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"[ABSTRAKKemampuan Mycobacterium tuberculosis yang dapat memanipulasi danmenghindari respon imun adalah tantangan dalam mencari terapi dan vaksinasiefektif. Penelitian ini untuk menguji potensi ekstrak metanol akar Eurycomalongifolia Jack dalam memodulasi peningkatan IgA dan IgG mencit putih jantanyang divaksinasi BCG, sekaligus untuk menganalisis peningkatan sitokinproinflamasi yang berhubungan dengan produksi IgA dan IgG. Plasma diambilsebelum dan setelah vaksinasi BCG pada 18 ekor mencit yang dibagi ke dalam 2kelompok; perlakuan dan kontrol. Kadar IgA, IgG, TNF-! dan IL-10 diukurdengan metode ELISA. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan IgA kelompok air(0,33±0,16) lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok pasak bumi (0,30±0,30),sedangkan peningkatan IgG kelompok pasak bumi (0,38±0,25) terlihat lebihtinggi dibandingkan kelompok air (0,29±0,35). Rasio TNF-!/IL-10 kelompokpasak bumi (0,46±0,07) lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok air (0,41±0,05).Terdapat korelasi antara TNF-! dengan IgA pada kelompok air (r=0,601,p=0,035) juga dengan IgG pada kelompok pasak bumi (r=0,559, p=0,059).Disimpulkan, pemberian pasak bumi cenderung berpotensi memodulasipeningkatan IgG, tetapi tidak IgA. Selain itu, pemberian pasak bumi jugacenderung meningkatkan sitokin proinflamasi yang mempengaruhi produksi IgAdan IgG.

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ABSTRACTThe ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to manipulate and evade host?simmune response is a challenge in finding an effective therapy and vaccination.The purpose of this research were to investigate the potency of methanol extractof the roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack as immunomodulators for male whitemice vaccinated with BCG, as well as to analyze the increase of proinflammatorycytokines associated with IgA and IgG production. Plasma were taken before andafter BCG vaccination from 18 mice, that were divided into 2 groups; treatmentand control. IgA, IgG, TNF-! and IL-10 levels were measured by using ELISA.The results showed that the enhancement of IgA group with water (0,33±0,16)was higher than group with pasak bumi (0,30±0,30). On the other hand theenhancement of IgG group with pasak bumi (0,38±0,25) was higher than groupwith water (0,29±0,35). The ratio of TNF-!/IL-10 group with pasak bumi(0.46±0.07) was higher than group with water (0.41±0.05). There are correlarionsbetween TNF-! and IgA in the group with water (r=0.601, p=0.035) as well asbetween TNF- ! and IgG in group with pasak bumi (r=0.559, p=0.059). As theconclusion, methanol extract of pasak bumi root tend to potentially modulate theincrease IgG production, but not IgA. In addition, it also tends to increase theproinflamasi cytokines associated with IgA and IgG production.;The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to manipulate and evade host’simmune response is a challenge in finding an effective therapy and vaccination.The purpose of this research were to investigate the potency of methanol extractof the roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack as immunomodulators for male whitemice vaccinated with BCG, as well as to analyze the increase of proinflammatorycytokines associated with IgA and IgG production. Plasma were taken before andafter BCG vaccination from 18 mice, that were divided into 2 groups; treatmentand control. IgA, IgG, TNF-! and IL-10 levels were measured by using ELISA.The results showed that the enhancement of IgA group with water (0,33±0,16)was higher than group with pasak bumi (0,30±0,30). On the other hand theenhancement of IgG group with pasak bumi (0,38±0,25) was higher than groupwith water (0,29±0,35). The ratio of TNF-!/IL-10 group with pasak bumi(0.46±0.07) was higher than group with water (0.41±0.05). There are correlarionsbetween TNF-! and IgA in the group with water (r=0.601, p=0.035) as well asbetween TNF- ! and IgG in group with pasak bumi (r=0.559, p=0.059). As theconclusion, methanol extract of pasak bumi root tend to potentially modulate theincrease IgG production, but not IgA. In addition, it also tends to increase theproinflamasi cytokines associated with IgA and IgG production., The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to manipulate and evade host’simmune response is a challenge in finding an effective therapy and vaccination.The purpose of this research were to investigate the potency of methanol extractof the roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack as immunomodulators for male whitemice vaccinated with BCG, as well as to analyze the increase of proinflammatorycytokines associated with IgA and IgG production. Plasma were taken before andafter BCG vaccination from 18 mice, that were divided into 2 groups; treatmentand control. IgA, IgG, TNF-! and IL-10 levels were measured by using ELISA.The results showed that the enhancement of IgA group with water (0,33±0,16)was higher than group with pasak bumi (0,30±0,30). On the other hand theenhancement of IgG group with pasak bumi (0,38±0,25) was higher than groupwith water (0,29±0,35). The ratio of TNF-!/IL-10 group with pasak bumi(0.46±0.07) was higher than group with water (0.41±0.05). There are correlarionsbetween TNF-! and IgA in the group with water (r=0.601, p=0.035) as well asbetween TNF- ! and IgG in group with pasak bumi (r=0.559, p=0.059). As theconclusion, methanol extract of pasak bumi root tend to potentially modulate theincrease IgG production, but not IgA. In addition, it also tends to increase theproinflamasi cytokines associated with IgA and IgG production.]"

"[ABSTRAKTuberkulosis penyakit infeksi yang mematikan terutama di negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia. Upaya pencegahan dengan vaksinasi BCG yang dapat meningkatkan respon imun masih belum maksimal. Faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan vaksin adalah status imun host, genetik dan kualitas/kuantitas vaksin. Indonesia sebagai negara kaya tanaman obat, misalnya pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) digunakan sebagai antimalaria serta meningkatkan imun tubuh. Penelitian ini menilai efek ekstrak akar pasak bumi sebagai imunomodulator terutama IFN-ɣ, TNF-α dan IL-10 pada mencit yang diberi vaksin BCG. Eksperimental in vivo dan in vitro darah mencit di kultur pada medium RPMI dengan stimulasi PHA dan BCG. Analisis tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna (p≥0,05) diantara kelompok perlakuan, analisa dari nilai median terlihat adanya efek ekstrak pasak bumi terhadap peningkatan TNF-α, dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap produksi IFN-γ dan IL-10 pada mencit yang divaksin BCG. Ekstrak akar pasak bumi mempengaruhi respon imun tubuh mencit yang diberi vaksin BCG, walau tidak besar maknanya.

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ABSTRACTTuberculosis is a deadly infectious disease that occurs mainly in developing countries, including Indonesia. Preventive efforts by BCG vaccination to improve the immune response is still not maximum. Factors that affect the success of vaccine are the host immune system, the host genetic and the quality/quantity of the vaccine. Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, one of those is Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) that is widely used as antimalaria and to improve immunity. The research assessed the effects of extracts of Pasak Bumi roots as immunomodulator by measuring IFN-ɣ, TNF-α and IL-10 on mice that were given with BCG vaccine. In vivo and in vitro experiments of mice blood cultured in RPMI medium stimulated with PHA and BCG. The result has shown no significant difference (p≥0,05) among the treatment group, result of median values has shown the effect of Pasak Bumi extract to an increase of TNF-α, and has no effect on the production of IFN-γ and IL-10 in mice vaccinated BCG. Extract of pasak bumi roots affects the immune response of mice that have got BCG vaccine, although it has no significant meaning., Tuberculosis is a deadly infectious disease that occurs mainly in developing countries, including Indonesia. Preventive efforts by BCG vaccination to improve the immune response is still not maximum. Factors that affect the success of vaccine are the host immune system, the host genetic and the quality/quantity of the vaccine. Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants, one of those is Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) that is widely used as antimalaria and to improve immunity. The research assessed the effects of extracts of Pasak Bumi roots as immunomodulator by measuring IFN-ɣ, TNF-α and IL-10 on mice that were given with BCG vaccine. In vivo and in vitro experiments of mice blood cultured in RPMI medium stimulated with PHA and BCG. The result has shown no significant difference (p≥0,05) among the treatment group, result of median values has shown the effect of Pasak Bumi extract to an increase of TNF-α, and has no effect on the production of IFN-γ and IL-10 in mice vaccinated BCG. Extract of pasak bumi roots affects the immune response of mice that have got BCG vaccine, although it has no significant meaning.]"

"ABSTRAKMalaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia terutama negara tropis, karena angka kesakitan dan kematiannya yang tinggi. Gejala yang berat sampai kematian akibat malaria dipengaruhi respon imun setiap individu maupun ketepatan pengobatan malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek respon imun (TNF-α) mencit terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei yang diberi ekstrak akar pasak bumi sebagai antimalaria. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental in vivo dengan membagi 5 kelompok perlakuan yang berbeda (kontrol, Plasmodium berghei dan akuades, CMC, Plasmodium berghei dan CMC, Plasmodium berghei dan ekstrak akar pasak bumi). Pemeriksaan tingkat parasitemia menggunakan pemeriksaan darah tipis dan tebal. Hasil pemeriksaan TNF-α menggunakan teknik bead based multiplexing technique didapatkan nilai mean flourescence intensity (MFI) yang digunakan sebagai ukuran kadar TNF-α. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kemampuan ekstrak akar pasak bumi sebagai antimalarial, dengan nilai rerata growth inhibit sebesar 88,93%. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara tingkat parasitemia dengan TNF-α (Uji Spearman, r= - 0,838; p=0.002). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akar pasak bumi dapat mengaktivasi TNF-α yang bekerja sebagai imunoproteksi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi meningkatkan ekspresi TNF-α yang berhubungan dengan menurunnya tingkat parasitemia pada mencit yang diinfeksi plasmodium berghei.

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ABSTRACTMalaria is still the main health problem in the world, mainly in tropical countries since its incidence of illness and death is high. The severe symptoms, which may lead to death, are affected not only by the immune response of each individual but also by the efficacy in the malaria treatment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of immune response (TNF-α) of the Plasmodium berghei infected mice which was treated with the pasak bumi root extract as antimalaria. This was in vivo experimental study in which the experimental animals were divided into five different groups (control, Plasmodium berghei and aquades, CMC, Plasmodium berghei and CMC, Plasmodium berghei and pasak bumi root extract). The level of parasitemia were determineted by using thin and thick blood staining. The bead based multiplexing technique was used in the TNF-α examination in order to obtain mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) which was later used as TNF-α standard. The results of this research showed the potential of the pasak bumi root extract as antimalaria with the mean percentage of growth inhibition was 88.93%. The correlation analysis showed a meaningful relation between the parasitemia level and TNF-α (Spearman test, r= - 0,838; p=0.002). This means that the pasak bumi root extract could activate TNF-α which acts as immune protector. In conclucion, the pasak bumi root extract could enhance the TNF-α expression as shown by the decline of the parasitemia level in the Plasmodium berghei infected mouse"

"[ABSTRAKBCG telah digunakan sebagai upaya mencegah infeksi tuberculosis selama lebih dari 90 tahun. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat efek pemberian vaksin BCG melalui rute subkutan di area dorsal leher dan paha pada mencit galur Swiss sekaligus menguji potensi pasak bumi (PB) sebagai imunomodulator setelah imunisasi BCG dengan mengukur IgG1 dan IgG3 menggunakan metode ELISA. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari proyek penelitian mengkaji potensi ekstrak akar pasak bumi pada beberapa infeksi pathogen intraseluler. Hasilnya pemberian vaksin BCG melalui rute subkutan di area leher lebih efektif (p<0.05) meningkatkan kadar IgG1 (OD kelompok air 2.162±0.231; kelompok PB 2.138±0.214) dan IgG3 (OD kelompok air 2.564±0.286; kelompok PB 2.521±0.228) pada mencit dibandingkan kadar IgG1 (OD kelompok air 0.817±0.101; kelompok PB 0.796±0.207) dan IgG3 (OD kelompok air 1.290±0.104; kelompok PB 1.260±0.093) pada vaksinasi BCG secara subkutan di area paha. Sementara itu potensi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dalam memodulasi produksi IgG1 dan IgG3 paska injeksi BCG belum terlihat pada percobaan ini.

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ABSTRACTBCG has been used as an effort to prevent tuberculosis for more than 90 years. The aim of this research were to investigate the effect of BCG vaccine administration trough subcutaneous route over the neck and on the thigh of mice of Swiss strain as well as to evaluate the potency of pasak bumi (PB) as immunomodulator in IgG1 and IgG3 productions after BCG vaccination. This research is part of a bigger project to analyse the potency of pasak bumi as an immunomodulator over intracellular pathogen infections. The result shows that BCG vaccination through subcutaneous over the neck was more effective (p<0.05) in generating IgG1 (OD group with water 2.162±0.231; group with PB 2.138±0.214) and IgG3 (OD group with water 2.564±0.286; group with PB 2.521±0.228) on mice compare to IgG1 level (OD group with water 0.817±0.101; group with PB 0.796±0.207) and IgG3 (OD group with water 1.290±0.104; group with PB 1.260±0.093) on subcutaneous vaccination on thigh area. The potency of pasak bumi root extract in modulating the production of IgG1 and IgG3 has not seen in this experiment.;BCG has been used as an effort to prevent tuberculosis for more than 90 years. The aim of this research were to investigate the effect of BCG vaccine administration trough subcutaneous route over the neck and on the thigh of mice of Swiss strain as well as to evaluate the potency of pasak bumi (PB) as immunomodulator in IgG1 and IgG3 productions after BCG vaccination. This research is part of a bigger project to analyse the potency of pasak bumi as an immunomodulator over intracellular pathogen infections. The result shows that BCG vaccination through subcutaneous over the neck was more effective (p<0.05) in generating IgG1 (OD group with water 2.162±0.231; group with PB 2.138±0.214) and IgG3 (OD group with water 2.564±0.286; group with PB 2.521±0.228) on mice compare to IgG1 level (OD group with water 0.817±0.101; group with PB 0.796±0.207) and IgG3 (OD group with water 1.290±0.104; group with PB 1.260±0.093) on subcutaneous vaccination on thigh area. The potency of pasak bumi root extract in modulating the production of IgG1 and IgG3 has not seen in this experiment., BCG has been used as an effort to prevent tuberculosis for more than 90 years. The aim of this research were to investigate the effect of BCG vaccine administration trough subcutaneous route over the neck and on the thigh of mice of Swiss strain as well as to evaluate the potency of pasak bumi (PB) as immunomodulator in IgG1 and IgG3 productions after BCG vaccination. This research is part of a bigger project to analyse the potency of pasak bumi as an immunomodulator over intracellular pathogen infections. The result shows that BCG vaccination through subcutaneous over the neck was more effective (p<0.05) in generating IgG1 (OD group with water 2.162±0.231; group with PB 2.138±0.214) and IgG3 (OD group with water 2.564±0.286; group with PB 2.521±0.228) on mice compare to IgG1 level (OD group with water 0.817±0.101; group with PB 0.796±0.207) and IgG3 (OD group with water 1.290±0.104; group with PB 1.260±0.093) on subcutaneous vaccination on thigh area. The potency of pasak bumi root extract in modulating the production of IgG1 and IgG3 has not seen in this experiment.]"

"Mortalitas yang disebabkan oleh Tuberkulosis (TB) masih tinggi dan saat ini hanya tersedia vaksin BCG untuk mencegah TB. Lebih dari 90 % individu yang terinfeksi adalah laten, bakteri dalam kondisi tersebut dorman, namun dapat terjadi reaktivasi saat imunitas melemah atau bakteri mengalami resusitasi. Vaksin BCG menunjukkan efikasi yang bervariasi pada orang dewasa dan tidak dapat mencegah reaktivasi pada TB laten. Protein RpfB yang disekresikan M. tuberculosis dalam tahap resusitasi diketahui imunogenik, sehingga berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai kandidat vaksin TB. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mempurifikasi, dan mengetahui imunogenitas protein rekombinan RpfB hasil konstruksi Departemen Mikrobiologi FK UI secara invitro pada splenosit mencit. Protein rekombinan RpfB diekpresikan dalam strain bakteri MRB4 (E. coli BL21 pGEX6p-1 RpfB). Protein diekstraksi dengan sonikasi dan sentrifugasi bertahap kemudian disolubilisasi dengan dapar urea 8M. Protein direnaturasi dalam dapar refolding kemudian diisolasi dengan kolom kromatografi afinitas terhadap GST. Keberadaaan protein dikonfirmasi dengan SDS-PAGE dan Western Blot kemudian dihitung konsentrasinya menggunakan metode Bradford. Uji imunogenitas dilakukan secara invitro menggunakan kultur splenosit mencit yang distimulasi masing-masing dengan 25 μg/ml protein rekombinan RpfB, 25 μg/ml protein GST, 1-2 % mitogen PHA, dan satu kelompok kultur tidak stimulasi sebagai kontrol negatif. Selanjutnya dilakukan booster pada jam ke-24 dan ke-72. Supernatan kultur splenosit dikoleksi pada jam ke-96 kemudian digunakan untuk menganalisis respon IFNγ, IL-12, IL-4, dan IL-10 dengan kit ELISA. Perbedaan respon yang dihasilkan dianalisis secara statistika menggunakan uji T independen pada nilai P<0.05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa protein rekombinan RpfB terekspresi dalam bentuk badan inklusi dengan berat molekul sekitar 66 kDa dan berhasil dipurifikasi dengan konsentrasi 53 μg/ml. Uji imunogenitas menunjukkan protein rekombinan RpfB dapat menstimulasi respon IFNγ dan IL-12, namun tidak menstimulasi respon IL-4 dan IL-10 pada splenosit mencit.

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Mortality rate caused by tuberculosis (TB) is high all over the world and only BCG vaccine is currently available. More than 90% of TB infection is latent, where Mycobacterium tuberculosis in dormant state that can be active when host immune response is insufficient or the bacteria promote resucitation. As a vaccine, BCG shows varied efficacy in adults and can not give protection against resucitation of latent TB infection. Resucitation Promoting Factor B (RpfB) is one protein produced by M.tuberculosis in resucitation state and proved to be immunogenic as make it suitable to be use as TB vaccine. Microbiology Department, University Indonesia has successfully construct recombinant pGEX6p-1-RpfB plasmid in BL21 E.coli (known as MRB4 strain) as the aim of this study is to isolate, purify, and analyze recombinant RpfB-GST protein in mice splenocytes in-vitro. After induction with IPTG, protein was extracted by sonication and differential centrifugation then solubilized with buffer contain 8M urea. Protein then renaturated followed by purification with GST chromatography. Protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot using anti-GST. Concentration of isolated protein was measured using Bradford method. Each group of mice splenocytes was treated with 25 μg/ml of recombinant protein RpfB, GST, PHA, and one culture group without treatment; and boosted twice at 24h and 72h. Cell supernatant was collected at 96h and level of IFNγ, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10 was measured by ELISA. The results showed that RpfB recombinant proteins expressed in the form of inclusion bodies with a molecular weight of about 66 kDa and purified at 53μg/ml. Based on independent t-test analysis, RpfB can stimulate IFNγ and IL-12 but not IL-4 and IL-10."

"[Resistensi yang terjadi pada beberapa obat antimalaria, seperti klorokuin, mendasari gencarnya dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menemukan terapi antimalaria alternatif, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan potensi herbal dari alam Indonesia. Ekstrak tanaman yang terbukti pada penelitian in-vivo memiliki efek antimalaria adalah akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in-vivo yang menguji ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 60 mg/kgbb, 75 mg/kgbb, dan 90 mg/kgbb terhadap mencit (Mus musculus) yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Peningkatan densitas parasitemia pada hari ke-4 terapi dosis 60 mg/kgbb lebih tinggi dari kontrol negatif, sedangkan terapi dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb lebih rendah dari kontrol negatif namun perbedaannya tidak signifikan secara statistik. Ditinjau dari persentase inhibisi parasitemia, terapi dosis 60 mg/kgbb memiliki persentase inhibisi parasitemia negatif, sedangkan terapi dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb memiliki persentase inhibisi parasitemia < 50%. Ditinjau dari kadar hemoglobin, ketiga dosis perlakuan memiliki kadar hemoglobin yang fluktuatif dan cenderung menurun hingga pada kondisi anemia. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akar pasak bumi dosis 60 mg/kgbb tidak memiliki efek antimalaria, sedangkan dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb memiliki efek antimalaria namun kurang adekuat. Terapi dosis 90 mg/kgbb menunjukkan peningkatan densitas parasitemia hari ke-4 yang paling rendah dan persentase inhibisi parasitemia paling baik. Dengan demikian disimpulkan bahwa terapi ekstrak akar pasak bumi kurang tepat digunakan sebagai terapi tunggal malaria;Resistance on malaria medication, for example klorokuin, underlie the study that aim to find alternative malaria treatment by using herbal potention from the nature of Indonesia. Herbal extract that had been proven in vivo experimental study that has antimalarial effect is Pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia jack). This study is in vivo experimental study that giving Pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw, 75 mg/kgbw, and 90 mg/kgbw to mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. The increase of parasitemia density in the 4th day of treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw is higher than negative control, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw are lower than negative control, but the difference is not significant in statistic analysis. Reviewed from parasitemia inhibition persentage, treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw has negative parasitemia inhibition persentage, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have parasitemia inhibition persentage <50%. Reviewed from hemoglobin level, those treatment by three doses have fluctuative hemoglobin level and tend to be decreasing till reaching anemia. It shows that pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw does not have antimalarial effect, while 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have inadequate antimalarial effect. Treatment by dose 90 mg/kgbw shows the lowest increase of 4th day parasitemia density and the best parasitemia inhibition persentage. Thus, it could be concluded that pasak bumi root extract is not good enough to be used as single treatment of malaria, Resistance on malaria medication, for example klorokuin, underlie the study that aim to find alternative malaria treatment by using herbal potention from the nature of Indonesia. Herbal extract that had been proven in vivo experimental study that has antimalarial effect is Pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia jack). This study is in vivo experimental study that giving Pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw, 75 mg/kgbw, and 90 mg/kgbw to mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. The increase of parasitemia density in the 4th day of treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw is higher than negative control, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw are lower than negative control, but the difference is not significant in statistic analysis. Reviewed from parasitemia inhibition persentage, treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw has negative parasitemia inhibition persentage, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have parasitemia inhibition persentage <50%. Reviewed from hemoglobin level, those treatment by three doses have fluctuative hemoglobin level and tend to be decreasing till reaching anemia. It shows that pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw does not have antimalarial effect, while 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have inadequate antimalarial effect. Treatment by dose 90 mg/kgbw shows the lowest increase of 4th day parasitemia density and the best parasitemia inhibition persentage. Thus, it could be concluded that pasak bumi root extract is not good enough to be used as single treatment of malaria]"

"Tuberkulosis adalah penyebab utama kematian global tepat di bawah COVID-19 dan peringkat di atas HIV. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh patogen yang disebut Mycobacterium tuberculosis yang menyebar dengan mudah melalui udara dan diketahui tetap laten di tubuh kebanyakan orang, yaitu sekitar seperempat dari populasi dunia. Masalah TB saat ini juga mencakup dua perhatian utama, vaksin resmi tidak benar-benar efektif, dan bakteri terus menjadi resisten terhadap obat. Dalam penelitian ini, kami mengusulkan strategi untuk membuat obat baru yang didesain untuk melewati resistensi tersebut dengan mensimulasikannya melalui metode in silico yang dijalankan melalui penambatan molekul, simulasi dinamis, dan prediksi farmakologi. Kami mengusulkan lima obat (peptida) yang kemudian dikonjugasikan dengan peptida penembus sel (CPP) yang dikenal akan kekuatan transferensinya, dengan protein QcrB sebagai reseptor. Kandidat tersebut ialah Noopept, Glycyl-L-Proline, Leuteonosticon, Alaptide, dan NNZ-2591. Semua kandidat dipilih mengikuti Ro5 Lipinski serta merunjuk pada ADME dan Toksisitas.

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Tuberculosis is a global leading cause of death, just below COVID-19 and ranked above HIV. This disease is caused by a pathogen called Mycobacterium tuberculosis which spreads easily through the air and is known to remain latent in most people's bodies, about a quarter of the world's population. The current problems with TB also include two main concerns: the official vaccine is ineffective, and the bacteria keeps gaining resistance to drugs. In this research, we proposed a strategy to create a new drug to pass this resistance by simulating it through in silico methods by running molecular docking, dynamic simulation, and pharmacological prediction. We proposed five drugs (peptides) that were then conjugated with a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) known for its transference prowess, with QcrB protein as the receptor. Those candidates are Noopept, Glycyl-L-Proline, Leuteonosticon, Alaptide, and NNZ-2591. All candidates were picked following Lipinski's Ro5 along with ADME and Toxicity."

"ABSTRAKTB Paru masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di dunia termasuk diIndonesia sebagai satu negara dengan prevalensi TB paru yang tinggi. Menurut WHO (2013) dalam Global Report 2013 bahwa prevalensi tuberculosis di Indonesia diperkirakan sebesar 297 kasus per 100.000 penduduk. Sumber penular serumah, faktor lingkungan fisik rumah (pencahayaan, ventilasi, kelembaban, kepadatan penghuni) dan faktor karakteristik individu berpengaruh terhadap kejadian TB Paru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan antara keberadaan sumber penular serumah dengan kejadian TB Paru BTA (+) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Palmerah tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain studi kasus kontrol dengan sampel untuk kasus adalah orang dengan hasil pemeriksaan sputum BTA (+) dan kontrolorang dengan hasil pemeriksaan sputum BTA (-) berusia ≥15 tahun dan bertempat tinggal di wilayah kerja Kecamatan Palmerah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB Paru yaitu keberadaan sumber penular serumah OR=4,38(95% CI:2,19-8,74), status gizi OR = 5,250 (95% CI: 2,376-10,074), faktor lingkungan fisik rumah berupa pencahayaan alami rumah OR = 4,151 (95% CI: 2,049?8,412), ventilasi rumah OR = 2,8 (95% CI: 1,366?5,569), kelembaban dalam rumah OR = 8,088 (95% CI: 4,146-15,77), dan kepadatan hunian dalam rumah OR = 2,034 (95% CI = 1,080?3,830). Berdasarkan model akhir hasil analisis multivariate diperoleh hasil bahwa seseorang yang di dalam rumahnya terdapat sumber penular berisiko 1,85 kali lebih tinggi untuk mengalami TB Paru BTA (+) dibandingkan dengan seseorang yang di dalam rumahnya tidak terdapat sumber penular setelah dikendalikan oleh faktor status gizi dan kelembaban dalam rumah.

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ABSTRACTLung TB still becomes a main health problem in the world, including inIndonesia, as one of countries with a high prevalence of Lung TB. According to WHO (2013) in Global Report 2013, the tuberculosis prevalence in Indonesia is estimated around 297 cases per 100.000 people. The same living-house transmitter, the factor of physical environment of house (lighting, ventilation, moisture, and occupancy) and factors of individual characteristics affect an incident of Lung TB. The purpose of this research is to analysis the correlation between theexistence of same living-house transmitter with the incident of Lung TB BTA (+) in Public Health Centre in Palmerah year of 2013. This research uses a study design of case-control with sample, for case are people with the result of sputum BTA (+) check and control, people with the result of sputum BTA (-) whose age is ≥ 15 years old and live in Palmerah. The result of this study shows that the variables which are related with the incident of Lung TB is the existence of same living house transmitter OR=4.38 (95% CI;2, 19-8, 74), nutrition status OR = 5,250 (95% CI: 2,376-10,074), factor of physical environment of a house, such as natural lighting OR = 4,151 (95% CI: 2,049-8,412), house ventilation OR=2,759 (95% CI: 1366-5569), moist in house OR= 8,088 (95% CI:4,146-15,77), and the house occupancy OR = 2,034 (95% CI=1,080-3830). Based on the model from the result in multivariate analysis, it can be concluded that a person whose house contains a transmitter risks 1,85 times higher than someone whose house does not contain a transmitter who has a Lung TB, after being controlled by factors of nutrition status and moist in house."

"[Resistensi obat antimalaria mendorong pengembangan obat antimalaria baru. Salah satu alternatif pengembangan obat antimalaria adalah mengombinasikan klorokuin dengan komponen lain, contohnya ekstrak akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack.). Berbagai penelitian in vitro maupun in vivo telah membuktikan potensi pasak bumi sebagai antimalaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dan klorokuin secara injeksi subkutan pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 10 mg/kgBB, 20 mg/kgBB, serta kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dua dosis tersebut dan klorokuin. Berdasarkan Peters 4-days suppressive test, pertumbuhan parasitemia mencit yang diberikan kombinasi obat memiliki nilai yang mendekati kontrol positif (0,60%), yaitu 0,60% pada dosis kombinasi pasak bumi 10 mg/kgBB dan 0,50% pada dosis 20 mg/kgBB namun analisis statistik menunjukkan perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Hasil penghitungan penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit menunjukkan kecenderungan yang sama. Penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit kontrol positif menunjukkan angka 97,9% sementara pemberian kombinasi obat menunjukkan angka 97,7% (dosis pasak bumi10 mg/kgBB) dan 98,2% (dosis pasak bumi 20 mg/kgBB). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dan klorokuin secara injeksi subkutan dibandingkan dengan terapi klorokuin saja;Antimalarial drug resisstance demand us to develop new antimalarial drug. One of the alternative is combining chloroquine with new compund, for example pasak bumi root extract (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Many studies have shown the potency of pasak bumi root extract as a antimalarial drug. This study is aim to investigate the effect of combination of pasak bumi root extract and chloroquine which is administrated by subcoutaneous injection to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice were given pasak bumi root extract only with 10 mg/kgBW and 20 mg/kgBW dose , also combination therapy of pasak bumi root extract on same dose and choloquine. Based on Peters 4-days suppressive test, parasite growth in mice with combination therapy was nearing the postive control value (0.60%), 0.60% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 0.50% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. However, the statistic analysis showed the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Growth inhibition counting showed the same trend. Positive control growth inhibiton value is 97.9% meanwhile the combination therapy group has 97.7% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 98.2% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. The study suggests that there were no significat difference between the effect of subcutaneously administrated combination of pasak bumi extract root-chloroquine and chloroquine only therapy., Antimalarial drug resisstance demand us to develop new antimalarial drug. One of the alternative is combining chloroquine with new compund, for example pasak bumi root extract (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Many studies have shown the potency of pasak bumi root extract as a antimalarial drug. This study is aim to investigate the effect of combination of pasak bumi root extract and chloroquine which is administrated by subcoutaneous injection to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice were given pasak bumi root extract only with 10 mg/kgBW and 20 mg/kgBW dose , also combination therapy of pasak bumi root extract on same dose and choloquine. Based on Peters 4-days suppressive test, parasite growth in mice with combination therapy was nearing the postive control value (0.60%), 0.60% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 0.50% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. However, the statistic analysis showed the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Growth inhibition counting showed the same trend. Positive control growth inhibiton value is 97.9% meanwhile the combination therapy group has 97.7% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 98.2% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. The study suggests that there were no significat difference between the effect of subcutaneously administrated combination of pasak bumi extract root-chloroquine and chloroquine only therapy.]"

"Tuberkulosis sejak lama merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kematian manusia karena penyakit infeksi, terutama didaerah yang dilanda kemiskinan dan malnutrisi. Penyakit ini menyerang banyak organ pada tubuh manusia terutamanya adalah paru-paru. Peningkatan jumlah kasus tuberkulosis dipengaruhi oleh infeksi HIV dan resistensi terhadap berbagai macam kombinasi obat. Di Indonesia, infeksi M. tuberculosis oleh strain Beijing diyakini memiliki penyebaran yang paling luas dibandingkan dengan strain lainnya. BCG merupakan vaksin tunggal yang digunakan untuk pencegahan tuberkulosis, namun daya proteksi dan efikasinya berbeda-beda. Protein Mce1A merupakan protein yang diduga berperan penting pada hal invasi dan pertahanan M. tuberculosis didalam makrofag. Beberapa studi telah melakukan penelitian ini, namun di Indonesia belum pernah dilakukan penelitian mengenai ekspresi protein Mce1A Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Beijing sebagai isolat lokal. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan pengklonaan dan ekspresi protein Mce1A Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain Beijing lokal dan strain standar H37Rv sebagai pembanding. Gen Mce1A M. tuberculosis strain Beijing dan H37Rv diamplifikasi dengan teknik PCR dan diinsersikan kedalam vektor pET28a. Escherichia coli BL21 kemudian ditransformasi dengan plasmid rekombinan tersebut. Protein Mce1A rekombinan diekspresikan dengan induksi IPTG. E. coli BL21 berhasil ditransformasi dengan plasmid rekombinan yang mengandung sisipan gen Mce1A dengan arah orientasi dan kerangka baca yang benar. Tidak ada mutasi yang ditemukan pada asam amino yang menjadi epitope pengenalan sel B dan sel T. Hasil ekspresi protein Mce1A pada E.coli BL21 menunjukkan pita protein yang lebih tinggi dari seharusnya. Konfirmasi keberadaan protein dilakukan menggunakan teknik Western Blot dengan anti-his detector. Protein Mce1A rekombinan yang telah berhasil diekspresikan pada E.coli BL21 diduga berada dalam bentuk dimer. Hal ini dapat digunakan sebagai data awal kondisi ekspresi untuk pengembangan vaksin subunit pada penelitian berikutnya.

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For past centuries until nowadays, tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death in the world from infectious disease wherever poverty, malnutrition and poor housing prevail. Tuberculosis is primarily a disease of the lungs, but may spread to other sites or proceed to a generalized infection. The wide spread of tuberculosis has been further aggravated by another infection disease such as HIV-AIDS and drug resistance. Many strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused tuberculosis infection in Indonesia, but Beijing strain are the most. Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the current vaccine for tuberculosis but it has different protection function and efficacy. According to function analysis, mce1A gene predicted has a role in host invasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and survival of the pathogen in human macrophages. Several studies abroad have done this research, but in Indonesia, study about protein expression of Mce1A gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain as local isolates has not much being done. Therefore, in this study we will performed cloning and protein expression of Mce1A gene Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain as local isolate and standard strain H37Rv as a comparison on expression vector Escherichia coli BL21. Mce1A gene from M. tuberculosis Beijing and H37Rv strain was amplified by PCR and inserted in the vector pET28a. E. coli BL21 then transformed with the recombinant plasmid. Mce1A recombinant protein then expressed with IPTG induction. This study indicate that E. coli BL21 succesfully transformed with a recombinant plasmid containing the Mce1A gene insertion with correct orientation and reading frame. There is no mutation found in the amino acids sequence for B and T cell epitope. Mce1A expression in E. coli BL21 showed protein bands that higher than expected. The protein was confirmed with western blotting using anti-his detector. We assume that Mce1A recombinant protein that have been expressed in E. coli BL21 is in dimeric form. This explanation should be valuable in further studies of expression at the protein level and exposure of proteins on the cell surface of M. tuberculosis under different experimental conditions."