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"Lithium titanat merupakan salah satu senyawa yang digunakan sebagai anoda pada baterai litium ion. Senyawa ini disintesis dengan menggunakan metode hidrotermal dengan mencampurkan xerogel TiO2 yang dihasilkan dari metode sol-gel dan lithium karbonat (Li2CO3) sebagai sumber lithium. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan tiga variasi temperatur sintering yaitu 500, 650 dan 750°C. Pengaruh dari masing-masing temperatur kemudian diamati dengan menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Spektroskopi FTIR dan scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada temperatur sintering 550°C menghasilkan senyawa Li4Ti5O12 dengan ukuran kristalit 15.25 nm, luas permukaan 6.65 m2/g, ikatan Ti-O-Ti dan sturktur morfologi tidak beraturan (aglomerasi). Untuk temperatur sintering 650°C menghasilkan Li4Ti5O12 dan dengan ukuran kristalit 45.70 nm, luas permukaan 1.91 m2/g, ikatan Ti-O-Ti dan sturktur morfologi tidak beraturan (aglomerasi). Sedangkan untuk temperatur 750°C menghasilkan senyawa Li4Ti5O12 dengan ukuran kristalit 19.59 nm, ikatan Ti-O-Ti dan sturktur morfologi tidak beraturan (aglomerasi).

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Lithium titanate is one of the compounds used as anodes in lithium ion batteries. This compound is synthesized using hydrothermal method by mixing TiO2 xerogel resulting from the sol-gel method and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) as a source of lithium. In this study, three variations of the sintering temperature is used, that is 500, 650 and 750°C. The influence of each temperature is observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the sintering temperature of 550°C produces Li4Ti5O12 with crystallite size 15.25 nm, surface area 6.65 m2/g, Ti-O-Ti bonding and irregular morphological structures (agglomeration). For the sintering temperature of 650°C is produced Li4Ti5O12 with 45.70 nm crystallite size, surface area 1.91 m2/g, Ti-O-Ti bonding and irregular morphological structures (agglomeration). As for the temperature of 750°C, produces Li4Ti5O12 with 19.59 nm, Ti-O-Ti bonding and irregular morphological structures (agglomeration)"

"Proses sol-gel yang dikombinasikan dengan proses hidrotermal digunakan untuk mensintesis partikel Li4Ti5O12 yang akan digunakan sebagai material anoda baterai lithium ion. Modifikasi ini dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kristalinitas Li4Ti5O12. Proses sol-gel digunakan untuk membuat xerogel TiO2 dari bakalan titanium tetrabutoksida. Polimorf anatase didapatkan dengan melakukan proses kalsinasi xerogel TiO2 pada suhu 300oC dan kemudian direaksikan dengan larutan LiOH 5M melalui proses hidrotermal pada suhu 135oC selama 15 jam untuk membentuk Li4Ti5O12. Proses sintering kemudian dilakukan pada variasi suhu 550oC, 650oC, dan 750oC untuk menentukan kualitas Li4Ti5O12 terbaik berdasarkan pengujian STA, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, dan BET. Suhu sintering yang paling tinggi memiliki intensitas dan kristalinitas yang tinggi, serta gugus organik paling sedikit, namun memiliki luas permukaan dan poros yang paling kecil serta ukuran partikel yang paling besar.Sol-gel process which was combined with hydrothermal process was used to synthesise Li4Ti5O12 particle which was used as li-ion battery anode material. This modification was developed to increase the crystallinity of Li4Ti5O12. Sol-gel process was used to develop TiO2 xerogel from titanium tetrabutoxide precursor. Anatase polymorph was obtained by calcining the TiO2 xerogel at 300oC and then reacted with 5M LiOH aqueous by hydrothermal process at 135oC for 15 hours to form Li4Ti5O12. Sintering process was used in temperature variation at 550oC, 650oC, and 750oC to determine the best quality of Li4Ti5O12 based on STA, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and BET characterization. High crystallinity and intensity, also the least organic compounds were found at the highest sintering temperature. So were the smallest surface area and porosity, also the highest particle size."

"[Komposit Li4Ti5O12 dan Sn untuk material anoda baterai lithium-ion dipreparasi dengan 2 rute, yaitu sintesis Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) dengan metode hidrotermal dan mixing LTO dan Sn menggunakan ball mill. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh suhu kalsinasi yang optimum pembentukan fasa spinel LTO serta penambahan berat serbuk Sn yang tepat untuk memperoleh peningkatan performa LTO. Sampel dikarakterisasi menggunakan DT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, dan EIS. Sedang properti elektrokimia dianalisis menggunakan tes charge/discharge battery analyzer. Hasil menunjukkan telah terbentuk fasa spinelLTO dan butir tumbuh 17, 20, dan 40 nm masing-masing untuk suhu kalsinasi 500, 600, dan 700oC. Foto SEM memperlihatkan butir-butir berbusa dan mengalami aglomerasi yang merupakan efek dari proses sintesis hidrotermal. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh sampel komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% dengan nilai konduktivitas tertinggi yaitu 9,06 x 10-7 S/cm. Uji cyclic voltammetry menunjukkan pasangan anodik-katodik tegangan reduksi-oksidasi LTO 1,5 dan 1,7 V, serta 1,71 dan 2,11 V untuk TiO2. Sedangkan tegangan litiasi Sn terdeteksi0,61 V. Untuk uji charge/discharge komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% memperlihatkan penambahan Sn akan memberi keuntungan saat tegangan rendah(0,6 V) yaitu komposit masih memiliki kapasitas. Kapasitas spesifik untuk komposit LTO 500oC dan Sn 10% mencapai 110 mAh/g dengan C/3.;Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have been prepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) with hydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball milling method. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcination temperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder is to obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties were analyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTO spinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nm respectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photograph showing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect of hydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltage LTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at 0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed the addition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still has capacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110 mAh/g with C/3.;Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have beenprepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) withhydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball millingmethod. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcinationtemperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder isto obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties wereanalyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTOspinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nmrespectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photographshowing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect ofhydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sncomposite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltageLTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed theaddition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still hascapacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110mAh/g with C/3., Li4Ti5O12 and Sn composites as anode material for lithium-ion battery have beenprepared with two routes, ie. synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 (namely LTO) withhydrothermal method and mixing LTO and Sn using mechanical ball millingmethod. The purposes of this study are to obtain the optimum calcinationtemperatures LTO spinel phase formation and the precise addition of Sn powder isto obtain the improved performance of LTO. Samples have been characterized byDT/TGA, XRD, SEM EDX, and ElS. Meanwhile, electrochemical properties wereanalyzed using a charge-discharge test battery analyzer. Results showed that LTOspinel phase has been formed and the grains growth 17, 20, and 40 nmrespectively for calcination temperature 500, 600, and 700°C. SEM photographshowing a grain foaming and run into agglomeration which is the effect ofhydrothermal synthesis process. From this study, LTO 500oC and 10%Sncomposite has the highest conductivity value ie 9.06 x 10-7 S/cm. Test cyclicvoltammetry showed a couple of anodic-cathodic reduction-oxidation voltageLTO 1.48 and 1.74 V, and 1.65 and 2.11 V for TiO2. Lithiation voltage for Sn at0.61 V. For test charge/discharge LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite showed theaddition of Sn will benefit current low voltage (0.6 V) is a composite still hascapacity. Specific capacity for LTO 500oC and 10%Sn composite up to 110mAh/g with C/3.]"

"Sintesis Li4Ti5O12 telah banyak diteliti karena merupakan material yang menjanjikan sebagai anoda baterai ion lithium dibandingkan dengan anoda konvensional seperti carbon. Preparasi sampel TiO2 dilakukan melalui proses solgel Rw 3,5. Lithium titanat disintesiss dengan metode solid-state dengan variabel perbedaan kadar LiOH untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap struktur kristal, sifat elektrokimia lithium titanat yang dihasilkan. Sampel yang disinteis terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu penambahan massa LiOH secara stokiometri, massa LiOH berlebih 50% dari stokiometri dan 100% berlebih dari stokiometri. Sampel dikarakterisasi menggunakan EDS, BET, XRD, SEM, dan UV-VIS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, lithium titanat yang dihasilkan dengan perbandingan kadar LiOH dengan TiO2 secara stokiometri memilki tingkat kecocokan tertinggi, ukuran partikel dan energi celah terkecil dan luas permukaan terbesar bila dibandingkan dengan sampel yang kadar LiOH dibuat berlebih. Pengaruh dari perbedaan kadar LiOH dapat membentuk pengotor TiO2 rutile dan Li2TiO3.

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Synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 has been widely studied as a promising material as an anode of lithium ion batteries compared to conventional anodes like carbon. Preparation sample of TiO2 is done through a process sol-gel Rw 3.5. Lithium titanate synthesized by solid-state method with variable of LiOH ratio to determine the their effects on the crystal structure, electrochemical properties of lithium titanate produced. Samples were synthesized consisting of three types, which are the addition of LiOH in stoichiometric, mass excess LiOH 50% and 100% of the stoichiometric. The samples were characterized using EDS, BET, XRD, SEM, and UV-VIS.

The results showed, lithium titanate synthesized by stoichiometric ratio of LiOH and TiO2 have the highest match rate, lowest particle size and energy gap and largest surface area, compared to samples synthesized excessive levels of LiOH. The effect of mass variation of LiOH can make impurities like TiO2 rutile and Li2TiO3."

"ABSTRAKLitium titanat (Li4Ti5O12)/LTO merupakan senyawa yang digunakan sebagai anoda baterai litium ion. Untuk meningkatkan performa baterai litium ion maka dilakukan material komposit pada LTO yaitu LTO nanorod/Sn-grafit. Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh variasi temperatur hidrotermal pada Li4Ti5O12 nanorod dan variasi persen berat timah (Sn) pada Li4Ti5O12 nanorod/Sn -grafit sebagai anoda baterai litium. Variasi temperatur hidrotermal pada sintesis LTO nanorod adalah 2000 C, 2200 C, dan 2400 C. Variasi komposisi persen berat Sn adalah 5%, 7,5%,dan 10%. Sementara persen berat grafit adalah konstan sebesar 10%. Karakterisasi material dilakukan dengan XRD dan SEM. Analisis performa baterai dilakukan dengan pengujian EIS, CV, dan CD. Hasil pengujian XRD menunjukkkan terdapat senyawa LTO nanorod, TiO2 rutile, Li2TiO3, Sn dan grafit. Hasil pengujian SEM menunjukkan tidak ada aglomerasi yang terbentuk dan semakin tinggi temperatur hidrotermal maka bentuk LTO nanorod semakin jelas. Hasil pengujian EIS menunjukkan penambahan persen berat Sn menurunkan nilai konduktivitas. Nilai konduktivitas berbanding terbalik dengan nilai resistivitas (Rct). Nilai konduktivitas tertinggi pada sampel L240Sn5dengan nilai Rct 58,04 Ω . Hasil pengujian CD menunjukkan bahwa material Sn pada komposit meningkatkan nilai kapasitas baterai. Tetapi penambahan persen berat Sn akan menurunkan nilai kapasitas baterai secara drastis seperti terlihat di nilai C-rates sampel. Hasil pengujian CV menunjukkan nilai kapasitas yang paling tinggi adalah 179,38 Mah/g yaitu pada sampel L220Sn7,5. Nilai sampel paling rendah adalah 130,02 Mah/g pada sampel L200Sn7,5. Tegangan kerja yang paling baik adalah 1,5585 V pada sampel L240Sn5. Tegangan kerja pada sampel ini mendekati tegangan kerja nominal LTO yaitu 1,55V. Variasi Sn pada komposit LTO nanorod/Sn-grafit yang paling baik adalah 5 % (L240Sn5-G10).

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ABSTRACTLithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) / LTO is a compound used as an anode for lithium ion batteries. To improve the performance of lithium ion batteries, composite materials are carried out on LTO, namely LTO nanorod / Sn-graphite. This study discusses the effect of hydrothermal temperature variations on Li4Ti5O12 nanorods and variations in the weight percent of Sn on Li4Ti5O12 nanorod / Sn-graphite as an lithium battery anode. Hydrothermal temperature variations in the synthesis of LTO nanorods are 2000 C, 2200 C, and 2400 C. The variation of the composition of weight percent Sn is 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. While graphite weight percent is constant at 10%. Material characterization is done by using XRD and SEM. The performance analysis of the battery is done by testing the EIS, CV, and CD. The XRD test results showed that there are compounds of LTO nanorod, rutile TiO2, Li2TiO3, Sn and graphite. SEM test results show that no agglomerates are formed and the higher the hydrothermal temperature, the more clear the shape of the LTO nanorod. The EIS test results show that the addition of weight percent Sn decreases the conductivity value. The conductivity value is inversely proportional to the resistivity value (Rct). The highest conductivity value in the L240Sn5 sample with an Rct value of 58.04 Ω. The CD test results show that the Sn material on the composite increases the value of the battery capacity. But the addition of weight percent Sn will reduce the value of battery capacity drastically as seen in the sample C-rates. The CV test results show the highest capacity value is 179.38 Mah / g, ie in the L220Sn7.5 sample. The lowest sample value is 130.02 Mah / g in the L200Sn7.5 sample. The best working voltage is 1.5585 V in the L240Sn5 sample. The working voltage in this sample approaches the nominal working voltage of LTO which is 1.55V. The best variation of Sn in LTO nanorod / Sn-graphite composites is 5% (L240Sn5-G10)."

"Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12) or (LTO) has a potential as an anode material for a high performance lithium ion battery. In this work, LTO was synthesized by a hydrothermal method using Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) xerogel prepared by a sol-gel method and Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH). The sol-gel process was used to synthesize TiO2 xerogel from a titanium tetra-n-butoxide/Ti(OC4H9)4 precursor. An anatase polymorph was obtained by calcining the TiO2 xerogel at a low temperature, i.e.: 300oC and then the hydrothermal reaction was undertaken with 5M LiOH aqueous solution in a hydrothermal process at 135oC for 15 hours to form Li4Ti5O12. The sintering process was conducted at a temperature range varying from 550oC, 650oC, and 750oC, respectively to determine the optimum characteristics of Li4Ti5O12. The characterization was based on Scanning Thermal Analysis (STA), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) testing results. The highest intensity of XRD peaks and FTIR spectra of the LTO were found at the highest sintering temperature (750oC). As a trade-off, however, the obtained LTO/Li4Ti5O12 possesses the smallest BET surface area (< 0.001 m2/g) with the highest crystallite size (56.45 nm)."

"[ABSTRAKHroksiapatit merupakan jenis biomaterial sintetis yang mempunyai fasa yang paling stabil dibandingkan dengan senyawa kalsiun fosfat lainnya, selain itu hidroksiapatit memiliki tingkat kemiripan yang tinggi dengan tulang, sehingga hidroksiapatik banyak diaplikasikan sebagai bone graft sintetis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu sintering terhadap kemurnian kristal hidroksiapatit yang dihasilkan. Hidroksiapatit dari prekursor kimia CaCO3 dan (NH4)2HPO4 disintesis dengan menggunakan metode hidrotermal pada temperatur 150oC dan 300oC. Hasil dari sintesis hidroksiapatik dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), dan Energy Dispersive Analysis X-Ray (EDX). Hasil karakterisasi XRD memperlihatkan intensitas tertinggi rata-rata berada pada sudut 2θ yaitu, 25.898o, 31.789o, 32.216o, 32.922o, 46.729o, dan 49.524o. Hasil dari SEM memperlihatkan morfologi dari sampel bebrbetuk nanoroot dan hasil dari EDX menunjukan rasio Ca/P sebesar 1.8.ABSTRACTHydroxyapatite is the most phase-stable syntetic biomaterial compared to another calcium phospate material. Hydroxyapatite also has high similarity with bone which make it has wide application as syntetic bone graft. Purpose of this research is to study the effect of sintering time towards hydroxyapatite crystal?s purity. Hydroxyapatite made from chemical precursor CaCO3 and (NH4)2HPO4 was synthesized using hydrothermal method on 150oC and 300oC. Synthesized hydroxyapatite was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Analysis X-Ray (EDX). The result of characterization showed that highest average intensity on 2θ were: 25.898o, 31.789o, 32.216o, 32.922o, 46.729o, and 49.524o.;Hydroxyapatite is the most phase-stable syntetic biomaterial compared to another calcium phospate material. Hydroxyapatite also has high similarity with bone which make it has wide application as syntetic bone graft. Purpose of this research is to study the effect of sintering time towards hydroxyapatite crystal?s purity. Hydroxyapatite made from chemical precursor CaCO3 and (NH4)2HPO4 was synthesized using hydrothermal method on 150oC and 300oC. Synthesized hydroxyapatite was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Analysis X-Ray (EDX). The result of characterization showed that highest average intensity on 2θ were: 25.898o, 31.789o, 32.216o, 32.922o, 46.729o, and 49.524o.;Hydroxyapatite is the most phase-stable syntetic biomaterial compared to another calcium phospate material. Hydroxyapatite also has high similarity with bone which make it has wide application as syntetic bone graft. Purpose of this research is to study the effect of sintering time towards hydroxyapatite crystal?s purity. Hydroxyapatite made from chemical precursor CaCO3 and (NH4)2HPO4 was synthesized using hydrothermal method on 150oC and 300oC. Synthesized hydroxyapatite was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Analysis X-Ray (EDX). The result of characterization showed that highest average intensity on 2θ were: 25.898o, 31.789o, 32.216o, 32.922o, 46.729o, and 49.524o., Hydroxyapatite is the most phase-stable syntetic biomaterial compared to another calcium phospate material. Hydroxyapatite also has high similarity with bone which make it has wide application as syntetic bone graft. Purpose of this research is to study the effect of sintering time towards hydroxyapatite crystal’s purity. Hydroxyapatite made from chemical precursor CaCO3 and (NH4)2HPO4 was synthesized using hydrothermal method on 150oC and 300oC. Synthesized hydroxyapatite was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Analysis X-Ray (EDX). The result of characterization showed that highest average intensity on 2θ were: 25.898o, 31.789o, 32.216o, 32.922o, 46.729o, and 49.524o.]"

"Pengembangan baterai listrik sebagai sumber energi utama untuk electricity-vehicle menjadi fokus utama dalam industri otomotif terkini. Salah satu dari sumber energi listrik yang paling banyak dikembangkan adalah baterai ion lithium. Komponen penting pada Baterai Ion-Lihium yakni katoda merupakan salah satu komponen yang banyak dilakukan pengembangan pada bidang industri, katoda yang paling banyak digunakan pada pengembangan industri baterai ion-lihium adalah LiCoO2 dan NMC 622. NMC material memiliki keuntungan dibandingkan LiCoO2 terutama dalam keseimbangan energy density, power capability, dan cost dari produk. Material NMC juga memiliki kesetimbangan termal yang lebih baik dibandingkan LiCoO2 sehinga lebih safety dalam proses sintesis material. Penelitian kali ini, menggunakan NMC 622 sebagai katoda utama dengan disintesis menggunakan metode solution combustion (SCS) dengan variasi suhu sintering. Metode solution combustion digunakan karena metode ini sederhana dalam pengunaannya, cost yang cenderung murah, dan proses sintesis tidak memakan waktu yang lama. Untuk mendapatkan data penelitian, mengenai performa terbaik pada hasil sisntesis dilakukan variasi suhu sintering pada 3 variasi suhu 700 oC, 800 oC, dan 900 oC. Hasil dari uji SEM-EDS menyatakan bahwa material memiliki distribusi partikel yang baik. Hasil XRD menunjukkan hasil struktur material yang berbentuk hexagonal. NMC 622 800 oC memiliki kapasitas 137.24787 mAh/g, NMC 622 700 oC sebesar 101.56644 mAh/g dan kapasitas NMC 622 900 oC sebesar 66.61218 mAh/g.

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The development of electric batteries as the main energy source for electricity-vehicles is a major focus in the current automotive industry. One of the most widely developed sources of electrical energy is the lithium-ion battery. An important component in the Ion-Lihium Battery, cathode is one of the components that is widely developed in the industrial field, the cathode that is most widely used in the development of the ion-lihium battery industry is LiCoO2 and NMC 622. NMC material has advantages over LiCoO2 especially in the balance of energy density, power capability, and cost of the product. NMC material also has a better thermal equilibrium than LiCoO2 so that it is more safety in the material synthesis process. This research uses NMC 622 as the main cathode by synthesizing it using the solution combustion (SCS) method with variations in sintering temperature. The solution combustion method is used because this method is simple in its use, the cost tends to be cheap, and the synthesis process does not take a long time. To obtain research data, regarding the best performance in the synthesis results, sintering temperature variations were carried out at 3 temperature variations of 700 oC, 800 oC, and 900 oC. The results of the SEM-EDS test state that the material has a good particle distribution. XRD results show the results of hexagonal material structure. NMC 622 800 oC has a capacity of 137.24787 mAh/g, NMC 622 700 oC of 101.56644 mAh/g and a capacity of NMC 622 900 oC of 66.61218 mAh/g."

"ABSTRAKLitium titanat (Li4Ti5O12) merupakan salah satu alternatif elektroda anoda yang dapat menggantikan grafit pada baterai Li-ion. Kelebihan litium titanat dibandingkan grafit adalah kestabilan struktur kristal hampir tidak mengalami perubahan selama interkalasi dan de-interkalasi ion Li+. Namun litium titanat memiliki kelemahan yaitu konduktivitas listrik dan difusi ion litium yang rendah. Penelitian ini dilakukan proses sintesis dengan menggunakan metode gabungan hidrotermal dan mekanokimia. Proses fabrikasi baterai dengan penambahan material aditif acetylene black (AB) dengan variasi berat 10%, 12% dan 15%. Tujuan penambahan aditif untuk meningkatkan konduktivitas listrik. Karakterisasi material dengan menggunakan SEM-EDS, XRD dan BET. Hasil karakterisasi SEM-EDS menunjukkan persebaran partikel hampir homogen dengan rata-rata ukuran partikel 0,35 μm. Terbentuk fasa spinel Li4Ti5O12 dan TiO2 rutile hasil XRD dan luas permukaan yang terbentuk dengan pengujian BET adalah 2,26 m2/g. Baterai sel koin dibuat sel setengah dengan menggunakan Li4Ti5O12 sebagai katoda dan logam litium sebagai anoda. Uji performa sel baterai dengan electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) dan charge discharge (CD). Nilai konduktivatas yang besar didapatkan pada kadar AB terbanyak. Sedangkan hasil uji cyclic voltammetry dan charge-discharge didapatkan hasil yaitu semakin banyak penambahan kadar AB yang diberikan maka kapasitas spesifik baterai semakin menurun. Kapasitas terbesar pada rate tinggi 10C didapatkan pada kadar 10% dengan kapasitas spesifik sebesar 40,91 mAh/g.

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ABSTRACT

Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) could be used as anode electrode in Li-ion battery, replacement graphite in Li-ion battery application. Crystal structure lithium titanate is more stable than graphite, it doesn?t charge during intercalation and de-intercalation process Li+ ions. However, lithium titanate has good stability, the material has lower electrical conductivity and lower lithium ion diffusion. This research, synthesis process were accomplished by using a combinated of hydrothermal and mechanochemical process. In battery fabrication process with an acetylene black conductive (AB) additive of the mass variation was 10%, 12% and 15% in wt. The purpose of using additive acetylene black to increase the electric conductivity. Materials characterization using SEM-EDS, XRD and BET. SEM characterization result show homogeneous distribution of particle with an average particel size of 0.35 μm. Li4Ti5O12 spinel phase and TiO2 rutile XRD result and the surface area formed by BET is 2.26 m2/g. Made coin cell batteries half cell using Li4Ti5O12 as a cathode and lithium metal as the anode. Test performance battery with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge discharge (CD). Conductivity great value obtained at the highest levels of AB. Meanwhile, cyclic voltammetry and charge-discharge testing the result show that higher percentage of AB causing the decrease of battery specific capacity. The capacity specific at a high rate of 10C at a level of 10% with the specific capacity of 40.91 mAh/g."

"Dalam rangka meningkatkan performa anoda litium titanat, penelitian ini difokuskan pada doping ion Ca2 untuk mensubtitusi ion Li membentuk Li4-xCaxTi5O12 dengan nilai x=0, 0.05, 0.075, dan 0.125 dengan menggunakan metode solid-state. Sumber ion Ca2 adalah CaCO3 yang berasal dari cangkang telur ayam yang sudah dibersihkan, dihaluskan dan dikeringkan. Dopant ini dikarakterisasi untuk mengetahui komponen fasa utama melalui pengujian XRD dan SEM-EDS. Serbuk sampel LTO pristine dan yang didoping dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, SEM-EDS, STA, dan FTIR. dan juga diuji performa elektrokimianya dengan EIS, CV dan CD. Hasil karakterisasi dopant CaCO3 dari cangkang telur menunjukkan komponen fasa utama CaCO3 dengan polimorf calcite, dengan morfologi butiran partikel halus teraglomerasi yang memiliki kemurnian tinggi. Karakterisasi serbuk sampel material anoda menggunakan uji XRD menunjukkan dopant Ca berhasil masuk kedalam struktur spinel LTO, dengan kadar penambahan maksimum x=0.05 dimana penambahan berlebih menghasilkan impuritas CaTiO3. Hasil SEM memperlihatkan semua sampel doping memiliki morfologi yang hampir serupa, partikulat teraglomerasi. Sampel LTO yang didoping ion Ca2 memiliki ukuran partikel yang lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan LTO tanpa doping. Peningkatan konduktivitas elektronik terlihat pada sampel yang didoping, dengan nilai hambatan terendah ditunjukkan oleh Li3.875Ca0.125Ti5O12 dengan Rct terendah yaitu 39.5 ?. Li3.875Ca0.125Ti5O12 juga memiliki initial discharge capacity tertinggi dengan nilai 168.2 mAh/g. Akan tetapi pada aplikasi rate tinggi, performa terbaik ditunjukkan oleh Li3.925Ca0.075Ti5O12 dengan kapasitas discharge 30.2 mAh/g pada 12 C, dimana persentasi retensi kapasitasnya sebesar 21.43 dibandingkan dengan kapasitas discharge pada rate 0.2 C.

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In order to improve the performance of Li4Ti5O12 LTO anode, this research was focused on Ca2 ion doping as substitute to Li ion to form Li4 xCaxTi5O12 with values of x 0, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.125 using solid state reaction. The Ca2 ion source was CaCO3 which synthesized from chicken eggshell that has been washed, grounded and dried. The dopant was characterized to determine the main phase component by XRD and SEM EDS. Pristine LTO and Ca doped LTO sample powder was characterized by XRD, SEM EDS, STA, FTIR and was also tested its electrochemical performance by EIS, CV and CD.

The CaCO3 dopant characterization results showed CaCO3 in calcite polymorph as the main phase, with agglomerated fine particulate morphology and high purity. Characterization of LTO sample powder with XRD revealed that dopant Ca successfully enter the structure of LTO spinel, with maximum addition level x 0.05, which excessive addition led to CaTiO3 impurity forming.

SEM result showed all Ca doped LTO have almost similar morphology, which was agglomerated particulate. Ca doped LTO samples have smaller particle size compared to pristine LTO. Electronic conductivity improvement was spotted at all of Ca doped LTO sample, with Li3.875Ca0.125Ti5O12 showed the lowest charge transfer resistance of 39.5 . Li3.875Ca0.125Ti5O12 also had the highest initial discharge capacity of 168.2 mAh g. Nevertheless, in high rate application, the best performance was showed by Li3.925Ca0.075Ti5O12 with discharge capacity of 30.2 mAh g at 12 C, which capacity retention percentage of 21.43 compared to discharge capacity at 0.2 C."