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"Indonesia has received its share of attention from the worldwide mineral exploration community. A number of articles have commented on the country's attractiveness as a target as regards foreign investment in mineral sector. While these articles no doubt are well intentioned, they often fail to satisfactorily highlight the strong mineral procpectivity throughout much of Indonesia. This factor should not be overlooked when one considers the level of mineral exploration directed towards Indonesia by mining companies. This paper will consider 13 of the more significant greenfield mineral prospects within the country primarily by considering the in-ground value of each. This value is quite substantial and very relevant in the choice of Indonesia as an investment destination."

"The success of Indonesian mining industry cannot be separated from the effort to improve mining policies which has attracted considerable number of foreign investment. Further improvement is required to accommodate future exploration and mining to be able to meet both national and investor interest. In the future, mineral exploration in Indonesia will be influenced by tighter space arrangement regulation. It is therefore recommended that people from mining industry could intensify exploration as well as mining development without damaging the environment. Besides that, they should be able to maintain important mineralized areas as mining areas."

"ABSTRAKPengolahan air asam tambang (AAT) yang memiliki kandungan logam berat tinggi dapat memanfaatkan abu layang yang merupakan limbah B3 pembakaran batu bara di PLTU. Penelitian ini mengekstraksi abu layang dengan penambahan Na2CO3, kalsinasi, dan aktivasi asam klorida untuk meningkatkan Al3+, Fe2+, dan Fe3+. Abu layang sebelum dan setelah ekstraksi dikarakterisasi untuk mengetahui kandungan kimia dan mineralogi yang berpotensi sebagai koagulan. Percobaan ini diujikan dengan AAT artifisial untuk menganalisis efektivitas koagulasi dalam mereduksi kekeruhan dan Cu dengan parameter waktu pengendapan, pH, dan dosis koagulan. Jar test dilakukan dengan pengadukan cepat 200rpm selama 5 menit dan pengadukan lambat 45rpm selama 10 menit yang dilakukan dalam tiga tahap variasi yaitu waktu pengendapan, pH, dan dosis koagulan untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum masing-masing parameter. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa reduksi kekeruhan dan Cu pada AAT artifisial optimum pada kondisi pH awal 8, waktu pengendapan 15 menit, dosis koagulan 100mg/L untuk mereduksi kekeruhan dengan 99% penyisihan dan kondisi akhir sebesar 1,19NTU, serta dosis koagulan 50mg/L untuk mereduksi Cu dengan 58% penyisihan dan konsentrasi akhir sebesar 1,98mg/L. pH akhir sampel turun setelah dikoagulasi menjadi 7,25. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi abu layang dengan HCl berpotensi sebagai koagulan untuk mereduksi kekeruhan dan Cu pada AAT.

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ABSTRACT

Acid mine drainage (AMD) which has high heavy metal content can utilize fly ash which is a hazardous waste from coal combustion at the power plant. In this study, fly ash was extracted with the addition of Na2CO3, calcination, and activation of hydrochloric acid to increase Al3+, Fe2+, and Fe3+. Fly ash before and after extraction is characterized to determine the chemical and mineralogical content that has the potential as a coagulant. This experiment used artificial AMD to analyze the effectiveness of coagulation in reducing turbidity and heavy metal Cu with parameters of settling time, pH, and coagulant dose. The jar test is carried out with a rapid stirring of 200rpm for 5 minutes and a slow stirring of 45rpm for 10 minutes which divided into three stages namely, deposition time, pH, and coagulant dose to determine the optimum conditions of each parameter. From the experiments it was found that the reduction of turbidity and heavy metal Cu on AMD artificial is optimum under initial pH conditions 8, settling time of 15 minutes, coagulant dose of 100mg/L to reduce turbidity by 99% removal and final condition of 1.19NTU, and coagulant dose 50mg/L to reduce heavy metal Cu with 58% removal and a final concentration of 1.98mg/L. The final pH sample drops after being coagulated to 7.25. This study indicates that the extraction of fly ash with hydrochloric acid has the potential as a coagulant to reduce turbidity and heavy metal Cu in AMD."

"Pengamatan terhadap kandungan logam berat dalam air laut dan sedimen telah dilakukan di perairan muara Sungai Cisadane pada bulan Juli dan November 2005. Kadar logam berat dalam air laut lebih rendah dibandingkan di dalam sedimen. Hasil tersebut memperlihatkan bahwa kadar semua logam berat masih sesuai dengan Nilai Ambang Batas baku mutu air laut yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah bagi biota, selain itu ada indikasi bahwa logam berat tersebut terakumulasi dalam sedimen. Distribusi logam Pb pada bulan Juli dan logam Cu pada November dengan kadar yang tinggi ditemukan di dekat pantai dan menurun ke arah laut dan pada umumnya ditemukan di muka muara sungai yaitu Sungai Cisadane, Muara Saban dan Tanjung Pasir. Distribusi Pb dan Zn pada bulan November 2005 dengan kadar yang tinggi ditemukan hanya di muka muara Sungai Cisadane. Distribusi kandungan Cd di muara sungai Cisadane di semua stasiun merata, tetapi tidak menunjukkan korelasi antara kadar Cd dengan jarak stasiun terhadap muara. Terlihat bahwa kandungan Cd secara keseluruhan pada bulan Juli dan November 2005 kurang dari 0,001 ppm. Secara umum, kandungan logam berat antar stasiun di lokasi pengamatan menunjukkan distribusi yang seragam, baik stasiun yang berdekatan dengan muara sungai maupun stasiun yang jauh dari muara sungai.

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Heavy Metallic Element Distribution in Cisadane River Estuary?s Water and Sediment. Observation of heavy metallic elements in Cisadane River Estuary has been done in July and November 2005. The results show that heavy metallic elements content in seawater is lower and still below the treshold value stated by government for fisheries. There was an indication of heavy metallic elements on sediment. Distribution of Pb on July and of Cu on November 2005 were found higher near the coast and decrease towards the sea, and commonly were found in front of estuary such as Cisadane, Muara Saban and Tanjung Pasir. High Pb and Zn distributions on November 2005 were found only in front of Cisadane estuary. Cd distribution of Cisadane estuary was constant at all station but did not show any correlation with the distance of station and estuary. The Cd content on July and November 2005 is lower than 0,001 ppm. Generally, heavy metallic elements content have a uniform distribution at all stations inspite of its distance to estuary."

"Untuk meneliti kandungan Pb dalam tanaman kangkung telah dilakukan penelitian menggunakan kangkung darat (Ipomoea reptans) yang ditanam pada media hidroponik, dan disiram dengan Multigrow Complete Plant Food (2000 mg/L) larutan Pb (2 mg/L) dua kali sehari. Sampel kangkung diambil berdasarkan umur tanaman (3 dan 6 minggu), dan bagian tanaman (akar dan seluruh bagian tanaman tanpa akar). Digunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS) Fison 3410+ untuk mengukur kandungan Pb dalam sampel. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa dalam tanaman akumulasi Pb terutama terdapat di akar.Pada tanaman kangkung yang berumur 6 minggu Pb terdapat dalam akar sebanyak 3.36 mg/kg sampel dan di bagian lain dari tanaman terdapat kandungan Pb sebesar 2.09 mg/kg sampel, dimana jumlah ini melampaui jumlah maksimum yang diperolehkan untuk dikonsumsi yang ditetapkan oleh Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (maximum dietary allowance) yaitu 2 mg/kg; sedangkan pada tanaman yang berumur 3 minggu kandungan Pb nya dalam akar adalah 1.86 mg/kg sampel dalam bagian lain dari tanaman sebesar 1.13 mg/kg dan tidak melampaui batas yang ditetapkan oleh BPOM. Karena itu dianjurkan untuk memanen kangkung pada umur tidak lebih dari 3 minggu.

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Study on Pb Content in 3 Week and 6 Week Old Kangkung (Ipomoea reptans Poir) Planted in Pb containing Media. A study on the content of Pb in kangkung has been conducted. Land kangkung (Ipomoea reptans) was used as the sample, and was planted in hydrophonic media, and watered with Multigrow Complete Plant Food (2000 mg/L) and Pb solution (2 mg/L) twice a day. Samples were taken based on the age (3 and 6 week old), and part of the plant (root and all parts without root). Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS) Fison 3410+ was used to measure the Pb content. It was shown that in the plant the accumulation was mostly happened in the root. The 6 week-old plant contained Pb not just in the root (3.36 mg/kg sample) but also in the other part of the plant (2.09 mg/kg sample) and those were exceeded the maximum dietary allowance (2 mg/kg sample) regulated by the Indonesian FDA; while in the 3 week-old plant the Pb content in the root was 1.86 mg/kg sample and in the other part of the plan was 1.13 mg/kg, which is not exceeded the dietary allowance. So it is advisable to harvest the kangkung vegetable at the most of 3 week-old."

"Kangkung termasuk sayuran yang banyak digemari, yang mudah tumbuh ditempat berair ataupun di dekat sungai, dan karena itu banyak ditanam di dekat sungai dan disirami dengan air sungai tersebut. Jika sungai tercemar dengan logam berat, maka kemungkinan besar tanaman yang tumbuh disitu juga tercemar. Suatu penelitian terhadap kangkung yang ditanam di media yang tercemar oleh Pb membuktikan bahwa kangkung tersebut juga mengandung Pb. Untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perebusan dapat mengurangi kandungan Pb dalam kangkung dilakukan penelitian dengan berbagai cara perebusan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan kangkung darat (Ipomoea reptans) sebagai sampel, dan ditanam secara hidrofonik, serta disiram dengan larutan Multigrow Complete Plant Food (2000 mg/L) dan larutan Pb (2 mg/L dua kali sehari. Kangkung dipanen pada usia 54 hari, kemudian daun dan batangnya direbus dengan berbagai cara. Perlakuan I: direbus dengan air saja, perlakuan II: direbus dengan penambahan NaCl, perlakuan III: direbus dengan penambahan asam asetat 25%. Perlakuan IV: sampel yang tidak direbus, sebagai kontrol. Untuk mengukur kandungan Pb digunakan alat Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS) Fison 3410+. Penambahan asam asetat ternyata tidak mengurangi kandungan Pb dalam daun dan batang kangkung sebanyak yang disebabkan oleh perebusan tanpa penambahan NaCl atau asam asetat, ataupun perebusan dengan penambahan NaCl. Perbedaan ini sangat signifikan pada batang kangkung, sedangkan pada daun tidak signifikan.

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Study on The Content of Pb in Twigs And Leaves of Kangkung (Ipomoea reptans Poir) Boiled With The Addition of NaCl And Acetic Acid. Kangkung is a kind of favorable vegetables that used to grow near a river, and is cultivated and watered with water from the river. If the river is polluted by heavy metals, there is a risk that the plant is contaminated too. A study on the content of Pb in kangkung planted in Pb contaminated media has been conducted, and it was proven that Pb was found in the plant. Land kangkung (Ipomoea reptans) was used as sample, and was planted in hydrophonic media, and watered with Multigrow Complete Plant Food (2000 mg/L) and Pb solution (2 mg/L) twice a day. Samples were taken based on the age of 54 days, then the twigs and leaves were boiled in different ways: I. Boiled with no addition, II. Boiled with addition of NaCl , and III. Boiled with addition of acetic acid. IV. Unboiled sample as the control. Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer (ICPS) Fison 3410+ was used to measure the Pb content. It was shown that boiling the kangkung reduced the Pb content in the leaves as well as in the twigs; however, the acetic acid addition showed the least effect. In the leaves the three different ways of boiling did not show significant different, while in twigs the different was significant."

"Pengamatan kadar logam berat dalam air laut di Teluk Jakarta telah dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2004. Logam berat yang diteliti adalah Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, dan Ni. Pengamatan ini ada kaitannya dengan kematian massal ikan-ikan yang terjadi di Teluk Jakarta. Pengamatan ini dilakuan di pantai Ancol 1 (3 stasiun), muara Sungai Dadap (4 Stasiun), pantai Ancol 2 (4 stasiun) dan Cilincing (3 stasiun). Hasilnya menunjukkan kadar Hg, Cd dan Cu rerata di pantai Ancol 1 berturut-turut adalah <0.001 ppm, Pb 0.001 ppm, Zn 0.004 ppm, dan Ni 0.001 ppm. Di pantai Ancol 2 kadar Hg, Cd, dan Zn rerata berturut-turut adalah <0.001 ppm, Pb 0.002 ppm, dan Cu 0.001 ppm dan Ni 0.0017 ppm. Di Cilincing kadar Hg, Cd, dan Zn rerata adalah <0.001ppm, Pb dan Cu masing-masing 0.002 ppm, dan Ni 0.0045 ppm Di muara Sungai Dadap kadar Hg dan Cd masing-masing adalah 0.001 ppm, Pb dan Zn masing-masing adalah 0.0027 ppm, Cu 0.001 ppm, dan Ni 0.0012 ppm. Di pantai Ancol 3 kadar Hg rerata adalah 0.021 ppm, Pb 0.55 ppm dan Cd 0.1 ppm. Kadar keenam logam berat tersebut di pantai Ancol 1, 2, Cilincing, dan muara Sungai Dadap relatif lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan NAB yang ditetapkan oleh Kantor MNLH (2004) untuk biota laut yakni 0.001 ppm untuk Hg dan Cd, 0.008 ppm untuk Pb dan Cu, dan 0.05 ppm untuk Zn dan Ni, sedangkan di pantai Ancol 3 kadar Hg, Pb, dan Cd lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan NAB tersebut. Dengan demikian kadar Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, dan Ni di perairan pantai Ancol 1, 2, Cilincing dan muara Sungai Dadap belum berbahaya bagi kehidupan ikan-ikan di Teluk Jakarta, sedangkan di perairan Ancol 3 kadar Hg, Pb, dan Cd sudah berbahaya bagi kehidupan biota laut. Namun demikian kematian massal ikan-ikan di perairan ini bukan disebabkan oleh logam berat tersebut, akan tetapi oleh faktor lain yang salah satunya adalah ledakan mendadak fitoplankton beracun yang mengeluarkan toksin dimana air laut menjadi berwarna merah dan kejadian ini dikenal dengan pasang merah (red tide).

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Effect of Heavy Metals Pollution to Seawater Quality and Fishery Resources (Case Study on Fish Death in Jakarta Bay). Observation on heavy metals content in sea water were carried out in Jakarta Bay waters in May 2004. Heavy metals observed were Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni. This observation is conducted with fishes total death in this waters. Observation is done in Ancol beach 1 (3 stations), Ancol beach 2 (4 stations), Cilincing (3 stations), and Dadap River estuary (4 Station). The results showed that the average concentration of Hg, Cd and Cu in Ancol beach 1 were <0.001 ppm respectively, Pb is 0.001 ppm, Zn is 0.004 ppm, and Ni is 0.001 ppm. In Ancol beach 2 the average concentration of Hg, Cd, and Zn were <0.001 ppm, Pb is 0.002 ppm, Cu is 0.001 ppm and Ni 0.0017 ppm. In Cilincing the average concentration of Hg, Cd, and Zn were <0.001 ppm respectively, Pb and Cu were 0.002 ppm, and Ni was 0.0045 ppm. In Dadap River Estuary the average concentration of Hg and Cd were 0.001 ppm, Pb and Zn were 0.0027 ppm, Cu was 0.001 ppm, and Ni between 0.0012 ppm. The concentration of that sixth heavy metals in Ancol beach 1, 2, Cilincing, and Dadap River estuary still lower compared to the Threshold Value (TV) stated by The Office of State Ministry for Life Environment (2004) for sea biota namely 0.001 ppm for Hg and Cd, 0.008 ppm for Pb and Cd, 0.05 ppm for Zn and Ni. That way the concentration of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni in Ancol beach 1, 2, Clilincing and Dadap estuary not danger for sea biota, while in Ancol beach 3, the average concentration of Hg, Pb, and Cd has danger for sea biota. Thereby total death of fishes in this waters not caused by heavy metals, but by others factors, one of that factors is blooming toxic phytoplankton which produced toxin where sea water change to be red, and this phenomena known as red tide."

"Pengamatan terhadap kandungan logam berat dalam sedimen telah dilakukan di perairan Teluk Jakarta pada bulan Juni dan September 2003. Kadar logam berat dalam sedimen di bagian Barat Teluk Jakarta berkisar antara Pb = 8,49-31,22 ppm, Cd = <0,001-0,47 ppm, Cu = 13,81-193,75 ppm, Zn = 82,18-533,59 ppm dan Ni = 0,99-35,38 ppm, sedangkan bagian Tengah Teluk Jakarta, kadar Pb berkisar antara 2,21-69,22 ppm, Cd = <0,001-0,28 ppm, Cu = 3,36-50,65 ppm, Zn = 71,13-230,54 ppm dan Ni = 0,42-15,58 ppm dan bagian Timur Teluk Jakarta, kadar Pb berkisar antara 0,25-77,42 ppm, Cd = <0,001-0,42 ppm, Cu = 0,79-44,94 ppm, Zn = 93,21-289,00 ppm dan Ni = 0,42-128,47 ppm. Kadar logam berat dalam sedimen di bagian Barat Teluk Jakarta lebih tinggi dibandingkan di bagian Tengah dan Timur Teluk Jakarta. Sedimen di bagian Barat Teluk Jakarta mempunyai tekstur berupa lumpur yang berwarna hitam, hal ini terbukti bahwa sedimen yang mempunyai tekstur berupa lumpur mengandung logam berat yang cukup tinggi.

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Observation on Heavy Metals in Sediment of Jakarta Bay Waters. Observation on heavy metals in Jakarta Bay, from June and September 2003. Heavy metals Pb in sediment at the West have been conductet of Jakarta Bay Waters varied between Pb = 8,49-31,22 ppm, Cd = <0,001-0,47 ppm, Cu = 13,81-193,75 ppm, Zn = 82,18-533,59 ppm and Ni = 0,99-35,38 ppm,while those at the Center of Jakarta Bay, varied between Pb = 2,21-69,22 ppm, Cd = <0,001-0,28 ppm, Cu = 3,36-50,65 ppm, Zn = 71,13-230,54 ppm and Ni = 0,42-15,58 ppm and at the East of Jakarta Bay, Pb content varied between 0,25-77,42 ppm, Cd = <0,001-0,42 ppm, Cu = 0,79-44,94 ppm, Zn = 93,21-289,00 ppm and Ni = 0,42-128,47 ppm. Hevy metals content in sediment the West of Jakarta Bay was high of equivalent the Center and East of Jakarta Bay. At than those composition sediment at the west was black, that indicated high heavy metals content."