4.93 in six scales.;Paint production generates hazardous and toxic waste. The amount of paint waste, mostly came from t he wash water from plant e quipments. Currently, P T. X YZ, the paint industry, has not reused the waste water for cleaning plant equipments, not known the cost of using treated water for cleaning plant equipments and not known the role of their employees to reduce the amount of waste. This study was conducted to determine the optimum concentration of bactericide with parameter such as number of bacteria, pH, turbidity, and TSS (Total Suspended Solid) in the treated water (waste water added bactericide) for reuse in the cleaning process of plant equipment, to analyze the cost of using treated water, and to analyze the role of em ployees in reducing the a mount of waste. The d etermination of optimum concentration of ba ctericide done on 4 s amples f or 9 da ys, the c ost of us ing treated water has been calculated, and the role of employees had been analized via survey with 93 respondents. There are 3 conclutions of this research. The first is the optimum concentration was found in the sample of t reated water containing 0.4% A cticide MBS. The second is the cost of using treated water is not economical provitable at this time. The third is the value of the role of respondents to reduce the amount of waste is 4.93 in six scales., Paint production generates hazardous and toxic waste. The amount of paint waste, mostly came from t he wash water from plant e quipments. Currently, P T. X YZ, the paint industry, has not reused the waste water for cleaning plant equipments, not known the cost of using treated water for cleaning plant equipments and not known the role of their employees to reduce the amount of waste. This study was conducted to determine the optimum concentration of bactericide with parameter such as number of bacteria, pH, turbidity, and TSS (Total Suspended Solid) in the treated water (waste water added bactericide) for reuse in the cleaning process of plant equipment, to analyze the cost of using treated water, and to analyze the role of em ployees in reducing the a mount of waste. The d etermination of optimum concentration of ba ctericide done on 4 s amples f or 9 da ys, the c ost of us ing treated water has been calculated, and the role of employees had been analized via survey with 93 respondents. There are 3 conclutions of this research. The first is the optimum concentration was found in the sample of t reated water containing 0.4% A cticide MBS. The second is the cost of using treated water is not economical provitable at this time. The third is the value of the role of respondents to reduce the amount of waste is 4.93 in six scales.]"

"Dalam ketatnya persaingan dalam industri cat domestik, perusahaan dituntut untuk mengejar perbaikan dalam segala aspek, termasuk efisiensi operasional. Peningkatan efisiensi produksi melalui pengurangan pemborosan merupakan salah satu solusi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi perusahaan secara keseluruhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi proses produksi cat waterbased di PT X melalui identifikasi dan eliminasi pemborosan. Metode Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Waste Assessment Model (WAM), dan Process Activity Mapping (PAM) diterapkan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Ditemukan bahwa overproduction, inventory, dan defect merupakan jenis pemborosan yang paling dominan dalam current state proses produksi. Berdasarkan analisis bersama pihak perusahaan, rekomendasi perbaikan yang dirumuskan dengan metode 5W-1H berupa penggunaan kemasan jumbo untuk bahan tertentu, penerapan metode organisasi 5S, perubahan layout pada floor produksi atas, penerapan papan Kanban di area forklift, perubahan pada bon resmi permintaan RM, dan penerapan pergantian peran dalam proses filling. Alhasil, pada future state, value ratio meningkat 1,7%, cycle time berkurang 6,56%, standard time berkurang 7,25%, lead time berkurang 6,55%, waktu kegiatan value adding berkurang 3,06%, waktu kegiatan non-value adding berkurang 13,82%, dan waktu kegiatan necessary nonvalue adding berkurang 3,64%.

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As the competition in the domestic paint industry intensifies, companies are required to pursue improvements in all aspects. Increasing production efficiency through waste reduction is one of the possible ways to improve a company’s overall operational efficiency. This study aims to improve the efficiency of water-based paint production process at PT X through the elimination of waste. Value Stream Mapping, Waste Assessment Model, and Process Activity Mapping are applied to achieve this goal. Based on a joint analysis with the company, the recommendations for improvement formulated using the 5W-1H method include the use of jumbo packaging for certain materials, the application of the 5S organizational method, changes to the layout on the upper production floor, the application of Kanban boards in the forklift area, changes to the official receipt for RM requests, and role shuffling in the filling process. As a result, in the future state, the value ratio increased by 1.7%, cycle time decreased by 6.56%, standard time decreased by 7.25%, lead time decreased by 6.55%, value added activity time decreased by 3.06%, non-value adding activity time is reduced by 13.82%, and necessary but non-value adding activity time is reduced by 3.64%."

"Melalui pendekatan model water sensitive city penelitian ini mengungkapkan bagaimana keberlanjutan partispasi perempuan mengatasi masalah air bersih. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan penyebab munculnya permasalahan air bersih yang berdampak pada munculnya masalah social, ekonomi dan kesehatan perempuan. Munculnya masalah tersebut sangat mempengaruhi keberlanjutan partsipasi perempuan dalam mengatasi masalah air. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasus tunggal pada partisipasi perempuan di Kelurahan Rawa Badak Utara RW 09, Jakarta Utara melalui observasi dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukan keberlanjutan partisipasi perempuan mengalamai penurunan. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh rendahnya pengetahuan tentang literasi kualitas air. Ketergantungan terhadap supporting program oleh lembaga pendamping, kuatnya budaya patriarki stereotype peran perempuan di luar urusan rumah tangga, minimnya skema perlindungan dari kekerasan pengelola pasar air menyebabkan potensi partisipasi perempuan menjadi semakin menurun

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Through the water sensitive city model approach, this study revealed how the sustainability of womens participation in overcoming the problem of clean water. The purpose of this study is to reveal the causes of the emergence of clean water problems that have an impact on the emergence of social, economic and womens health problems. The emergence of this problem greatly affects the sustainability of womens participation in overcoming water problems. The research method used was a single case study on womens participation in Kelurahan Rawa Badak Utara RW 09, North Jakarta through observation and interviews. The results showed the continued participation of women experiencing a decline. This is due to the lack of knowledge about water quality literacy. The dependency on supporting programs by supporting institutions, the strong patriarchal culture of stereotyping the role of women outside of domestic affairs, the potential for womens participation to decrease."

"Masalah lingkungan, terutama pencemaran oleh limbah semakin parah seiring berkembangnya peradaban dan teknologi. Salah satu cara untuk menangani masalah tersebut adalah dengan menjadikan limbah sebagai medium kultivasi mikroalga. Selain untuk mengolah limbah, mikroalga juga dapat dimanfaatkan biomassanya untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku biofuel dengan transesterifikasi kandungan lipidnya menjadi biodiesel. Dari mikroalga potensial yang ada, yang memiliki dwifungsi sebagai agen bioremediasi sekaligus sebagai bahan baku biodiesel adalah Nannochloropsis sp. Hal ini dikarenakan ketahanan serta kandungan lipidnya yang lebih tinggi apabila dibandingkan dengan mikroalga lainnya. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan kultivasi mikroalga Nannochloropsis sp. dengan menggunakan limbah cair tahu dan ekstrak kompos dengan medium Walne sebagai kontrol untuk dilihat hasil lipid yang didapat. Medium limbah cair tahu yang digunakan memiliki kadar sebesar 20% (v/v) dan ekstrak kompos sebesar 10 ppm. Kultivasi dilakukan selama 204 jam dengan metode pencahayaan kontinyu dan aerasi sebesar 12 m/s. Ekstraksi lipid dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Bligh-Dyer. Kultivasi dengan menggunakan limbah cair tahu dan ekstrak kompos masing-masing menghasilkan lipid sebesar 41,21 dan 38,25%, sedangkan kultivasi dengan medium kontrol Walne menghasilkan lipid sebesar 24,10%.

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Environmental problems, especially pollution by waste is getting worse as civilization and technology continue to develop. One way to address this problem is to make waste as a medium of microalgae cultivation. In addition to treating wastewater, the biomass can also be used for biofuels by using its lipid content as raw material for biodiesel transesterification. From all of the discovered microalgae, one which have a dual function as a bioremediation agent as well as a raw material of biodiesel is Nannochloropsis sp. This is because of its resistance lipid content which is higher when compared with other microalgae.

In this study, the cultivation of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. is performed using tofu waste water and compost extract with Walne medium as control medium to see the lipids obtained from said cultivation. The cultivation time is 204 hours with continuous illumination for 3000 lux and aeration velocity amounted to 12 m/s. The lipid is extracted from biomass by using Bligh-Dyer method. Tofu waste water medium which is used in the cultivation is composed of 20% (v / v) waste, and the compost extract is composed of 10 ppm. As the results, cultivation of Nannochloropsis sp. using tofu waste water produce lipid 41.21% of its dry weight, whereas by using compost extract the lipid produced is 38.25%, while by using Walne medium we get 24.10%."

"Air permukaan adalah salah satu sumber air baku untuk air minum, namun sangat rentan terhadap pencemaran. Masalah riset ini adalah tercemarnya air Saluran Tarum Barat (STB) menyebabkan kualitas air STB melebihi baku mutu sehingga menimbulkan tekanan pada proses pengolahan air minum yang akan berdampak pada peningkatan tarif air minum PAM Jaya. Tujuan akhir riset adalah menyusun strategi keberlanjutan pengelolaan kualitas air STB sebagai air baku untuk air minum. Metode riset menggunakan metode gabungan. Metode analisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif, regresi, dan SWOT. Hasil riset ini yaitu kualitas air STB melebihi baku mutu dan memberikan pengaruh terhadap tarif air. Disisi lain, Ability to Pay (ATP) dan Willingness to Pay (WTP) responden terhadap air perpipaan tergolong tinggi. Strategi keberlanjutan pengelolaan kualitas air STB perlu didukung oleh seluruh pemangku kepentingan melalui kerja sama dan koordinasi yang kuat. Kesimpulan riset adalah strategi pengelolaan kualitas air STB yang tepat dapat menghindari peningkatan tarif air dan meningkatkan pemenuhan kebutuhan air masyarakat Jakarta.

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Surface water is one of the raw water sources for drinking water, but it is vulnerable to pollution. This research problem is that the contamination of West Tarum Canal (WTC)’s water causes its water quality to exceed the quality standard, thus causing pressure on the drinking water treatment process, which will increase PAM Jaya’s water tariffs. The final objective is to formulate the sustainability strategy for Water Quality Management (WQM) of WTC as raw water. This research method is a mixed-method. The analysis method used descriptive-statistics, regression, and SWOT. This research shows that WTC’s water quality exceeds the quality standard and affects water tariffs. Ability to Pay (ATP) and Willingness to Pay (WTP) of respondents for piped water are high. The sustainability strategy for WTC’s WQM needs to be supported by stakeholders through strong cooperation and coordination. The conclusion is the appropriate WTC’s WQM strategy can avoid increasing water tariffs and increasing Jakartans’ water needs fulfillment."

"Perdagangan internasional barang setengah jadi (intermedete goods) semakin meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan jaringan produksi global. Perdebatan saat ini adalah kesempatan untuk mendaptakan manfaat dari globalisasi ekonomi melalui keterkaitan produksi dengan jaringan produksi global. Penelitian khusus terkini yang mengidentifikasi determinan-determinan partisipasi telah berkembang melalui berbagai metodologi, akan tetapi kurang mempertimbangkan guncangan ekonomi yang terjadi. Dalam perkembangannya, jaringan produksi global juga terkena imbas dari krisis ekonomi di Asia tahun 1997/1998 dan gejolak ekonomi tahun 2008/2009 yang menyebabkan kontraksi perdagangan. Dengan menggunakan model regresi fixed effect dengan model least square dummy variable, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan apakah mempertimbangkan kontraksi perdagangan sebagai structural break dalam penelitian akan menggambarkan hubungan erat antara kontraksi perdagangan dan partisipasi jaringan produksi global. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa krisis ekonomi 1997/1998 dan gejolak ekonomi 2008/2009 mempunyai hubungan kausalitas dengan partisipasi jaringan produksi global.

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International trade for intermediate goods has increased along with the development of the Global Production Network. Contemporary debates are on opportunity to benefit from economic globalization by linking production into global production network. Recent specific studies identify the determinants of participation involved using various methodologies, but are less detailed on discussing some economic shocks embodied within. Although in its development, the global production network was affected by the economic crisis in Asia in 1997/1998 and the 2008/2009 economic shock which caused trade contraction. By using fixed effect regression with LSDV in model, this study aims to answer the question whether by considering the trade contraction as a structural break in the study will portrait the close relationship between trade contraction with participation of global production network. The results show that the economic crisis of 1997/1998 and the economic shock of 2008/2009 have a causal relation to the participation of the global production network."

"Pembuangan Lumpur Sidoarjo yang mengandung konsentrasi fenol yang tinggi ke Kali Porong akan berdampak negatif pada ekosistem perairan Kali Porong dan ancaman bagi kelangsungan usaha budidaya perikanan di wilayah hilir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengukur konsentrasi fenol di Kali Porong akibat pembuangan lumpur ke Kali Porong, menganalisis seberapa besar pengaruh konsentrasi fenol di Kali Porong pada konsentrasi fenol di tambak, dan mengkaji pengaruh pembuangan Lumpur Sidoarjo pada keberlanjutan pemanfaatan air di Kali Porong berdasarkan konsentrasi fenol. Pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif dan menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian, yaitu rata-rata konsentrasi fenol yang terukur di 10 titik sampling Kali Porong sebesar 20,25 g/l, melebihi baku mutu sungai kelas III berdasarkan PP No. 82 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Pengaruh konsentrasi fenol di Kali Porong pada konsentrasi fenol di tambak hasil perhitungan p-value >0,01, yang berarti tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara konsentrasi fenol di Kali Porong dan konsentrasi fenol di tambak. Pemanfaatan Kali Porong sebagai media budidaya dari aspek lingkungan telah tercemar fenol, dari aspek ekonomi mengalami penurunan hasil produksi, penurunan pendapatan petani tambak, dan menambah biaya operasional, serta menyebabkan petani tambak melakukan adaptasi dari aspek sosial. Kesimpulannya adalah air Kali Porong yang dimanfaatkan sebagai media budidaya perikanan memiliki konsentrasi fenol yang melebihi baku mutu, sehingga pemanfaatan air Kali Porong menjadi tidak berkelanjutan.

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The disposal of Sidoarjo mud which is containing high concentration of phenol into Kali Porong will have negative impact on aquatic ecosystem and it will be threat to sustainability of aquaculture in the downstream of Porong River. The purpose of this study are to measure the concentration of phenol in Kali Porong due to disposal of mud into the Kali Porong, analyze how many influence the concentration of phenol in Kali Porong on the concentration of phenol in the pond, and assess the effect of the disposal of the Sidoarjo Mud on the sustainable use of water in the Porong River based on the concentration of phenols. This research use quantitative research approach and quantitative methods.

The results of the study, which are the average concentration of phenol were measured at 10 sampling points is 20,25 g l, exceeded the quality standard of class III river under PP. 82 of 2001 on the Management of Water Quality and Water Pollution Control. The results of calculations influence phenol concentration in Porong River to the concentration of phenol in the pond is p value 0,01, there is no significant relationship between phenol concentration in Porong River to the concentration of phenol in the pond. Utilization Porong as media cultivation in environmental aspect has phenol polluted, the economic aspect has decreased production, fish farmers income, and increase operational costs, as well as affecting fish farmers to do the adaptation of the social aspect. The conclusion is Kali Porong water is used as a medium of aquaculture has a phenol concentration that exceeds quality standards, so that the use of water Porong River become not sustainable."

"ABSTRAKPartisipasi masyarakat adalah faktor esensial dalam mencapai keberlanjutan. Penelitian ini akan mengkaji partisipasi masyarakat dalam pencapaian aspek keberlanjutan pada program Taman Tematik di Kota Bandung. Partisipasi masyarakat dinilai berdasarkan dua fokus utama, yaitu pemangku kepentingan di Kota Bandung sebagai pelaku dari masyarakat, serta bentuk partisipasi nya. Penilaian terhadap pencapaian aspek keberlanjutan akan dianalisa dengan menggunakan indikator yang diberikan pembobotan nilai. Persamaan dan perbedaan yang muncul dianalisa sebagai bentuk variasi keruangan. Hasil akhir pada penelitian ini akan menunjukan pola partisipasi masyarakat dan bagaimana variasi keruangan nya dalam mempengaruhi pencapaian aspek keberlanjutan Taman Tematik Kota Bandung.

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ABSTRACTCitizen participation is an essential factor to achieve sustainability. This research analyze the citizen participation in the process of achieving sustainability on Taman Tematik program in Bandung City. The participation been analyzed on two main focus, which the stakeholders as representatives of the citizens, and their participation in the development stages. The achievement of sustainability measured by valuating indicators which given weighted values based on past studies. Diversity that appears in the process, been analyzed as a form of spatial variation. The result of this research shown the form of citizen participation and how the spatial variation influence the sustainability achievement of Taman Tematik, Bandung City."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai bentuk-bentuk partisipasi masyarakat yang dilakukan untuk keberlanjutan organisasi bank sampah Malaka Sari, Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Dengan itu, penelitian ini menyajikan pemaparan dari bentuk-bentuk partisipasi masyarakat yang nyata berupa partisipasi tenaga, waktu, pikiran, keahlian dan modal serta keterbukaan pengurus dalam berjalannya suatu organisasi bank sampah Malaka Sari. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa bentuk-bentuk partisipasi tersebut mendukung keberlanjutan dari bank sampah Malaka Sari yaitu bentuk partisipasi sebagai media sosialisasi, kegiatan yang mendorong partisipasi untuk perkembangan organisasi bank sampah Malaka Sari, dan mendorong keterjangkauan dalam berpartisipasi.

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This study discusses the forms of community participation in the sustainability organization of waste banks Malaka Sari, Duren Sawit, East Jakarta. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research approach. Then, this study presents the exposure of the forms of concrete public participation in the form of participation of energy, time, thoughts, expertise and capital also official acceptance in the passage of a garbage bank organization Malaka Sari. The study found that the forms of participation that supports the sustainability of the waste bank Malaka Sari is a form of participation as a socialization, activities that encourage participation for the development of waste bank organization Malaka Sari, and affordability in participating."

"Limbah padat lumpur IPA Pejompongan I dan II dari proses koagulasi-flokulasi-sedimentasi sampai saat ini dibuang ke sungai Krukut dan memiliki potensi untuk mencemarkan sungai tersebut. Studi pemanfaatan kembali lumpur IPA Pejompongan I dan II sebagai koagulan dilakukan untuk mengurangi residu yang dibuang ke sungai. Dalam penelitian penggunaan kembali lumpur sebagai koagulan yang dilakukan adalah menentukan kondisi terbaik yang dibutuhkan agar lumpur dapat digunakan sebagai koagulan. Metode jartest digunakan untuk mengaetahui kondisi optimum dan efisiensi pemakaian kembali lumpur. Kandungan aluminium merupakan senyawa yang sangat vital dan pemulihan aluminium dilakukan dengan pengeringan dan kalsinasi sampel lumpur terlebih dahulu. Kondisi optimum untuk sampel lumpur IPA Pejompongan I dan II dengan dosis sebesar 9,01 dan 7,5 mg dengan kecepatan pengadukan cepat 140 dan 100 rpm selama 1 menit, lalu kecepatan pengadukan lambat sebesar 20 rpm selama 15 menit dan sedimentasi selama 60 menit. Efektivitas pemakaian lumpur sebagai koagulan untuk sampel I adalah sebesar 97,73 % dan sampel II sebesar 98,19 %. Hasil pemakaian dapat mencapai baku mutu kekeruhan yang telah ditetapkan pada Permenkes No. 492/menkes/per/iv/2010 Tentang Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum yaitu 5 NTU sedangkan kekeruhan yang diperoleh adalah sebesar 4 NTU untuk kedua sampel. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pemakaian kembali lumpur IPA Pejompongan I dan II sebagai koagulan dapat dilakukan.

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Sludge residu from coagulaton-flocculation-sedimentation process of Pejompongan I and II water treatment plant, have been disposed at Krukut river until the present day and the residue may be a threat of pollution to the river. Studies of reusing the sludge residu of Pejompongan I and II water treatment plant as a coagulant may decrease the amount of residu which are disposed at the river. In the study of reusing sludge as a coagulant, the search of the optimum conditions of the sludge is needed to be done by using jar test methode. Aluminium recovery is the vital core of this study, where to recover the remaining aluminium in the sludge residu, dewatering and calcination treatment has to be implemented to the sample.

The optimum condition for the sludge sample from Pejompongan I and II is 9,01 and 7,5 mg dosage of the sample with a fast mixing rate of 140 and 100 rpm for 1 minute and slow mixing rate of 20 rpm for 15 minutes then 60 minutes of sedimentation for settling. Effectivity of sludge reuse as a coagulant for sample I (Pejompongan I) is 97,73 % and sample II (Pejompongan II) IS 97,73 %. The result of the usage of the sample has reached the standard of turbidity which is stated by Permenkes No. 492/menkes/per/iv/2010 Tentang Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum with the standard of 5 NTU, where as turbidity obtained is equal to 4 NTU for both samples. The reuse of sludge residu from Pejompongan I and II water treatment plant as a coagulant has been proven successful."