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"Many countries are switching from fuels energy to bioethanol as their main source of energy in the economy along with declining supply of fossil fuel. This paper aims to analyze the development of bioethanol use in Brazil, US, and Thailand and to capture the lessons learned for Indonesia to make bioethanol as a reliable energy source. The result shows that successive development of bioethanol in those three countries requires political will and community support. Policies in each country are different depend on the characteristics of the economy and society. There are several lessons learned. First, employing abundant raw material for bioethanol. Second, creating incentive scheme for both consumers and producers to attract them using bioethanol. Third, building cooperation with automotive industries to comply bioethanol for vehicles. Fourth, the government need to work hardly to establish many fuel stations that provides a blending of bioethanol so that the public can access bioethanol easily."

"The analysis on manufacturing sector mostly focuses on economic valuation such as output, value added, and employment, but few studies attempt simultaneously to analyze economic, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). We applied the graph theory to select the dominant industries based on selected criteria. We found that food industry became a dominant industry. However, none industry was dominant for the all criteria. This implied that pro growth is not always similar with pro environment, even the two criteria can be conflicted one and another. We argue that different characteristics of industry need to be considered in evaluating industy performance. Finally, in terms of policy intervention, we suggest government to construct intensity indicator and to develop broad policy framework in enhancing energy efficiency."

"EBT di Indonesia merupakan sumber daya yang menjanjikan karena terletak di sekitar garis khatulistiwa dan iklim tropis.Potensi yang tinggi dan juga ambisi yang tinggi dari pemerintah terhadap EBT tidak sebanding dengan pelaksanaan RUEN sejak pertama kali dikeluarkan yaitu mengenai bauran energi 23 pada tahun 2025. Kurangnya minat investor dan banyaknya proyek yang mangkrak merupakan gambaran pelaksanaan yang tidak sesuai. Feed-in Tariff FiT seharusnya menjadi perangsang masyarakat dan investor untuk berinvestasi, tetapi malah sebaliknya, investor ditekan untuk menjual dengan harga murah.Penilaian FiT PLTS Fotovoltaik ini mencakup wilayah yang dikeluarkan kementrian ESDM, sehingga pemerintah dapat sadar bahwa nilai FiT yang lebih baik perlu untuk menaikkan investasi EBT, khususnya PLTS Fotovoltaik. Perhitungan FiT menggunakan metode LCOE, berdasarkan penelitian terkait dan spesifikasi peralatan dengan kondisi sekarang dan juga kondisi penurunan efisiensi kapasitas dan harga pv modul. Nilai discount rate dan Energi yang dihasilkan merupakan parameter sensitivitas karena berpengaruh terhadap kebijakan.Berdasarkan perhitungan FiT, daerah terluar Indonesia, bukan ibukota provinsi atau wilayah Jawa-Bali merupakan daerah dengan sarana dan situasi yang menarik untuk melakukan investasi PLTS Fotovoltaik.Pentingnya penentuan asumsi keekonomian, teknologi yang digunakan dan tata cara instalasi / maintenance PLTS supaya kebijakan yang selanjutnya dapat dikeluarkan dapat tepat sasaran.

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RE in Indonesia is a promising power resource because it lies around the equator and tropical climate. The high potential and high ambition of the government against RE is not comparable with the implementation of RUEN since first issued regarding the energy mix is 23 in 2025. The lack of investor interest and the number of projects that faded is a description of implementation that is not appropriate. Feed in Tariff FiT should be a stimulant for investors to invest, but instead, investors are pressed to sell at a bargain price. The Photovoltaic FiT location assessment is issued by the ESDM ministry, so the government can be aware that better FiT values are necessary to raise EBT investments.

FiT calculation use LCOE method, based on related research and equipment specification with current condition and also condition of decreasing efficiency of capacity and price of pv module. The value of the discount rate and the energy generated are sensitivity parameters, because it affects the policy.

Based on the calculation of FiT, the outer regions of Indonesia, not the provincial capital or the region of Java Bali is an area with interesting facilities and situations to invest in Solar PV Power. The importance of the determination of economic assumptions, technology used and procedures PLTS installation maintenance so that the policy can be issued can be on target."

"Produk pelumas, sampai sekarang sebagian besar masih berasal dari petroleum, namun meningkatnya kepedulian terhadap dampaknya terhadap konservasi ekologi mendorong dikembangkannya pelumas ramah lingkungan berbasis minyak nabati. Sebagai bahan pelumas, minyak nabati memiliki keunggulan sifat antiwear yang baik, biodegradable dan tak beracun, sedangkan kelemahannya adalah rendah ketahanan oksidasi dan buruk fluiditasnya pada suhu rendah. Minyak nabati dapat ditransformasikan menjadi pelumas ramah lingkungan berunjuk kerja tinggi melalui modifikasi gugus karbonilnya, misalnya, metilolpropan ester yang dapat diproduksi dengan cara menggantikan gliserol dari trigliserida dengan metilolpropan, atau melalui modifikasiikatan rangkap karbon-karbon pada rantai asam lemaknya, misalnya reaksi hidrogensasi selektif, dimerisasi, epoksidasi dan lain -lain. Namun biaya proses modifikasi yang tinggi mendorong penggunaan minyak nabati langsung, yaitu minyak nabati yang memiliki kandungan asam oleat tinggi. Tulisan ini juga mendiskusikan kemung kinan pemanfaatan minyak sawit sebagai pelumas, dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik spesifiknya sebagai minyak nabati daerah tropis.

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Most of lubricating oils are based on petroleum, but awareness and concern over the usage of petroleum base products and their impact on environment has created an opportunity to develop eco-friendly lubricant from vegetable oil. As raw material of lubricant, the vegetable oils provides many advantages such as good antiwear property, biodegradability, non toxic, but it has low oxidation resistance and poor fluidity at low temperature. Vegetable oil can be transformed to high performance eco-friendly lubricant, via modification of carbonyl group, such as trimethy lolpropane ester which can be produced by replacing glycerol of triglyceride with trimethylolpropane, or via modification of carbon-carbon double bond in fatty acid chain of triglyceride such as selective hydrogenation, dimerization, epoxidation etc etera. Modified vegetable oil, such as synthetic ester may offer high performance lubricant, but its process production cost can be prohibitively high, therefore it gives rise to the direct us age of high olein vegetable oil for lubricant formulation. This paper also discusses the application of palm oil for lubricant, by considering its specific characterisitic as vegetable oil from tropical region."

"Pada program konversi minyak tanah ke LPG, Pemerintah telah berhasil mendistribusikan sekitar 57,19 juta paket perdana, menyusul suksesnya program tersebut, Pemerintah kembali meluncurkan program diversifikasi energi melalui program konversi bensin ke LPG tabung 3 Kg untuk nelayan, program ini kedepannya akan menambah beban subsidi baru. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan perbandingan antara program konversi minyak tanah ke LPG tabung 3 kg dengan program konversi bensin ke LPG tabung 3 kg untuk nelayan dari sisi biaya paket perdana dan subsidi, mendapatkan keunggulan bahan bakar LPG dengan membandingan kinerja mesin, emisi gas buang serta konsumsi bahan bakar terhadap putaran mesin serta analisa dampak penambahan penduduk nelayan terhadap subsidi LPG melalui proyeksi realisasi penyaluran LPG di kota Surabaya. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kuantitatif untuk menganalisis variabel-variabel dalam penelitian dengan melakukan analisis perbandingan antara 2 (dua) program konversi, analisis hasil perbandingan torsi, daya dan konsumsi bahan bakar antara LPG dan bensin serta analisis dampak konversi. Dari analisis paket perdana diperoleh selisih biaya yang cukup besar yaitu sebesar Rp, 5,930,923.00,-. Dari sisi subsidi, dengan menghitung nilai keekonomian harga LPG, didapatkan penambahan subsidi yang akan dikeluarkan pemerintah sebesar Rp. 2.706 tiap liternya jika konversi tetap dijalankan. Pada analisa hubungan kinerja mesin, emisi gas buang serta konsumsi bahan bakar terhadap putaran menggambarkan keunggulan LPG dibandingkan bensin. Dari analisis dampak subsidi dengan ukuran proyeksi realisasi 5 tahun kedepan menggunakan metode paired sample t test didapat terjadi perubahan yang signifikan pada penyaluran LPG di kota Surabaya yang sebelumnya rata-rata penyaluran adalah sebesar 115305.7780 MT, setelah program konversi kenaikan penyaluran LPG menjadi 117585.7580 MT.

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In the kerosene-to-LPG conversion program, the Government has successfully distributed about 57.19 million packets of LPG, following the success of the program, the Government again launched the energy diversification program through a gasoline conversion program to LPG 3 Kg tube for fishermen, increase the burden of new subsidies. The purpose of this study was to obtain a comparison between the kerosene to LPG 3 kg tube conversion program with the gasoline conversion program to the 3 kg LPG tube for fishermen in terms of the cost of the starter pack and subsidies, obtaining the benefits of LPG fuel by comparing engine performance, exhaust emissions and consumption fuel for engine rotation and analysis of the impact of additional fisherman population on LPG subsidy through projected realization of LPG distribution in Surabaya city. This research uses quantitative research design to analyze the variables in the research by conducting comparative analysis between 2 (two) conversion program, torsion ratio analysis, power and fuel consumption between LPG and gasoline and conversion impact analysis. From the analysis of the initial package obtained a large cost difference of Rp. 5,930,923.00, -. In terms of subsidies, by calculating the economic value of LPG prices, the additional subsidy will be issued by the government of Rp. 2,706 per liter if conversion persists. In the analysis of engine performance relationships, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of rotation illustrates the benefits of LPG compared to gasoline. From the analysis of subsidy impact with projected realization size 5 years ahead using paired sample t test method there was a significant change in LPG distribution in Surabaya which previously average distribution is 115305.7780 MT, after conversion program of LPG channel increase to 117585.7580 MT."

"Energi listrik yang memiliki kualitas daya yang baik dan andal menjadi faktor yang sangat vital untuk mendukung iklim dunia industri yang kompetitif. Pada sektor industri yang memiliki sistem tenaga listrik off grid, sangat penting untuk mengetahui seberapa optimal dan andal sistem tenaga listrik untuk mengantisipasi penambahan beban di masa mendatang. Selain itu dengan memperhatikan perkembangan penetrasi penggunaan energi terbarukan seperti Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) yang semakin meluas dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas sistem tenaga listrik karena sifat intermitensi dan ketersediaannya yang tidak bisa diperkirakan. Hilangnya daya PLTS secara mendadak dapat mengakibatkan permasalahan stabilitas karena penurunan frekuensi pada sistem dan dibutuhkan respon yang cepat dari pembangkit listrik yang ada pada sistem untuk menghindari pemadaman total. Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini dengan membuat pemodelan sistem tenaga listrik menggunakan perangkat lunak Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) lalu melakukan simulasi untuk mengetahui mode operasi optimal, dilanjutkan dengan memproyeksikan penambahan beban di masa mendatang yang masih dapat disuplai oleh sistem, serta menghitung berapa penetrasi optimal dari PLTS yang dapat diintegrasikan pada sistem tenaga listrik di industri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem tenaga listrik di industri masih dapat mengantisipasi penambahan beban sampai dengan 80% dari cadangan putarnya dan stabilitas pada sistem masih terjaga dengan baik saat integrasi PLTS dilakukan sebesar 16% dari total beban sehingga sistem tenaga listrik offgrid pada industri tetap terjaga keandalan dan stabilitasnya saat diintegrasikan dengan PLTS.

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The need of power system quality and stability is one of the most important thing to increase productivity and competitiveness in industrial process. Some industries have off grid electrical power systems, therefore it is important to know how optimal and reliable the electrical power system to supply load requirements in the future. Since power generation connected to system is limited, so the flexibility of power system in industry is low. In addition, rapid development of penetration of renewable energy source such as solar photovoltaic has an impact of power system stability and quality because of its intermittent, availability, and grid related problems. So when the electrical power from solar photovoltaic is suddenly lost, a frequency instability phenomenon will occur and it will be needed fast response of conventional synchronous generator to prevent power system blackout. The objective of this research was to study power system optimization in industry in terms of quality and stability by considering future load demand and penetration rate of solar photovoltaic by modeling and simulation using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software then perform a simulation to find out the optimal operating mode, projecting additional future loads that can still be supplied by the system, and calculating the optimum penetration of PV can be integrated into power system. The results showed the power system can still anticipate additional loads of up to 80% of its spinning reserve and power system quality and stability is still well maintained when the PV integration is carried out at 16% of the total load."

"Letak Indonesia yang berada di garis khatulistiwa menjadikannya salah satu negara terkaya dengan sumber daya energi surya yang stabil. Hal ini mendorong permintaan energi surya terbarukan di seluruh negeri. Meskipun Indonesia tampaknya memiliki banyak wilayah yang potensial dalam pembangunan teknologi panel surya, ada tantangan dan berbagai faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan untuk menilai kesesuaian implementasi teknologi ini. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan metode yang tepat untuk mengkaji hal tersebut. Studi ini menerapkan metode Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) berdasarkan algoritma Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) dengan proses pengolahan data meggunakan teknologi Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG). SIG terdiri dari data berbasis satelit pada sumber daya energi dan lapisan data yang dikumpulkan secara lokal seperti penggunaan lahan, topografi, pemukiman masyarakat, jalur jalan, dan jaringan listrik, yang dianggap sebagai lapisan kriteria untuk penilaian kesesuaian lokasi. Salah satu perangkat lunak berbasis GIS yang akan digunakan yaitu ArcGis. Hasil penelitian ini berupa pemetaan wilayah di Indonesia terhadap tingkat kecocokan pembangunan panel surya dengan beberapa variabel kecocokan yang sudah dianalisis. Dari hasil pemodelan, hasil peta kecocokan dengan kawasan seluas 42.162,12 memiliki indeks kesesuaian yang sangat cocok, 559.097,36 dengan indeks kesesuaian yang cocok, 892.546,62 dengan indeks kesesuaian yang kurang cocok, dan 215238,89 dengan indeks kesesuaian yang tidak cocok. Kerangka pemodelan ini dapat mendorong energi terbarukan di Indonesia dimana pemerintah menargetkan 23% di tahun 2025 dan 31% pada 2050.

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Indonesia's location on the equator makes it one of the richest countries with stable solar energy resources. This is driving demand for renewable solar energy across the country. Even though Indonesia seems to have many potential areas in the development of solar panel technology, there are challenges and various factors that need to be considered to assess the suitability of implementing this technology. Therefore, an appropriate method is needed to study this. This study applies the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method based on the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) algorithm with data processing using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. GIS consists of satellite-based data on energy resources and locally collected data layers such as land use, topography, human settlements, roadways, and power grids, which are considered as criteria layers for site suitability assessments. One of the GIS-based software that will be used is ArcGis. The result of this research is a mapping of regions in Indonesia to the suitability level of solar panel development with several compatibility variables that have been analyzed. From the modeling results, the results of the suitability map with an area of ​​42.162,12 have a very suitable suitability index, 559.097,36 with a suitable suitability index, 892.546,62 with a less suitable suitability index, and 215238,89 with unmatched suitability indices. This modeling framework can encourage renewable energy in Indonesia where the government is targeting 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050."

"A global demand for energy has forced many countries to search for alternative and renewable energy. An anticipated effect of the development of renewable is an increase in employment as part of new green jobs creation, a major benefit for Indonesia to cope with its high unemployment rate. This paper describes the impact of renewable energy development on the jobs creation in Indonesia. First, we identify current government policies relative to renewable energy. Second, this paper describes the definition of green jobs and what type of jobs might be created due to development of renewable energy. Third, companies in Indonesia currently operating in the renewable energy sector are analyzed for their potential growth. Research is based solely on secondary data analysis. Information publicly available from the government/ministry website was used to examine policies concerning renewable energy. Related journals and articles were used to explore plans for the creation of green jobs, and a database search was conducted to identify companies currently operating in the renewable energy sector. The Kammen et al. (2004) study of Jobs per Megawatt of Capacity identified that the renewable energy installed capacity in 2007 created approximately 14,000 jobs in Indonesia. The potential capacity of renewable energy will create 70,000-190,000 jobs in Indonesia."

"Pemerintah Indonesia bertekad untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan energi terbarukan di masa yang akan datang hingga tahun 2025 diharapkan penggunaan energi terbarukan mencapai 23% dari total bauran energi primer. Namun untuk memenuhi target tersebut, perusahaan membutuhkan barang modal yang memadai. Belum terpenuhinya barang modal untuk memproduksi alat pembangkit listrik tenaga surya di Indonesia, membuat pelaku industri pembangkit listrik tenaga surya harus melakukan impor. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, peneliti ingin menganalisis implementasi kebijakan pembebasan bea masuk atas impor barang modal pembangkit listrik tenaga surya serta apa saja faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi pembebasan bea masuk atas impor barang modal pembangkit listrik tenaga surya serta menganalisis permasalahan yang terjadi dalam pelaksanaan kebijakan ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data studi kepustakaan dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa implementasi dilaksanakan melalui berberapa tahapan dan pada nyatanya implementasi yang dilakukan belum cukup optimal, masih banyak faktor yang belum terpenuhi untuk memaksimalkan penggunaan fasilitas pembebasan bea masuk atas impor barang modal pembangkit listrik tenaga surya.

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The Indonesian government is determined to maximize the use of renewable energy in the future until 2025, it is expected that renewable energy will reach 23% of the total primary energy energy. However, to meet these targets, companies need goods that are adequate. The unfulfilled capital goods for producing solar power plants in Indonesia have made the solar power generation industry have to import. Based on this background, the researcher wants to analyze the implementation of the import duty policy on the import of solar power plant capital goods and what are the factors that can implement the implementation of this policy. This study aims to analyze the implementation of import duties on capital goods for solar power plants and to analyze the problems that occur in implementing this policy. This study uses a qualitative approach with literature study data techniques and in-depth interviews. The results of this study indicate that the implementation is carried out through several stages and in fact the implementation has not been optimal, there are still many factors that have not been fulfilled to take advantage of the import duty facilities on the import of capital goods for solar power plants."