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"Indonesia is a plural nation which consist of different ethnics, races, languages, customs, religions, and cultures. Indonesian society is also recognized as multicultural society with diversed background of cultures and religions. Conceptually, multiculturalism refers to country profile as a plural nation and multicultural society. Citizens would appreciate plurality and multiculturalism based on the equity principle. Multiculturalism as a concept of diversity and equity should be accomodated in the national education system. It should be reflected in the curriculum. Besides, the school has opportunity to develop its school curriculum (KTSP) integrating multicultural elements. Citizenship education subject has the functions to integrate and develop multiculturalism issues in selected topics such as unity, equity, human rights, democracy, justice, and law. Other subjects integrate the issues into the teaching and learning process focusing issues of gender, ethnicity, and religion. Multicultural education is intended for developing national character which promote students interactivity of different social cultural background. It develops in students emphaty through the observation of their attitude, perceptions, and views. In addition, it also develops student appreciation of multicultural differences, values, and needs."

"Conflict is a socio economic phenomenon that has trended upward since the end of the Cold War all over the world and causes a condition called global tension. Indonesia has high ethnic diversity and high income inequality and thus has also seen an upward trend of conflict that is called Indonesian tension. Because of the upward trend, there are many studies about conflict, but the results are divergent. It is debatable whether conflict was caused by social issues such as ethnic diversity or economic aspects such as income inequality.This research aims to examine the relationship between ethnic diversity and income inequality in the intensity of conflict by using Village Potency PODES 2011 combined with Population Census 2010 and National Social Economic Survey Susenas 2010. Econometrics estimations using Ordinary Least Square OLS and Zero Inflated Negative Binomial ZINB regression combining with descriptive analysis confirm that there is a U shaped correlation between EFI and the intensity of conflict and a positive correlation between the income gap and the intensity of conflict.Another result is that economic aspects such as electricity, poor people and slum households more influenced the intensity of conflict than social aspects. The implication of these findings is that improvement in economic aspects is the more preferable policy to reduce the intensity of conflict rather than focusing on ethnic diversity, which is heritage and cannot be changed.

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Konflik adalah sebuah fenomena sosial dan ekonmi dengan tren yang meningkat setelah perang dingin berakhir di seluruh dunia dan menyebabkan adanya kondisi bernama global tension. Kondisi seperti global tension juga dialami oleh Indonesia yang merupakan negara dengan tingkat keberagaman etnik dan ketimpangan yang tinggi atau disebut sebagai Indonesian tension. Dikarenakan tren yang meningkat ini, banyak studi membahas tentang konflik namun menghasilkan kesimpulan yang berbeda. Hasilnya adalah terjadi perdebatan mengenai penyebab konflik apakah disebabkan oleh aspek sosial seperti keberagaman etnik atau aspek ekonomi seperti ketimpangan pendapatan.Penelitian ini meneliti hubungan antara keberagaman etnik dan ketimpangan pendapatan terhadap intensitas konflik di Indonesia menggunakan PODES 2011 dikombinasikan Sensus Penduduk 2010 dan Susenas 2010. Penelitian ini menggunakan regresi OLS dan ZINB dikombinasikan dengan analisis deskriptif mengonfirmasi adanya hubungan berbentuk U antara EFI dan intensitas/jumlah konflik dan adanya hubungan positif antara ketimpangan pendapatan terhadap intensitas/jumlah konflik.Hasil lainnya adalah variabel kontrol dalam aspek ekonomi seperti tingkat listrik, kodisi kemiskinan serta rumah tangga di kawasan kumuh lebih berpengaruh ke intensitas/jumlah konflik dibandingkan dengan variabel kontrol dalam aspek sosial. Implikasi kebijakan yang dapat dilakukan adalah perbaikan di aspek ekonomi untuk mengurangi konflik di Indonesia dibanding fokus pada keberagaman etnik merupakan warisan yang tidak dapat ditolak."

"Berdasarkan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan sensus penduduk sejak 2010, penelitian ini menguji pengaruh keragaman etnis terhadap ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia. Ini dicapai dengan menggunakan estimasi OLS menggunakan ethnic fractionalization index (efi) dan ethnic polarization index (epoi) sebagai proksi keanekaragaman etnis. Tanpa variabel kontrol, ethnic fractionalization index adalah positif dan signifikan dalam mempengaruhi ketimpangan pengeluaran di Indonesia. Tidak seperti ethnic fractionalization index, ethnic polarization index dan ketimpangan pengeluaran memiliki hubungan berbentuk U terbalik. Namun, pengaruh keragaman etnis kurang signifikan ketika variabel kontrol ditambahkan ke estimasi. Selain itu, efek keanekaragaman etnis kehilangan signifikansinya ketika memasukkan dummy wilayah ke dalam estimasi. Kami menemukan bahwa semua dummy wilayah secara signifikan mempengaruhi ketimpangan dan mengurangi efek keragaman etnis. Akhirnya, dimasukkannya interaksi antara proxy keragaman etnis dan dummy wilayah mengungkapkan hasil yang tidak terduga. Meskipun tidak signifikan, baik interaksi ethnic fractionalization index atau ethnic polarization index dengan dummy wilayah menunjukkan hubungan negatif.

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Based on the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and population census from 2010, this study examines the effect of ethnic diversity on expenditure inequality in Indonesia. This is achieved using the OLS estimation using ethnic fractionalization index (efi) and ethnic polarization index (epoi) as the proxy of ethnic diversity. Without the control variable, the ethnic fractionalization index is positive and significant in affecting expenditure inequality in Indonesia. Unlike the ethnic fractionalization index, the ethnic polarization index and expenditure inequality have an inverted U-shaped relationship. However, the effect of ethnic diversity is less significant when control variables are added to the estimation. Additionally, the effect of ethnic diversity loses its significance when incorporating regional dummies into the estimation. We found that all regional dummies significantly affect inequality and diminish the ethnic diversity effect. Finally, the inclusion of the interaction term between ethnic diversity proxy and regional dummies reveals an unexpected result. Though not significant, both interactions of the ethnic fractionalization index or the ethnic polarization index with regional dummies show a negative relationship."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang Keanekaragaman parem Etnis Karo di Pasar Pancur Batu, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Sumatera Utara. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendokumentasikan pengetahuan lokal pedagang obat tradisional etnis Karo di Pasar Pancur Batu, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Sumatera Utara dalam pemanfaatan parem.Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara semistruktural dan terbuka serta pengambilan data tumbuhan untuk dilakukan identifikasi. Wawancara dilakukan pada tujuh pedagang dari tujuh kios yang terdapat di pasar Pancur Batu. Pertanyaan meliputi jenis parem, kegunaan, bahan baku yang digunakan, dan cara pembuatan parem.Tumbuhan obat yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan parem mencapai 145 spesies dari 49 famili. Parem dengan jumlah bahan tumbuhan tertinggi terdapat pada parem dingin yang berjumlah rata-rata 43 spesies tumbuhan. Zingiberaceae merupakan famili yang memiliki spesies bahan penyusun parem terbanyak yaitu berjumlah 20 spesies tumbuhan. Sebanyak 40 famili tumbuhan obat dimanfaatkan pada bagian daun. Sebanyak 69% dari 145 spesies tumbuhan obat bahan pembuatan parem berhabitus herba.Parem dingin merupakan parem yang memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut karena memiliki bahan tumbuhan yang bermanfaat dalam merawat kulit. Hal tersebut terlihat dari rata-rata jumlah spesies penyusun parem dingin yang terdapat di Pasar Pancur Batu. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada bahan tumbuhan penyusun parem tersebut.

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Research has been carried out on the diversity of ethnic Karo parem in Pancur Batu Market, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatera. The aim of the study was to document the local knowledge of traders of traditional Karo ethnic medicine at Pancur Batu Market, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatera in the utilization of the parem.The research method was carried out by semi-structural and open interview techniques and plant data collection for identification. Interviews were conducted at seven traders from seven kiosks located in Pancur Batu market. Questions include the type of parem, uses, raw materials used, and the way of making parem.Medicinal plants that are used as raw material for making parem reach 145 species from 49 families. the parem with the highest amount of plant material is found in the cold parem, which amounts to an average of 43 species of plants. Zingiberaceae is the family that has the most species of parem making material, amounting to 20 species of plants. As many as 40 families of medicinal plants are used in the leaves. As many as 69% of the 145 species of medicinal plants which produce herbaceous herbal medicine.Parem dingin is a parem that has the potential to be developed further because it has plant ingredients that are beneficial in caring for the skin. This can be seen from the average number of parem dingin component species found in Pancur Batu Market. Further research is needed regarding secondary metabolites found in the plant material that composes the parem."