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"ABSTRAKAgrobacterium sp.merupakan salah satu jenis mikroorganisme yang mampu menghasilkan polisakarida 13-glu~an yang sangat berguna bagi kebutuhan hidup manusia. 13-glukan dapat bermanfat sebagai anti diabetes, anti kanker, anti inflamasi dan juga daging buatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproduksi 13-glukan melalui peningkatan galur Agrobacterium sp. dengan mutagenesis secara biologis yaitu menggunakan elemen loncat atau transposon EZ::Tn5 . Transposon EZ::Tn5 adalah suatu segmen DNA yang mempunyai dua Insertion Sequences yang membawa sifat resisten terhadap antimetabolit trimethoprim. Metode pertumbuhan bakteri Agrobacterium sp. dengan media agar pepton yeast, dilanjutkan dengan media selektif untuk produksi 13-glukan. Dilakukan uji nilai ambang letal dalam media yang mengandung trimethoprim, sebelum dilakukan proses elektroporasi Sel bakteri yang akan ditransformasikan sebelumnya dibuat sebagai sel elektrokompeten. Elektroporasi dilakukan menggunakan arus listrik 1200 volt (yang menghasilkan 13 mutan) dan 2400 volt (yang menghasilkan 50 mutan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mutagenesis menghasilkan mutan positif dan mutan negatif. Bobot 13-glukan tertinggi diperoleh dari isolat 250.2.16 (voltase 1200 volt) yang dapat ' meningkatkan produksi 13-glukan sebesar 1,16 x lebih besar dibandingkan galur liarnya. lsolat 50.2.A (2400 volt) mampu meningkatkan produksi 13- glukan sampai 654% dibandingkan galur liamya. Semetara mutan negative dihasilkan dari isolat 50.2.4.1 (1200 volt) yang menurunkan produksi 13- glukan: 42,85% dibandingkan liarnya. Dari kondisi elektroporasi 2400 volt dihasilkan mutan negatif isolat 50.2.2 dengan penurunan 88,09% dibandingkan produksi 13-glukan galur liarnya. Uji analisis kimia dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar glukosa dan protein dalam 13-glukan. Kadar glukosa dan protein tertinggi diperoleh dari isolat 500.2.2.1 hasil elektroporasi 2400 volt yaitu sebesar 5, 798% dengan kadar protein sebesar 50,35%."

"Penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) hingga saat ini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang memprihatinkan di Indonesia. Salah satu wilayah di Jakarta yang tercatat memiliki jumlah kasus DBD yang tinggi adalah Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Barat. Pencegahan DBD dapat dilakukan dengan cara memberantas vektor penyakitnya, yaitu nyamuk Aedes sp.. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) dapat menghasilkan protein kristal yang spesifik beracun bila dicerna oleh larva nyamuk, terutama larva nyamuk Aedes sp.. Tidak jarang masyarakat melupakan container yang berada di luar rumah sehingga menjadi potensial sebagai tempat perindukan nyamuk Aedes sp.. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan survei untuk mengetahui keberadaan larva Aedes sp. pada container yang berada di luar rumah setelah mendapat Bti. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional analitik. Pengambilan data dilakukan di RW 03 dan RW 07 Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Barat pada tanggal 25 April 2010. RW 03 tidak mendapat Bti sebelumnya dan RW 07 telah mendapat Bti sebelumnya. Survei dilakukan di 100 rumah di masing-masing RW dengan metode single larva method. Di RW 03 didapatkan nilai HI 17%, CI 7,28%, dan BI 22, sedangkan di RW 07 diperoleh nilai HI 11%, CI 4,86%, dan BI 12. Di RW 03 ditemukan 4 container yang positif larva Aedes sp. dan 56 container yang negatif, sedangkan di RW 07 ditemukan 2 container yang positif dan 29 container yang negatif. Pada uji kemaknaan Fischer Exact Test yang dilakukan pada data jumlah container tersebut didapatkan nilai p=1,000 sehingga disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna. Hal ini diperkirakan terjadi karena alasan-alasan: tidak diberikannya Bti sebelum survei pada container non-TPA, kurang efektifnya Bti formulasi cair yang digunakan, dan kurangnya perhatian warga terhadap keadaan container yang terletak di luar rumah.

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Until this moment, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) disease is still a concerned health problem in Indonesia. One of the regions in Jakarta which is known to have high DHF case rate is Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Barat. DHF prevention can be done by removing the vector of the disease, Aedes sp. mosquito. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) can produce a spesific protein crystal which will be spesifically poisonous if it is digested by mosquito larva, especially Aedes sp. larva. People often forget about outside house containers. Because of this, these containers become potential as brood places of Aedes sp. mosquito. In this research, a survey is held to know about the presence of Aedes sp. larva in outside house containers after getting Bti.

This research uses analitical crosssectional design. The data was taken in RW 03 and RW 07 Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Barat on April 25th, 2010. RW 03 didn’t get Bti before while RW 07 did. The survey was held in 100 houses of each RW, using single larva method. In RW 03, HI score 17 %, CI score 7,28%, and BI score 22 were obtained, whereas in RW 07 the scores were 11%, 4,86%, and 12. In RW 03 there were 4 larva-positive containers and 56 larva-negative containers which were found, while in RW 07 there were 2 positive containers and 29 negative ones.

The Fischer Exact Test which was held on the container data showed the p score=1,000 which conclude that there wasn't any significant difference. This is expected to happen because Bti wasn’t given to non-TPA containers, Bti used was in liquid formulation which is less effective, and the people pay less attention to the condition of their outside house containers."

"Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) termasuk masalah kesehatan yang belum terselesaikan dengan baik di Indonesia, antara lain di Cempaka Putih Timur dan Cempaka Putih Barat. Berbagai metode pemberantasan telah dilakukan namun belum menunjukkan hasil yang maksimal. Hal tersebut mendorong peneliti untuk mencari alternatif lain yakni menggunakan Bacillus thuringiensisisraelensis (Bti) formulasi cair untuk memberantas larva Aedes sp. Oleh karena itu, peneliti melakukan survey entomologi untuk mendapatkan data dasar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui densitas dan distribusi Aedes sp. di Cempaka Putih Timur sesudah diberi Bti dan Cempaka Putih Barat tanpa diberi Bti. Penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional yang dilakukan di 100 rumah pada tanggal 25 April 2010 di Cempaka Putih Timur dan Cempaka Putih Barat, Jakarta Pusat. Data diambil dengan single-larvae method, kemudian larva diidentifikasi di laboratorium Parasitologi FKUI serta dianalisis dengan uji Chisquare. Dari penelitian 100 rumah di Cempaka Putih Timur Tempat Penampungan Air (TPA) sebanyak 152. Sedangkan penelitian 100 rumah di Cempaka Putih Barat 230 TPA. Jumlah TPA positif larva di Cempaka Putih Barat (18) lebih banyak dibandingkan TPA di Cempaka Putih Timur (15), dan kemudian dilakukan uji Chi-square didapatkan nilai p = 0,487 yang artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna. Disimpulkan bahwa keberadaan larva Aedes sp. di TPA yang diberi Bti formulasi cair masih tinggi sehingga perlu penelitian lebih lanjut menggunakan formula slow-release.

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an unresolved health problem well in Indonesia especially in Cempaka Putih Timur and Cempaka Putih Barat. Various methods of eradication have been made but not yet showing maximum results. It encourages researcher to look for other alternatives that use Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BTI) liquid formulation to eradicate larvae of Aedes sp. Therefore, researcher conducted a survey to obtain baseline data entomology.

This study aims to determine the distribution and the density of Aedes sp. in Cempaka Putih Timur after being BTI and Cempaka Putih Barat without being BTI. This cross-sectional study obtained the data from 100 houses on 25 th April 2010 in Cempaka Putih Timur and Cempaka Putih Barat, Jakarta Pusat. The data was collected using the single larval method, larvae identification in parasitological laboratory FKUI and analyzed by Chi-square test.

From 100 houses were observed in Cempaka Putih Timur, 152 Water Container (TPA) were found. From 100 houses were observed in Cempaka Putih Barat, 230 TPA were found. The number of positive larva TPA in Cempaka Putih Barat (18) more than the TPA in Cempaka Putih Timur (15). However, the p = 0.487 on Chi-square test, which means there is no significant difference. It is concluded that the existence of Aedes sp. larvae in TPA after being Bti liquid formulation is high."

"Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit akibat virus dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes sp. yang menjadi masalah kesehatan di Kecamatan Bayah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kepadatan dan penyebaran nyamuk Aedes sp. sebagai vektor DBD. Survei dilaksanakan pada tanggal 12-14 Agustus 2009 di 100 rumah Desa Bayah Barat dan 100 rumah Desa Bayah Timur dengan metode single-larval method, yaitu satu larva diambil dari setiap container yang positif. Setelah diidentifikasi menggunakan mikroskop, data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji statistik chi-square. Hasil survey di Desa Bayah Barat, yaitu house index 55%, container index 16,9% dan breteau index 75, sedangkan di Desa Bayah Timur house index 26%, container index 11% dan breteau index 38. Larva lebih banyak di container indoor Desa Bayah Barat dibandingkan Desa Bayah Timur. Uji chi-square menunjukkan nilai p = 0.005 yang berarti terdapat hubungan antara keberadaan larva dan lokasi desa secara berbeda bermakna.

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a viral caused diseases and transmitted by the bite of Aedes sp. which becomes a public health problem in Bayah District. The purpose of thisresearch is to determine the density and distribution of Aedes sp. as a vector of dengue. The survey was done on August 12-14th 2009 in 100 houses in West Bayah Village dan 100 houses in East Bayah Village by using single larval-method, which took single larvae from each positive container. After the larvae identified using a microscope, the data obtained was analyzed with Chi-square test.

Results of survey in the West Bayah Village are house index 55%, container index 16.9% and breteau index 75, whereas in the East Bayah Village house index 26%, container index 11% and breteau index 38. More larvae in indoor container in West Bayah Village compared with East Bayah Village. Chi-square test showed p = 0,005 which means there is a significantly different relationship between the existance of larvae and a location of the village."

"Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus dengue yang ditularkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus betina melalui gigitan saat menghisap darah manusia. DBD merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Jakarta khususnya di Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Barat dan Cempaka Putih Timur sehingga perlu dilakukan pemberantasan vektornya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi keberadaan larva Aedes sp. pada container di luar rumah pada daerah yang telah diberi Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) dan tidak diberi Bti sehingga dapat diketahui perbedaan keberadaan larva pada kedua daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain cross sectional. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada tanggal 25 April 2010 terhadap 100 rumah di Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Timur dan Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Barat, dengan menggunakan single larva method dan dianalisis dengan Chi-square. Dari penelitian pada daerah yang telah diberi Bti sebelumnya diperoleh hasil container positif larva sebanyak 15 dan container negatif larva sebanyak 58. Sedangkan pada daerah yang tidak diberi Bti diperoleh hasil container positif larva sebanyak 4 dan container negatif larva sebanyak 56 container. Berdasarkan uji chi square diperoleh bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara daerah yang diberi Bti dan tidak diberi Bti (p=0,023). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah larva positif pada daerah yang diberi Bti jauh lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diberi Bti. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara Bti dengan keberadaan larva Aedes sp pada container di luar rumah.

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease which is caused by Dengue Virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquito. DHF becomes a public health problem in Jakarta, especially in Cempaka Putih Barat and Cempaka Putih Timur, therefore an effective vector control is needed.

The objective of this research is for knowing distribution of Aedes sp. larvae existence in the outdoor container in two different regions, which had been given and had not been given Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), so that the difference of larvae’s existence in both regions can be known.

This research was conducted using cross sectional design. Data were collected at 25th April 2011 from 100 houses with single larvae method and was analyzed using Chi-square. It was found in region which had been given Bti that positive larvae container were 15 and the negative larvae container were 58. While, on the region that had not been given Bti, the positive larvae container were 4 and the negative larvae container were 56. Based on chisquare test, it was found that there were significant differences between regions which had been given and had not been given Bti (p = 0.023).

The results showed that the amount of positive larvae in the given Btiregion was larger than in the not given Bti region. In conclusion, there is no correlation among Bti with the existence of Aedes sp. larvae in the outdoor container."

"Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) adalah salah satu masalah kesehatan di Indonesia, salah satunya di Kecamatan Cempaka Putih. Untuk mengurangi terjadinya masalah tersebut, perlu dilakukan pemberantasan vektornya. Upaya pemberantasan vektor dilakukan dengan memberikan Bti pada setiap kontainer TPA. Vektor DBD lebih banyak ditemukan di dalam rumah daripada di luar rumah. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui keberadaan larva Aedes sp. pada kontainer dalam rumah di RW 07 Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Timur dan RW 03 Cempaka Putih Barat setelah pemberian Bti. Desain penelitian yang digunakan ialah cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 100 rumah di RW 07 Kelurahan Cempaka Putih Timur dan 100 rumah di RW 03 Cempaka Putih Barat. Pengambilan data larva dengan cara single larva method. Identifikasi larva dilakukan di Laboratorium Parasitologi FKUI. Setelah mendapatkan data, dilakukan analisis data dengan Chi square test. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapatkan jumlah kontainer yang terdapat larva pada daerah yang diberi Bti ialah 25 dan jumlah kontainer yang tidak terdapat larva ialah 177. Sementara itu, jumlah kontainer yang terdapat larva pada daerah yang tidak diberi Bti ialah 18 dan jumlah kontainer yang tidak terdapat larva ialah 224. Pada analisis data, didapatkan nilai p sebesar 0,080 yang menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kedua daerah tersebut setelah pemberian Bti. Jumlah jentik lebih banyak ditemukan pada daerah perlakuan daripada daerah kontrol. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa keberadaan larva tidak dipengaruhi oleh pemberian Bti.

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Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is one of the public health problems in Indonesia especially at Cempaka Putih. Therefore, there must reduce the problem of combating the DHF’s vector. Bti can be given to the every container which is filled with water and often used on daily activities. The DHF’s vector found seen inside houses. So, the aim of this research is to know the existance of Aedes sp larvae in container after giving Bti inside the house in Cempaka Putih. The design research is using cross sectional study.

The cross sectional study obtained the data from a hundred houses on 25th April 2010. The data was collected using the single larvae method. Then, on 26th April 2010, the writer identified the data. After all of the data was identified, the writer analyzed it with Chi square test.

It was found in the area which had been given Bti, the positive larvae container is 25 and the negative larvae container is 177. While, it was found in the area which had not been given Bti, the positive larvae container is 18 and the negative larvae container is 224. From that analysis, the writer got 0,08 of the p score. It shows that there is not an association of the DHF's vector existence between Cempaka Putih Timur and Cempaka Putih Barat. DHF's vector is found more excessive in treatment area than in control area. Therefore, the conclusion is the existence of larvae is not influenced by giving Bti."

"[ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian simplisia Alphitobius sp. terhadap konsentrasi kolesterol total plasma darah tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus L.) jantan galur Sprague-Dawley. Dua puluh empat ekor tikus dibagi dalam 6 kelompok perlakuan yang terdiri atas kelompok kontrol normal yang hanya diberi pakan standar, kelompok kontrol perlakuan yang diberi diet tinggi lemak, dan 4 kelompok perlakuan yang diberi diet tinggi lemak dan bahan uji simplisia Alphitobius sp. dengan dosis 2,25 mg/kg bb, 4,5 mg/kg bb, 6,75 mg/kg bb dan 9 mg/kg bb. Pemberian bahan uji dan diet tinggi lemak dilakukan selama 14 hari berturut-turut. Hasil uji Anava satu arah (P < 0,05) menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang nyata terhadap konsentrasi kolesterol total akhir pada semua dosis perlakuan. Penurunan konsentrasi kolesterol terbesar dicapai oleh kelompok dosis 4,5 mg/kg bb yang juga merupakan dosis efektif dalam menurunkan konsentrasi kolesterol total yang mendekati nilai kelompok kontrol normal.ABSTRACTA research was done in to determine the effect of simplicia Alphitobius sp. intake on plasma total cholesterol concentration in white male rat Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvegicus L.). Twenty-four male rats were separated into six treatment groups consisting of normal control group that were given a standard diet, treatment control group fed a high fat diet , and four treatment groups that were given a high fat diet and simplicia Alphitobius sp. with a different dose (2,25 mg/kg bw, 4,5 mg/kg bw, 6,75 mg/kg bw and 9 mg/kg bw). Provision of test material was done every day for 14 consecutive days. The result of one-way Anava test (P < 0,05) indicates that there is a significant effect on total cholesterol concentration at all treatment doses, showed that provision of simplicia Alphitobius sp. lower total cholesterol potentially. The biggest decrease of total cholesterol concentrations was achieved by dose 4,5 mg/kg bw, which is also an effective dose in lowering total cholesterol concentrations approached normal value.;A research was done in to determine the effect of simplicia Alphitobius sp. intake on plasma total cholesterol concentration in white male rat Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvegicus L.). Twenty-four male rats were separated into six treatment groups consisting of normal control group that were given a standard diet, treatment control group fed a high fat diet , and four treatment groups that were given a high fat diet and simplicia Alphitobius sp. with a different dose (2,25 mg/kg bw, 4,5 mg/kg bw, 6,75 mg/kg bw and 9 mg/kg bw). Provision of test material was done every day for 14 consecutive days. The result of one-way Anava test (P < 0,05) indicates that there is a significant effect on total cholesterol concentration at all treatment doses, showed that provision of simplicia Alphitobius sp. lower total cholesterol potentially. The biggest decrease of total cholesterol concentrations was achieved by dose 4,5 mg/kg bw, which is also an effective dose in lowering total cholesterol concentrations approached normal value.;A research was done in to determine the effect of simplicia Alphitobius sp. intake on plasma total cholesterol concentration in white male rat Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvegicus L.). Twenty-four male rats were separated into six treatment groups consisting of normal control group that were given a standard diet, treatment control group fed a high fat diet , and four treatment groups that were given a high fat diet and simplicia Alphitobius sp. with a different dose (2,25 mg/kg bw, 4,5 mg/kg bw, 6,75 mg/kg bw and 9 mg/kg bw). Provision of test material was done every day for 14 consecutive days. The result of one-way Anava test (P < 0,05) indicates that there is a significant effect on total cholesterol concentration at all treatment doses, showed that provision of simplicia Alphitobius sp. lower total cholesterol potentially. The biggest decrease of total cholesterol concentrations was achieved by dose 4,5 mg/kg bw, which is also an effective dose in lowering total cholesterol concentrations approached normal value.;A research was done in to determine the effect of simplicia Alphitobius sp. intake on plasma total cholesterol concentration in white male rat Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvegicus L.). Twenty-four male rats were separated into six treatment groups consisting of normal control group that were given a standard diet, treatment control group fed a high fat diet , and four treatment groups that were given a high fat diet and simplicia Alphitobius sp. with a different dose (2,25 mg/kg bw, 4,5 mg/kg bw, 6,75 mg/kg bw and 9 mg/kg bw). Provision of test material was done every day for 14 consecutive days. The result of one-way Anava test (P < 0,05) indicates that there is a significant effect on total cholesterol concentration at all treatment doses, showed that provision of simplicia Alphitobius sp. lower total cholesterol potentially. The biggest decrease of total cholesterol concentrations was achieved by dose 4,5 mg/kg bw, which is also an effective dose in lowering total cholesterol concentrations approached normal value., A research was done in to determine the effect of simplicia Alphitobius sp. intake on plasma total cholesterol concentration in white male rat Sprague-Dawley (Rattus norvegicus L.). Twenty-four male rats were separated into six treatment groups consisting of normal control group that were given a standard diet, treatment control group fed a high fat diet , and four treatment groups that were given a high fat diet and simplicia Alphitobius sp. with a different dose (2,25 mg/kg bw, 4,5 mg/kg bw, 6,75 mg/kg bw and 9 mg/kg bw). Provision of test material was done every day for 14 consecutive days. The result of one-way Anava test (P < 0,05) indicates that there is a significant effect on total cholesterol concentration at all treatment doses, showed that provision of simplicia Alphitobius sp. lower total cholesterol potentially. The biggest decrease of total cholesterol concentrations was achieved by dose 4,5 mg/kg bw, which is also an effective dose in lowering total cholesterol concentrations approached normal value.]"