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"[ABSTRAKUpaya perlawanan terhadap korupsi yang merupakan tindak kejahatan lintas batas (transnational organized crime), kini menjadi salah satu agenda global penting yang membutuhkan kerjasama internasional untuk menanggulanginya. UNCAC merupakan sebuah institusi internasional yang menyasar isu korupsi, disahkan pada tahun 2003 dan hingga kini dianggap sebagai kerangka kerjasama internasional paling penting yang memberikan pilar-pilar utama dalam pemberantasan korupsi – pencegahan, penegakan hukum, kerjasama internasional, serta asset recovery. Penelitian ini secara khusus berupaya untuk melihat efektivitas UNCAC dalam proses asset recovery hasil korupsi Indonesia yang berada di Swiss, melalui kerangka Mutual Legal Assistance yang merupakan salah satu ketentuan di dalamnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa UNCAC tidak berhasil menjamin proses asset recovery melalui MLA antara Indonesia dan Swiss, karena: 1) Lemahnya proses dan mekanisme pengawasan, 2) Tertutupnya kemungkinan aksi kolektif negara-negara anggota, serta 3) Ketidakmampuan UNCAC dalam memfasilitasi proses negosiasi secara reguler dan terukur antara kedua belah pihak.

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ABSTRACTInternational efforts in the fight against corruption–which is considered as the transnational organized crime–has become an important global agenda that requires international cooperation. UNCAC is an international institution that focus on the corruption issues. Passed in 2003 and entered into force in 2005, UNCAC regarded as the most important international framework which provides four main pillars in the fight against corruption – prevention, law enforcement, international cooperation, and asset recovery. This research specifically sought to measure the effectiveness of UNCAC in the asset recovery process between Indonesia and Switzerland through one of the the provisions in the convention, Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) framework. The results showed that UNCAC does not succeed to ensure the asset recovery process through MLA between Indonesia and Switzerland, because: 1) The lack of control mechanism process, 2) The lack of possibility of collective action among member states, and 3) the inability of UNCAC in facilitating the negotiation process on a regular basis between the two parties., International efforts in the fight against corruption–which is considered as the transnational organized crime–has become an important global agenda that requires international cooperation. UNCAC is an international institution that focus on the corruption issues. Passed in 2003 and entered into force in 2005, UNCAC regarded as the most important international framework which provides four main pillars in the fight against corruption – prevention, law enforcement, international cooperation, and asset recovery. This research specifically sought to measure the effectiveness of UNCAC in the asset recovery process between Indonesia and Switzerland through one of the the provisions in the convention, Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) framework. The results showed that UNCAC does not succeed to ensure the asset recovery process through MLA between Indonesia and Switzerland, because: 1) The lack of control mechanism process, 2) The lack of possibility of collective action among member states, and 3) the inability of UNCAC in facilitating the negotiation process on a regular basis between the two parties.]"

"ABSTRAKKorupsi bukan hanya menjadi masalah suatu negara saja, tetapi sudah berkembang sebagai masalah transnasional karena melibatkan berbagai negara. Contohnya adalah banyak koruptor di Indonesia yang melarikan diri dan aset hasil kejahatannya ke luar negeri, terutama negara-negara yang menjadi safe haven. Salah satu negara yang sering menjadi tempat penyimpanan aset hasil korupsi Indonesia adalah Singapura. Indonesia dan Singapura telah meratifikasi United Nations Convention Against Corruption UNCAC. UNCAC memuat berbagai strategi penting untuk penanganan korupsi baik di level nasional maupun internasional. Salah satu terobosan penting dalam UNCAC adalah kerjasama internasional dalam asset recovery yang dapat dilakukan melalui mutual legal assistance MLA. Meskipun Indonesia dan Singapura sama-sama sudah meratifikasi UNCAC, akan tetapi Indonesia menghadapi kesulitan dalam menerapkan kerjasama MLA terkait asset recovery dengan Singapura. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana kerjasama MLA terkait asset recovery antara Indonesia dan Singapura menurut kerangka UNCAC dipengaruhi oleh perilaku dan faktor domestik di antara kedua negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerjasama MLA antara Indonesia dan Singapura dalam upaya pengembalian asset hasil korupsi belum efektif karena adanya tantangan dari faktor politik domestik serta perbedaan eksternalitas isu pemberantasan korupsi yang berpengaruh terhadap perilaku masing-masing negara. Tantangan-tantangan tersebut terdiri dari tantangan internal yang berasal di Indonesia yaitu: 1 political will kurang didukung oleh aktor-aktor di level domestik, 2 masalah harmonisasi UNCAC dengan peraturan nasional, 3 system kerahasiaan bank, 4 kemampiuan teknis yuridis yang dialami dalam proses pembuatan MLA, serta 5 masalah kapasitas dan koordinasi antar lembaga penegak hukum yang terlibat dalam MLA dan asset recovery, terutama Kemenkumham sebagai otoritas pusat. Selain itu, Indonesia juga menghadapi tantangan dari segi eksternal, yaitu: 1 kepentingan Singapura terkait investasi asing, 2 lack of trust, dan 3 prinsip dual criminality.

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ABSTRACTCorruption is not only a state solution, but it develops as a transnational problem because of various countries. An example is a lot of corruptors in Indonesia who are the result of their crimes abroad, especially the countries that become safe haven. One of the countries that is often the place where Indonesia 39s corruption is stored is Singapore. Indonesia and Singapore have ratified the United Nations Convention against Corruption UNCAC. UNCAC is an important step for both national and international handling. One of the key breakthroughs in UNCAC is to assist in the recovery of assets that can be done through mutual legal assistance MLA. Although Indonesia and Singapore have both ratified UNCAC, Indonesia is facing difficulties in implementing MLA cooperation related to asset recovery with Singapore. This study aims to analyze how MLA cooperation related to recovery of assets between Indonesia and Singapore by UNCAC. The result of the research indicates that MLA cooperation between Indonesia and Singapore in the effort of recovering the assets of corruption has not been effective because there are factors that support the internalities and issues of externalities of corruption eradication issues that give rise to the behavior of each country. These challenges consist of internal origin in Indonesia 1 political will is not supported by domestic actors, 2 UNCAC harmonization problems with national regulations, 3 confidential bank system, 4 juridical ability who are involved in the MLA process, and 5 capacity and inter agency coordination issues involved in MLA and asset recovery, especially Kemenkumham as the central authority. In addition, Indonesia also faces external obstacles, namely 1 investment related Singaporean interests, 2 lack of trust, and 3 dual crime principles."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini fokus pada pola kerjasama interorganisasional KPK ? ICW dalamagenda pemberantasan korupsi politik di Indonesia melalui pendekatan teori NewInstitusionalisme Victor Nee. Pola kerjasama interorganisasional KPK ? ICWterbangun karena adanya kesamaan visi dan konsen terhadap agenda pemberantasankorupsi, serta interaksi antar aktor ? aktor anti korupsi KPK ? ICW. Pola kerjasamainterorganisasional KPK ? ICW menuai dukungan dan tantangan.Dukungan secaramoril maupun materil datang dari masyarakat sipil serta dunia internasional.Sedangkan tantangan popular dikenal dengan istilah?Corruptor Fight Back?.Terdapat dinamika diantara aparatur hukum negara, bahkan diantara KPK ? ICWjuga terdapatdinamika, walaupun mereka masih tetap konsisten sebagai aktor antikorupsi

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ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the pattern of interorganizational cooperation KPK - ICW inthe agenda of political corruption eradication in Indonesia by theoretical approachesNew institutionalism Victor Nee. Interorganizational cooperation pattern Commission- ICW woke up because of the similarity of vision and concern about the anticorruptionagenda, as well as the interaction between actors of anti -corruptionbetween KPK - ICW. Interorganizational cooperation between KPK - ICW gettingsupport and challenge. Moral and material supporting come from the civil society andthe international community. In the other side the challenge popularly known by theterm "Corruptor Fight Back". There is a dynamic between the legal apparatus of thestate, even among KPK - ICW also found dynamics, although they still remainconsistent as anti -corruption actors"

"Pusat Pemulihan Aset (PPA) sebagai satuan kerja Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia, bertanggung jawab memastikan terlaksanakannya pemulihan aset di Indonesia dengan sistem pemulihan aset terpadu (Integrated Asset Recovery System) secara efektif, efisien, transparan dan akuntabel. Dengan melakukan penelusuran, pengamanan, pemeliharaan, perampasan, dan pengembalian aset hasil tindak pidana korupsi yang ditangani Kejaksaan. Namun, jumlah pemulihan aset (asset recovery) hasil tindak pidana korupsi yang dilakukan PPA masih sedikit dan pelaksanaannya sekarang ini hanya dilakukan setelah ada putusan pengadilan, padahal seharusnya dapat dilakukan penelusuran (asset tracking) sejak sebelum putusan. Selain itu, urgensi keberadaannya masih dipertanyakan mengingat ruang lingkupnya hampir sama dengan Labuksi KPK dan Rupbasan pada KemenkumHAM yang secara tidak langsung menimbulkan tarik menarik kewenangan antara unit aparat penegak hukum tersebut. Untuk itu, diperlukan optimalisasi PPA Kejaksaan agar aset hasil tindak pidana korupsi dapat dipulihkan secara cepat, efektif dan transparan.

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The Asset Recovery Center (PPA) as the Republic of Indonesia General Attorney's unit is responsible for ensuring asset recovery is carried out in Indonesia with an integrated asset recovery system (Integrated Asset Recovery System) in an effective, efficient, transparent and accountable manner. By conducting searches, safeguards, maintenance, seizures, and returning assets resulting from criminal acts of corruption handled by the General Attorney. However, the amount of asset recovery resulting from the criminal acts of corruption carried out by PPA is still small and its implementation is currently only carried out after a court decision, even though asset tracking should have been carried out before the verdict. In addition, the urgency of its existence is still questionable considering its scope is almost the same as the KPK and Rupbasan production at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights which indirectly raises the pull of authority among the law enforcement unit units. For this reason, it is necessary to optimize the PPA of the General Attorney so that the assets resulting from corruption can be recovered quickly, effectively and transparently."

"Tesis ini membahas mekanisme Bantuan Timbal Balik Dalam Masalah Pidana (Mutual Legal Assistance) dalam perampasan aset hasil tindak pidana korupsi di Indonesia berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2006, Pelaksanaan serta Hambatan Dalam Pelaksanaan Bantuan Timbal Balik tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa perampasan aset hasil tindak pidana korupsi melalui Bantuan Timbal Balik Dalam Masalah Pidana memiliki mekanisme yang sama dengan jenis Bantuan Timbal Balik lainnya. Pelaksanaan Bantuan belum maksimal karena ada hambatan baik internal maupun eksternal. Penelitian menyarankan agar pemerintah semakin aktif mengadakan perjanjian antar negara dan melakukan perbaikan Central Authority.

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This thesis discusses the mechanism of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Mutual Legal Assistance) in the recovery of assets as results of corruption in Indonesia based on Law No. 1 of 2006, Implementation and Obstacles in the Implementation of the Mutual Assistance. Research using normative juridical methods. The study concluded that the assets obtained through corruption Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters has a mechanism similar to other types of Mutual Assistance. Implementation Assistance is not maximized because there are both internal and external barriers. Research suggests that more active government entered into agreement and the Central Authority to make improvements."

"Banyak peneliti yang tertarik untuk mempelajari korupsi dengan menggunakan beberapa Negara dan teknik cross section. Beberapa peneliti telah menguji hubungan antara korupsi dan perdagangan menggunakan share perdagangan terhadap GDP. Akan tetapi, kesimpulan dari beberapa studi empiris berkenaan dengan efek dari korupsi terhadap perdagangan adalah bervariasi. Beberapa literature menemukan bahwa korupsi dapat mengurangi volume perdagangan sedangkan literature lain menunjukkan kesimpulan yang sebaliknya. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini ditujukan untuk meneliti hubungan antara korupsi dan volume perdagangan pada beberapa komoditi yang terpilih seperti barang mentah, barang capital, barang penghubung (intermediate), dan barang konsumsi di Indonesia.Tulisan ini menggunakan Indeks Persepsi Korupsi (Corruption Perception Index, CPI) dan control terhadap korupsi (control of corruption, CC) sebagai indikator-indikator korupsi. Sementara itu, volume perdagangan diwakili oleh nilai ekspor dan impor Indonesia. Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model Gravitasi. Model tersebut diestimasi menggunakan regresi fixed effect model atau random effect model. Hasil-hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa tingkat korupsi di Indonesia, baik itu CPI ataupun CC, berpengaruh buruk terhadap volume perdagangan barang capital di Indonesia. Adapun untuk barang konsumsi, barang intermediate, dan barang mentah, hubungan negative terhadap korupsi di Indonesia hanya ditunjukkan untuk CPI saja. Untuk CC dari Negara partner Indonesia, efeknya beragam terhadap volume perdagangan dari komoditas-komoditas terpilih tersebut.

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Many researchers are interested to study corruption using multiple countries and cross section techniques. Other scholars have examined the relationship between corruption and trade using share of trade to GDP. However, the conclusions of several empirical studies concerning the effect on trade are mixed. Some literatures found that corruption reduce trade volume whereas other literatures showed the opposite conclusion. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the association between corruption and trade volume on selected commodities like raw material goods, capital goods, intermediate goods, and consumer goods focusing on Indonesian case.This paper used Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and control of corruption (CC) as corruption indicators. Meanwhile, trade volume was indicated by Indonesian export and import value. Gravity model is used to formulate the problem of this topic and this model is regressed using fixed effect or random effect model. Empirical results demonstrate that trade volume of capital goods is adversely affected by the degree of corruption in Indonesia either CPI or CC. Meanwhile for consumer goods, intermediate goods and raw material goods, these commodities have negative relationship with the level of corruption in Indonesia, only CPI. For CC of Indonesia's trading partner, its effects are mixed for the selected commodities."