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"Food is the most important commodity for both life sustenance and well-being of the society. Thus, meeting the food demand and requirement of the population is one of basic responsibilities of any government and nation. This paper uses the BPS 2008 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) data and focuses on the rural households to allow a comparison with the result from the 2008 Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas (FSVA) produced by the Ministry of Agriculture. Unlike FSVA which presents district level food vulnerability, it investigates food vulnerability at household level. It shows that using food vulnerability incidence, GRDP per capita and poverty incidence, the efforts to reduce food vulnerability can be prioritized in eight provinces (East Java; DIY ; West and East Nusa Tenggara; Gorontalo ; South-East Sulawesi; Maluku and Papua). At is it important for policy-making and decision-taking to identify factors behind household food vulnerability, this study determines such factors using a binary logistic regression. "

"The rising food price has been signaling a crisis to food insecurity among the poor since the period of 2007/2008. The poor would be in a difficult situation to allocate the budget to meet the demand for food and nonfood in daily life as the real income changes. Food insecurity measured by Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is a most recent broadened concept of food insecurity considering the existence of anxiety to food access. This research aims to evaluate the causal inference of food price exposure to the FIES both on simple sum namely raw score and Rasch scale, a corrected measure which assuming the same latent traits among the households. The estimation used is Pooled Ordinary Least Square through the multilevel observations and Panel Regression for regional-level data. The main finding of this research is that the rising food price significantly affected the FIES, consistently on the raw score and Rasch scale, specifically to the vulnerable households defined by the bottom 40 percent in terms of their expenditure. The rising food price also increased the proportion of severely food insecure households at the regional level. As the heterogeneous effect through islands is also evaluated, it's concluded that the highest effect of the rising food price to experiencing the anxiety of food insecurity belongs households located in Bali and the lowest effect belongs to households located in Java Island. Decomposing food price into rice and nonrice is solving the puzzle where and who belongs the worse effect should be. The rising rice price is affecting worse to the households in Sumatera and Papua, but on the contrary, the households in Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi were taking benefit amid the rising rice price. The result is also serving as a baseline in evaluating the impact of such an outbreak namely Covid-19 through the channel of compensating variations regarding food insecurity. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara empiris dampak penggunaan internet terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan Pendataan Potensi Desa (Podes) tahun 2018. Variabel kerawanan pangan diukur dengan menggunakan raw score dan rasch score berdasarkan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Sementara itu, variabel penggunaan internet merupakan variabel binari. Estimasi dampak penggunaan internet terhadap kerawanan pangan menggunakan instrumental variable model dengan instrumental variable yaitu topografi untuk mengatasi masalah endogenitas dalam menjelaskan hubungan sebab akibat antara penggunaan internet dengan kerawanan pangan. Dalam penelitian ini juga memeriksa salah satu mekanisme potensial yaitu melalui pendapatan per kapita rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan internet berpengaruh negatif terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian baik itu raw score dan rasch score, artinya penggunaan internet mampu menurunkan kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian. Analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa dampak penggunaan internet menurunkan kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian bisa melalui jalur pendapatan.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of internet use on agricultural household food insecurity in Indonesia. This study uses data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) 2018 and Village Potential Census (Podes) 2018. The food insecurity variable is measured using a raw score and a rasch score based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) question item. Meanwhile, the internet usage variable is a binary variable. Estimation the impact of internet use on food insecurity uses an instrumental variable model with an instrumental variable, namely topography to overcome endogeneity in explaining the causal effect between internet use and household food insecurity. This study also exemines one potential mechanism, namely through household per capita income. The results of this study indicate that the internet use has a negative effect on food insecurity of agricultural households, both raw scores and rasch scores. It means that the internet use can reduce food insecurity in agricultural households. The further analysis shows that the internet use can reduce food insecurity in agricultural households through income"

"Ketahanan pangan adalah salah satu aspek yang mendukung ketahanan nasional. Ketika individu atau rumah tangga tidak mampu memenuhi ketahanan pangannya maka terjadilah kerawanan pangan yang dapat menggangu stabilitas ekonomi dan nasional.  Tapin mengalami peningkatan penduduk miskin dan peningkatan rumah tidak layak huni di Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengukur kerawanan pangan rumah tangga tidak layak huni dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya di Kabupaten Tapin, Kalimantan Selatan. Pangan adalah kebutuhan mendasar yang harus selalu ada dan terus meningkat seiring dengan mengingkatnya jumlah penduduk. Analisis ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan model rasch, metode regresi ordinal dan menggunakan variabel moderator dengan analisis data yang deskriptif untuk menganalisis data penelitian. Penelitian ini berdasarkan pada skala kerawanan pangan (FIES) serta faktor demografi dan kemiskinan multidimensi yaitu Jumlah Anggota Keluarga (X1), Jenis Pekerjaan (X2), Pendapatan (X3), Pendidikan (X4), Kesehatan (X5), Bantuan (X6), dan Jenis Kelamin (X7). Hasil penelitian ini adalah, pada tingkat kerawanan pangan rumah tangga tidak layak huni berdasarkan FIES, terdapat 57% kerawanan pangan ringan, kerawanan pangan sedang ada 23% dan rumah tangga dengan tingkat kerawanan pangan berat ada 20%.

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Food security is one aspect that supports national security. When individuals or households are unable to fulfill their food security, food insecurity occurs which can disrupt economic and national stability. Tapin has experienced an increase in the number of poor people and an increase in uninhabitable houses in South Kalimantan. This study aims to analyze and measure the food insecurity of uninhabitable households and the factors that influence it in Tapin District, South Kalimantan. Food is a basic need that must always be available and continues to increase along with the increasing population. This analysis uses a quantitative approach using the Rasch model, ordinal regression method and using moderator variables with descriptive data analysis to analyze research data. This research is based on the food insecurity scale (FIES) and multidimensional demographic and poverty factors, namely the number of family members (X1), type of work (X2), income (X3), education (X4), health (X5), assistance (X6), and Gender (X7). The results of this study are, at the level of food insecurity in uninhabitable households based on FIES, there are 57% light food insecurity, moderate food insecurity is 23% and households with severe food insecurity are 20%."

"Hingga saat ini, kerawanan pangan masih menjadi isu pembangunan yang penting di negara berpendapatan rendah dan menengah, termasuk Indonesia. Di sisi lain, inklusi keuangan diyakini mampu mengakselerasi pencapaian SDGs, diantaranya dalam hal penurunan kerawanan pangan. Meskipun demikian, studi yang meneliti pengaruh inklusi keuangan terhadap kerawanan pangan menghasilkan kesimpulan yang inkonklusif. Di Indonesia, studi mengenai hal tersebut juga masih jarang dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ingin menganalisis pengaruh inklusi keuangan terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga di Indonesia, baik secara umum maupun menurut kelompok tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) 2020. Variabel kerawanan pangan diukur melalui skor kerawanan pangan berdasarkan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) melalui dua cara, yaitu raw score dan rasch scale. Sementara itu, variabel inklusi keuangan diukur menurut aksesibilitas rumah tangga pada beberapa layanan keuangan formal yang mencakup tabungan, kredit, asuransi dan e-banking. Estimasi pengaruh inklusi keuangan terhadap kerawanan pangan dilakukan dengan metode 2SLS Lewbel karena tidak tersedianya instrumen eksternal yang valid. Hasil estimasi menujukkan inklusi keuangan berpengaruh secara negatif terhadap kerawanan pangan. Menurut kelompok pendapatan, inklusi keuangan hanya signifikan mempengaruhi penurunan kerawanan pangan pada kelompok pendapatan rendah. Sementara menurut lokasi tempat tinggal, inklusi keuangan hanya berpengaruh pada penurunan kerawanan rumah tangga di perdesaan.

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To date, food insecurity remains as one of important development issues in low and middle income country, including Indonesia. On the other hand, financial inclusion is recognized in accelerating SDGs achievement, such as lowering food insecurity. However, the studies related to the relationship between financial inclusion and food insecurity remains inconclusive. This study, therefore, aims to analyze the impact of financial inclusion on household food insecurity in Indonesia. This study uses National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) 2020. The food insecurity variable is measured based on Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) which calculated in two ways, namely raw score and rasch scale. Meanwhile, the financial inclusion variable is measured based on the household accessibility to financial services, namely saving, credit, insurance, and e-banking. The effect of financial inclusion on food insecurity is estimated by 2SLS Lewbel since there’s no valid external instrument. The result of the estimation showed that financial inclusion has significant negative effect on household food insecurity. Based on income category, this effect is only found to be significant on lower income household. While based on location, financial inclusion only affect household in rural area."

"Program Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL) bertujuan menurunkan kerawanan pangan dengan mendorong kelompok masyarakat desa dan kelurahan menanam bahan pangan di halaman rumah masing-masing. Sejak tahun 2017 hingga 2021, jumlah KRPL terus mengalami peningkatan. Namun sejak tahun 2020 tingkat kerawanan pangan juga meningkat. Pada penelitian ini, diperhitungkan variasi jumlah KRPL yang ditumbuhkan sejak tahun 2017 hingga tahun 2021 untuk mengestimasi peran KRPL terhadap kerawanan pangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tekhnik analisis data panel dengan metode Fixed Effect dalam memperkirakan besaran dan signifikansi hubungan antara KRPL dengan kerawanan pangan. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan KRPL berperan signifikan terhadap penurunan tingkat kerawanan pangan setelah satu tahun, terutama di wilayah Jawa dan Bali. Rekomendasi yang diberikan dalam penelitian ini adalah dalam intervensi kerawanan pangan, KRPL perlu dibarengi dengan kebijakan lain terutama program penanggulangan kemiskinan setidaknya untuk kabupaten/kota dengan kategori kerawanan pangan “tinggi” dan “sangat tinggi”.

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The Government’s Home Garden Areas (KRPL) program aims to decrease food insecurity by encouraging rural and urban communities to grow their own food ingredients in their backyards. The number of KRPLs has steadily increased between 2017 and 2021. However, the level of food insecurity has risen since 2020. Variations in the number KRPLs grew from 2017 to 2021 were considered in this study to estimate the effect of KRPLs on food insecurity. The significance and magnitude of the relationship between KRPLs and food insecurity were estimated using this study's panel data analysis techniques with the Fixed Effect method. According to the estimation results, KRPLs significantly reduce food insecurity after one year, particularly in the Java and Bali regions. This study recommends that KRPL be accompanied by other policies, particularly poverty reduction programs in food insecurity interventions, at least in regencies/municipalities with "high" and "very high" food insecurity categories."

"Ketahanan pangan rumah tangga berhubungan dengan berbagai macam gangguan kesehatan seperti malnutrisi, stunting, overweight, obesitas, dan gangguan kesehatan mental. Indonesia adalah satu-satunya negara di dunia dengan prevalensi tinggi terhadap tiga jenis malnutrisi, wasting, stunting, and overweight. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari apakah terdapat perbedaan ketahanan pangan pada rumah tangga yang dikepalai laki-laki dan perempuan di Indonesia sepanjang kurun waktu 1993-2018. Data yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah data pooled-crossection yang berasal dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan Sensus Potensi Desa (Podes). Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi logistik multinomial. Rumah tangga yang dikepalai perempuan cenderung tidak lebih rawan pangan dibandingkan dengan rumah tangga yang dikepalai laki-laki. Faktor sosial ekonomi, keragaman konsumsi, bencana alam, akses infrastruktur, kewilayahan, dan tekanan ekonomi, secara statistik signifikan memengaruhi ketahanan pangan rumah tangga.

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Household food security correlates to a variety of health problems such as malnutrition, stunting, overweight, obesity, and mental health. Indonesia is the only country in the world with a high prevalence of three types of malnutrition wasting, stunting, and overweightThis study aims to analyze the food security of male and female-headed households in Indonesia during 1993-2018. This study uses a nationally representative survey in Indonesia, also known as Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) and Village Census (Potensi Desa). The analytical method uses multinomial logistic regression analysis. This study finds that female headed-household found to be more food secure than male at counterpart. Many socio-demographic variables, socio-economic, road infrastructure and economic shock have a significant association with food security status."

"Ketahanan pangan merupakan bagian dari ketahanan ekonomi yang mendukung ketahanan nasional. Ketidakmampuan untuk mencapai ketahanan pangan disebut sebagai kerawanan pangan. Angka Rawan Pangan (ARP) tertinggi berada pada kawasan Maluku Papua. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur tingkat kerawanan pangan rumah tangga berdasarkan Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) dan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) di kawasan Maluku Papua, menganalisis model risiko atas kerawanan pangan rumah tangga tersebut, dan menyusun strategi pengendalian risiko atas kerawanan pangan rumah tangga tersebut. Data yang digunakan merupakan Data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Maret 2018 yang diselenggarakan oleh BPS. Tingkat kerawanan rumah tangga di kawasan Maluku Papua menurut AKG pada kategori sangat rawan pangan sebesar 26,2 persen dan pada kategori rawan pangan sebesar 28,2 persen, sedangkan menurut FIES pada kategori rawan pangan berat sebesar 2,1 persen dan pada kategori rawan pangan sedang sebesar 10,7 persen. Risiko kerawanan rumah tangga berdasarkan AKG secara signifikan meningkat pada usia KRT yang lebih muda, jenis kelamin KRT laki-laki, jenis pekerjaan KRT pada selain sektor formal, KRT berstatus tidak bekerja, pendidikan KRT yang lebih rendah, tingkat pengeluaran rumah tangga yang lebih rendah, jumlah anggota rumah tangga yang lebih banyak, rumah tangga yang tidak memperoleh bantuan pangan, rumah tangga miskin, tinggal pada daerah perkotaan, dan tinggal pada daerah rawan pangan. Risiko kerawanan rumah tangga berdasarkan FIES di kawasan Maluku Papua secara signifikan meningkat pada usia KRT yang lebih muda, jenis kelamin KRT perempuan, jenis pekerjaan KRT pada selain sektor formal, KRT tidak bekerja, pendidikan KRT yang lebih rendah, tingkat pengeluaran rumah tangga yang lebih tinggi, rumah tangga yang memperoleh bantuan pangan, tinggal di daerah perkotaan, dan tinggal pada daerah rawan pangan. Upaya pengendalian risiko kerawanan pangan rumah tangga di kawasan Maluku Papua dapat dioptimalkan dengan pemberdayaan rumah tangga.

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Food security is a part of economic security which supports national security. Food security is the inability to achieve food security. The food insecurity rate in Maluku and Papua is the highest. The purposes of this study are to measure the level of household food insecurity based on Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) and Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) in Maluku and Papua, analyze the risk model of household food insecurity, and also develop a strategy for controlling risk of household food insecurity. This study uses Sosio-Economic National Survey (Susenas) Data by Statistics Indonesia on March 2018. According to RDA, the level of household most food insecurity is 26.2 percent and the level of household food insecurity is 28.2 percent. According to FIES, the level of household severe food insecurity is 2.1 percent and the level of household moderate food insecurity is 10.7 percent. The risk of household food insecurity based on RDA in Maluku and Papua significantly increases among the younger household head, male household head, household head who is not working in the formal sector, unemployment household head, lower level of household expenditure, bigger household size, household that do not receive food assistance, poor household, live in urban area, and live in food insecure areas. The risk of household food insecurity based on FIES in Maluku and Papua significantly increases among the younger household head, male household head, household head who is not working in the formal sector, unemployment household head, lower level of household expenditure, bigger household size, household that do not receive food assistance, poor household, live in urban area, and live in food insecure areas. The efforts to control the risk of household food insecurity in Maluku Papua can be optimized by household empowerment."