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"[ABSTRAKFenomena halo neutron dalam nuklir digambarkan adanya kemunculan 'ekor' danadanya 'ruang kosong' antara core dan ekor pada distribusi neutron akibat energiikat yang lemah. Metode analisa halo yang dikembangkan oleh V. Rotival dkk [Phys.Rev. C79, 054308 (2009)] untuk menghitung besaran-besaran halo berdasarkan mo-del Hartree-Fock-Bogoulibov (HFB) pada isotop Cr dan isotop Sn menjadi salah sa-tu alternatif untuk mempelajari fenomena halo. Berbeda dengan Rotival dkk, kamimenggunakan model Relativistic Mean Field (RMF) pada penelitian ini. Berbedadengan hasil perhitungan berdasarkan model HFB, kami fokus mengamati perilakuspektrum single particle energy level 1g9~2 terhadap kemunculan halo pada isotopCr. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini kami juga memperlajari dampak dari suku crosscoupling meson ! − , suku-suku tensor dan suku pertukaran elektromagnetik padamodel RMF terhadap kemunculan halo pada isotop Cr dan isotop Sn. Hasil perhi-tungan prediksi kemunculan halo berdasarkan model RMF lebih besar dibandingkandengan hasil perhitungan berdasarkan model HFB (`NhaloeRMF > `NhaloeHFB):

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ABSTRACTIn neutron halo phenomenon, the neutron density displays an unusually extended'tail' and 'empty space' between the core and the tail due to weak binding energy.New analysis method of the halo was developed by V. Rotival, et al.[Phys. Rev. C79,054308 (2009)] in Cr-isotopes and Sn-isotopes, its usually applied with Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) model. Unlike them, we use the model of the Relativistic MeanField (RMF) in this research. We observed dierent behavior at the level 1g9~2 in linewith appearance of halo in Cr-isotopes. Moreover, in this research we also studiedthe eects of cross coupling meson ! − , tensor, and electromagnetic exchange inRMF model appearance of halo in Cr-isotopes and Sn-isotopes. The prediction ofthe existence of halo based on RMF model is greater than the prediction based onHFB model (`NhaloeRMF > `NhaloeHFB):, In neutron halo phenomenon, the neutron density displays an unusually extended'tail' and 'empty space' between the core and the tail due to weak binding energy.New analysis method of the halo was developed by V. Rotival, et al.[Phys. Rev. C79,054308 (2009)] in Cr-isotopes and Sn-isotopes, its usually applied with Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) model. Unlike them, we use the model of the Relativistic MeanField (RMF) in this research. We observed dierent behavior at the level 1g9~2 in linewith appearance of halo in Cr-isotopes. Moreover, in this research we also studiedthe eects of cross coupling meson ! − , tensor, and electromagnetic exchange inRMF model appearance of halo in Cr-isotopes and Sn-isotopes. The prediction ofthe existence of halo based on RMF model is greater than the prediction based onHFB model (`NhaloeRMF > `NhaloeHFB):]"

"Model relativistik interaksi K-p diturunkan berdasarkan prinsip pertukaran satu hadron dengan menggunakan kinematika relativistik. Model ini terinspirasi dari keberhasilan Group Bonn pada model pertukaran satu boson untuk interaksi nukleon-nukleon (NN). Hadron yang dipertukarkan adalah meson skalar σ; meson vektor ω, ρ; hiperon Λ, Σ; dan resonan Λ(1600). Parameter yang dicari yaitu massa meson σ, konstanta kopling, dan parameter cut-off. Nilainilai parameter didapatkan dengan melakukan fitting terhadap data eksperimen penampang lintang diferensial K-p untuk energi kinetik laboratorium dari 48 MeV hingga 580 MeV. Penampang lintang diferensial dihitung dengan menggunakan teknik tiga dimensi. Proses fitting menghasilkan χ2/N = 9.99140. Model ini dapat mereproduksi data yang baik untuk energi di atas 200 MeV, tetapi sebaliknya untuk energi di bawah 200 MeV. Kontribusi resonan Λ(1600) sebagai partikel yang dipertukarkan masih sangat kecil dibandingkan partikel lain.

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K-p interaction is modeled as one-hadron-exchange potential using relativistic kinematic, which is inspired by the success of the Bonn one-boson-exchange potential model for the nucleon-nucleon (NN) interction. The hadron being exchanged are scalar-meson-σ; vectormeson-ω, ρ; hyperon-Λ, Σ and resonance-Λ(1600). The parameters (mass of meson σ, coupling constant, and cut-off) are determined by means of fitting processes to experimental data of K-p differential cross section for kaon laboratory kinetic energies of about 48 MeV to 580 MeV . The differential cross sections are calculated using a three-dimensional technique. This model able to reproduce data above 200 MeV with χ2/N = 9.99140. The contribution of resonance-Λ(1600) is not large compared to other exchanged particles."

"Terinspirasi dari potensial pertukaran satu boson hasil penelitian Bonn University, interaksi K+p dimodelkan sebagai potensial pertukaran satu hadron menggunakan kinematika relativistik. Partikel atau hadron yang dipertukarkan adalah meson-skalar σ; meson-vektor ω dan ρ; hiperon Λ dan Σ; dan Σ (1385). Parameter-parameter ditentukan dengan proses fitting terhadap data eksperimen penampang lintang diferensial K+p untuk energi kinetik laboratorium kaon sekitar 20 MeV sampai 593 MeV. Penampang lintang diferensial dihitung menggunakan teknik 3D. Model yang dihasilkan masih belum cukup baik, dan memerlukan tambahan resonans. Kontribusi masing-masing partikel yang dipertukarkan juga akan didiskusikan.

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Inspired by the Bonn NN one-boson-exchange potential, a K+p interaction is modeled as one-hadron-exchange potential using relativistic kinematic. The hadrons being exchanged are scalar-meson-σ; vector-meson ω and ρ; hyperon Λ and Σ; and Σ (1385). The parameters are determined by means of fitting process to experimental data of K+p differential cross section for kaon laboratory kinetic energies of about 20 MeV to 593 MeV. The differential cross sections are calculated using a 3D technique. This model seems to require an additional exchange resonance particle to get better results, the contribution of each exchanged particle will also be discussed."

"Teori Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) merupakan teori modifikasi dari teori relativitas umum. Dalam penelitian ini, kami menerapkan fenomena non-perturbatif, yaitu model kreasi alam semesta Vilenkin dan model Coleman-de Luccia (CdL) Instanton, kedalam kerangka teori EiBI. Pada model Vilenkin didapatkan hasil berupa aksi Euclidean SE. Hasil ini memiliki suku tambahan  yang berbeda dengan hasil teori relativitas umum. Sedangkan untuk model CdL dihitung solusi analitik menggunakan aproksimasi thin-wall dan solusi numerik. Pada solusi analitik ditemukan jari-jari gelembung dan aksi bounce B. hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan B negatif, sangat berbeda dengan kasus relativitas umum yang memberikan B positif. Sedangkan untuk solusi numerik ditemukan bentuk profil medan skalar, faktor skala dan B. Untuk kasus ini B positif. Hasil solusi analitik dan solusi numerik memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan. Hal ini kemungkinan besar terjadi karena metode aproksimasi yang digunakan kurang tepat.

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Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) theory is a modified theory of general relativity. In this research, we will implement EiBI theory with non-perturbative quantum cosmology phenomena, starting with Vilenkins Creation of The Universes from Nothing and tunneling mechanism through Coleman-de Luccia (CdL) instanton. In Vilenkins model, we find the Euclidean action SE. This result differs from the general relativity counterpart by addition of extra term . For CdL instanton, we find the analytic solution using thin-wall approximation and the numerical solution. In the analytic solution, we find the radius of bubble and bounce action B.The value of B is negative, which is differs significantly from the general relativity result. As for the numerical solution, we find the scalar field, scale factors, and the bounce action B. This time B is positive. We can see that the analytic and numeric solutions have a very significant difference. This difference might appears because the approximation method used is not suitable for EiBI theory."

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