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"Maritime security is one of important aspects in the state defence system. Because of the wide range of responsibility by the elements of government, therefore abundant of resources is deployed to handle the task in order to contribute a maximum support to the effort in strengthening the state defence. This paper analysed the position of maritime security in the state defence system, so it can produce a significant contribution and also can work cooperatively with other government elements involved in the maritime environment. After a comprehensive analysis in the framework of defence system, it is found that maritime security has a unique position because it is a part of military component as well as non-military component of the state defence system. It also plays a strategic role in improving the people's prosperity as well as in guarding the state sovereignty."

"As the largest archipelago and the widest territorial sea in the world, Indonesian waters has many potential resources for the nation, either for biological and non-biological. Indonesian waters can be used also as a mean of shipping, marine tourism, energy exploration alternatives, as well as shipwreck treasures. When it is used, it will be able to provide a better life for Indonesian people. In the framework of National Defence, Indonesian development paradigm needs to be changed from land oriented to sea oriented development. In compliance with the nations defence paradigm, it needs to prioritise maritime development and also to build a reliable and respected Navy that will synergy with Army and Air Force in order to build a prosperous Indonesia."

"Asia Pacific is a region with a great attractions and also highly dynamic, with its growth and economic pulse that affects economy of the world. High economic growth coupled with regionalism and globalisation generates implications the emergence of issues related to maritime security, national borders, disputes on territory rich in resources, environmental issues, transnationals organised crimes, natural disasters, and energy and food security. Globalisation itself creates new interactions among regional countries as a precondition to solve and face common problems in maritime domain awareness network. Regional maritime partnership is a smart choice when regional stability is becoming the goal of all states to maintain regional resilience. Indonesia position is unique as the link between regions dependent on each other. Indonesia never recedes in providing the drive for regional stability through balancing strategies without becoming entangled in alliances. Indonesia Navy as a component of national strength participates in the application of national strategy into naval strategy and operationalising it in diplomacy and multilateral exercises to enhance interoperability among navies in Asia Pacific, especially among ASEAN nations."

"Tesis ini menganalisa mengenai kebijakan laut Indonesia apakah sudah tewujud sebagai kebijakan yang seharusnya ada untuk sebuah negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia yang memiliki luas perairan 2/3 dari luas daratan sekitar 5.8 juta km², dengan garis pantai sepanjang 81.000 km². Dengan adanya keistimewaan posisi dan letak strategis Indonesia di tataran dunia, laut merupakan media yang paling banyak di gunakan dalam hal lintas ekonomi maupun kapal-kapal militer, serta rentan akan isu Non-Traditional Security lainnya. Akan tetapi Indonesia, belum mampu mengatur dan mengelola keistimewaan laut tersebut dalam menghadapi isu maritime security, dikarenakan law enforcement yang belum optimal dilaksanakan, sehingga dalam kelembagaan nasional terjadi overlapping dalam menjalankan fungsi dan tugas pokok yang saling berbenturan (dijalankan secara sektoral), serta banyaknya kepentingan antar negara di wilayah Asia Tenggara dalam mengahadapi isu kelautan. Dengan demikian adanya kelemahan tersebut, Indonesia belum menjadikan Indonesia sebagai negara maritim yang seutuhnya dan tidak terealisasinya kebijakan laut Indonesia yang akan membawa perubahan pada pembangunan ekonomi dan pertahanan keamanan di laut. Maka, strategi keamanan maritim yang kuat tidak dapat terwujud secara kuat dan normatif.

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This thesis analyzes about the ocean policy of Indonesia is already exist as a policy should be abide for an archipelagic state like Indonesia which has an area of water 2/3 of the land area about 5.8 million km², with a coastline 81,000 km². With the features and location of Indonesia's strategic position at the world level, the sea is the most widely used in cross-economically and military ships, as well as vulnerable to issues Non-Traditional Security. Indonesia, however, have not been able to organize and manage the marine privilege in the face of maritime security issues, because law enforcement is not optimal yet implemented, resulting in overlapping national institutions in carrying out the functions and main tasks are clashing (sectoral), and there are many of interests among states in Northeast Asia region to faces the maritime issue. Thus the existence of these weaknesses, Indonesia yet to make Indonesia as a maritime nation as a whole and not the realization of Indonesia's ocean policy that will bring changes in the economic development and defense and security at sea. Thus, a strong maritime security strategy can not be realized in a powerful and normative."

"Dalam proses menjaga perdamaian dan stabilitas kawasan, agenda keamanan Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN)—sebagai institusi internasional utama di Asia Tenggara—melibatkan negara-negara anggotanya serta negara mitra dari luar dalam kegiatan-kegiatannya. Dengan sengketa maritim yang belum terselesaikan, meningkatnya pengaruh dari negara-negara kuat di ambang perbatasannya, serta munculnya pertanyaan-pertanyaan kritis yang diarahkan pada kemampuan institusi-institusi internasional, peran ASEAN dalam dimensi keamanan maritim lantas menjadi titik kritis secara akademik dan politik. Tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemahaman akademis mengenai kerja sama keamanan maritim ASEAN secara kritis, serta menerapkan analisis tersebut pada konteks regional yang terus berkembang. Menggunakan 25 literatur serta metode taksonomi, artikel ini mengidentifikasi tiga titik fokus utama literatur: 1) ASEAN sebagai aktor dalam sengketa Laut Tiongkok Selatan; 2) keamanan non-tradisional sebagai fokus utama keamanan maritim ASEAN; dan 3) analisis kritis mengenai kapabilitas dan agensi ASEAN sebagai institusi internasional. Tinjauan ini menemukan bahwa Tiongkok tetap menjadi faktor utama yang konstan dalam diskursus keamanan ASEAN, dan tindakannya di Laut Tiongkok Selatan menjadi tantangan keamanan utama bagi agenda keamanan ASEAN. Tinjauan ini juga menemukan bahwa diskursus akademik terpengaruh oleh interaksi antar-negara adidaya (great powers), khususnya kontestasi antara AS dan Tiongkok. Mengingat aspirasi ASEAN untuk mempertahankan sentralitasnya dalam menjamin perdamaian dan stabilitas kawasan, kajian literatur ini menyimpulkan bahwa ASEAN harus mengambil tindakan jika ingin mempertahankan sentralitas tersebut saat ini.

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The issue of maritime security cooperation has become one of considerable importance within the changing political context of the maritime Southeast Asia region. In the process of establishing and maintaining the region’s peace and stability, the security agendas of the Association of Southeast Asian Nation—acting as Southeast Asia’s premier international institution—sees active participation by both its member states within the region as well as partners from without. But how does it fare in the face of its changing security challenges? With unresolved maritime disputes within its borders, the growing influence of international powers, and critical questions poised at the capabilities of international institutions, ASEAN’s role within the dimension of maritime security becomes a critical academic and political juncture. This literature review aims to critically analyze current academic understanding of ASEAN maritime security cooperation, applying it to the changing regional context. Using 25 relevant academic articles, this article identifies three main focal points of literature: 1) ASEAN as an actor in the South China Sea disputes’ 2) non-traditional security as the primary focus of ASEAN maritime security; and 3) critical analyses regarding ASEAN’s institutional capability and agency. It finds that China remains a constant primary factor in ASEAN’s security discourse, and its actions in the South China Sea constitutes ASEAN’s main security challenge. It also finds that the academic discourse is subject to the encroachment of great power politics, particularly the US-China contestation. Considering ASEAN’s aspirations to maintain its centrality in guaranteeing the region’s peace and stability, this literature review concludes that ASEAN must take political and academic action if it seeks to maintain its current trajectory."

"After the loss of Sipadan and Ligitan Islands. the possibility of lossing outer islands will take a full concern throughout the nation. It can be a potential threat at the same time, thus the outer islands should get special attention and supervision to prevent problems that may interfere the integrity of Indonesia. The problem exists such as 1) lack of conclusive legal issues with bordering countries, 2) the unsynchronised role and activities of government agencies, 3) a relatively high cost to create the level of presence of security forces especially on uninhabited islands, 4) the ineffective usage of IT."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi kewenangan lembaga pemerintah dalam penegakan hukum di wilayah laut Indonesia. Permasalahan yang dibahas diantaranya mengenai pengaturan peran dan kewenangan lembaga pemerintah dalam menyelenggarakan penegakan hukum di wilayah laut Indonesia, serta dampak terhadap kewenangan yang sama antara lembaga pemerintah dalam menyelenggarakan penegakan hukum di wilayah laut Indonesia. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif berdasarkan teori kewenangan dengan data sekunder. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah Indonesia mempunyai enam lembaga penegak hukum di wilayah laut antara lain Badan Keamanan Laut, TNI Angkatan Laut, Ditjen Pengawasan Sumber Daya Kelautan dan Perikanan, Ditjen Bea Cukai, Polair, dan Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai. Keenam lembaga tersebut mempunyai kewenangan yang sama sehingga dapat mengakibatkan tumpang tindih yang berdampak pada ego sektoral antar-lembaga penegak hukum, ambiguitas peran sebagai Indonesia sea and coast guard, respon negatif dari negara lain terhadap lembaga penegak hukum wilayah laut di Indonesia dan lemahnya pengaturan kewenangan Bakamla dalam penegakan bhukum di wilayah laut. Pemerintah perlu menerapkan konsepsi omnibus law dengan merevisi/mengubah, mengganti, mencabut atau menggambungkan agar tidak terjadi pertentangan antar peraturan perundang-undangan. Selain itu, Pemerintah perlu merumuskan peraturan perundang-undangan baru dengan menetapkan lembaga yang berwenang sebagai Indonesia sea and coast guard.

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The purpose of this research aims to analyze and identify the authority of government agencies in law enforcement in the Indonesian marine area. Issues discussed include regulating the role and authority, as well as the impact on the same authority between government agencies to carry out law enforcement in Indonesian marine areas. The research method used is a normative juridical method based on the theory of authority with secondary data. The results obtained are that Indonesia has six law enforcement agencies in the marine area, consist of the Indonesia Maritime Security Agency, the Directorate General of Surveillance and Control of Marine and Fishery Resources, the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, the Directorate Marine Police, and the Directorate Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard. The six agencies have the same authority that can lead to impact on sectoral egos between law enforcement agencies, ambiguity in the role of Indonesia as a sea and coast guard, negative responses from other countries to law enforcement agencies in Indonesia's marine areas and the weak regulation of Indonesia Maritime Security Agency. The government needs to implement the omnibus law concept by revising/amending, replacing, revoking or merging so that there is no conflict between laws and regulations. In addition, the Government needs to formulate new laws and regulations by establishing an authorized institution as the Indonesian sea and coast guard."

"The issues of maritime securities have become main concern to all coastal states worldwide including Indonesia. Unfortunately, various issues and problems on maritime securities in Indonesia which are related to stakeholders' views, understandings, perceptions, preparedness, mitigations, and gaps between institution are still matter. Instead, sectoral views are still very strong and causing authority disputes. In this respect, convergence views on maritime security issues and problems at both political, law makers, and technical operation levels are very important in order to overcome various number of maritime security threats faced by Indonesia. In this context, among other important aspects in maritime security, one have not to neglect on the role of geospatial information. This paper will address and discuss geospatial aspects in maritime security. The discussion will address geospatial data, information, methods, and technologies which are required to be well understood by all stakeholders in Indonesia's maritime security management."

"Pergeseran strategi keamanan Tiongkok ke arah maritim merupakan kasus yang unik mengingat Tiongkok asalnya merupakan negara kontinen dan bukan negara maritim. Hal ini menimbulkan perdebatan mengenai intensi Tiongkok dalam melakukan pembangunan kekuatan maritim yang agresif. Untuk dapat memahami perdebatan tersebut, penulis melakukan klasifikasi terhadap literatur-literatur pergeseran strategi keamanan Tiongkok berdasarkan temuan empiris yang didapatkan dari hasil kajian literatur, yaitu klasifikasi berdasarkan faktor pendorong pergeseran strategi keamanan maritim Tiongkok. Faktor-faktor tersebut yaitu faktor ekonomi yang berkaitan dengan keamanan energi dan perdagangan laut; politik yang berkaitan dengan penyebaran soft power; keamanan yang berkaitan dengan perubahan persepsi ancaman; geopolitik yang berkaitan dengan usaha untuk mengimbangi Amerika Serikat dan mengejar hegemoni; dan geostrategi yang berkaitan dengan rantai pulau pertama dan kedua. Dari hasil analisis faktor-faktor tersebut, tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa pergeseran strategi keamanan maritim Tiongkok merupakan bagian dari usaha Tiongkok untuk mencapai hegemoni.

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The shift in China's security strategy towards maritime is a unique case since China wass originally a continental country and not a maritime country. This raises debates over China's intentions in building aggressive maritime power. In order to understand the debate, the author classifies literatures on Chinese security strategy based on the empirical findings generated from the results of the literature review, ie the driving factors behind China's shifting maritime strategy. These factors are economic factors that are related to energy security and marine trade politics factors that are related to soft power dissemination security factors that are associated with perception change geopolitics factors that are associated with efforts to challenge the United States and pursue hegemony and geostrategy factors that are associated with first and second island chains. This paper concludes that the shift of China's maritime security strategy is part of China's efforts to pursue hegemony."

"Indonesia sebagai Poros Maritim Dunia (PMD) tidak terlepas dari perkembangan lingkungan strategis yang sangat dinamis. Isu-isu yang berkembang di dalam negeri dan luar negeri yang berkaitan dengan keamanan di laut sangat berpotensi memengaruhi kepentingan Indonesia. Perlu upaya-upaya konkret dalam pemenuhan alat utama sistem terpadu yang ditunjang implementasi dari kebijakan gelar kekuatan laut yang tepat guna menciptakan jaminankeamanan maritim. Dalam Keamanan Maritim Indonesia perlu mengoptimalkan peran dan tugas Bakamla serta penyediaan anggaran yang memadai."