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"Penelitian ini mengajukan sebuah model adopsi teknologi chatbot dengan pendekatan teori elaboration likelihood model. Konstruk peripheral yang diuji antara lain visual attractiveness, language mastery, dan reputation. Sementara konstruk central yang diuji adalah information quality. Teori technology acceptance model (TAM) dijadikan referensi untuk pengembangan model yang tidak hanya mengevaluasi model secara fungsional seperti perceived ease-of-use dan perceived usefulness tetapi juga secara social seperti perceived sociability. Instrumen penelitian dikembangkan dalam bentuk survei yang disebarkan secara daring dimana responden akan diberikan waktu untuk berinteraksi dengan chatbot dan kemudian mengevaluasi pengalaman yang dirasakan. Uji hipotesis dilakukan dengan analisis data responden sejumlah 392 data dengan menggunakan metode CB-SEM. Ditemukan bahwa teori ELM dapat diterapkan dalam konteks adopsi teknologi chatbot. Rute peripheral (visual attractiveness, language mastery, dan reputation) memiliki korelasi positif terhadap perceived sociability. Rute central memiliki korelasi positif yang kuat terhadap perceived usefulness dan korelasi positif yang moderat terhadap perceived ease-of-use. Perceived sociability dan perceived usefulness ditemukan dapat memprediksi intensi pengguna untuk berinteraksi secara kuat. Sementara perceived ease-of-use tidak memiliki efek yang signifikan terhadap intensi pengguna untuk interaksi berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menguatkan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya yang menemukan bahwa chatbot tidak hanya butuh penerimaan secara fungsional, namun juga sosial. Dengan hasil ini, pengembang dapat mengetahui bagaimana prioritas yang harus disusun dalam pengembangan chatbot yang digunakan secara berkelanjutan oleh penggunanya.

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This study proposes a model for the adoption of chatbot technology using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) theory. Peripheral constructs that are tested in this study include visual attractiveness, language mastery, and reputation, while the central construct includes information quality. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is used as a reference for the development of this research model that discusses not only functional acceptance, such as perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness but also social acceptance (perceived sociability). Research instrument developed in the form of a survey distributed to respondents and will be given time to interact with the chatbot and then evaluate their experience. Hypothesis testing is done by analyzing the data of respondents amounting to 392 data using the CB-SEM method. It was found that ELM theory can be applied in the context of the adoption of chatbot technology. Peripheral route (visual attractiveness, language mastery, and reputation) have positive interactions with perceived sociability. The central route, information quality, has a strong positive correlation on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Perceived sociability and perceived usefulness are found to be a predicting factor for intention to use, while perceived ease of use does not have a correlation with the intention to use. This research support previous studies that found that for a chatbot to be adopted needs not only functional acceptance but also social acceptance. With this result, chatbots developers can understand how to design a chatbot that will be used by its users."

"Data panel merupakan gabungan dari dua jenis data, yaitu data cross section dan data longitudinal. Model regresi linier yang melibatkan data panel disebut dengan model regresi data panel. Pada saat melakukan observasi, sering ditemui bahwa nilai observasi di suatu lokasi bergantung pada nilai observasi di lokasi sekitarnya, yang dikenal dengan spasial dependen. Model regresi data panel yang turut melibatkan aspek ketergantungan lokasi (spasial dependen) dikenal dengan model spasial data panel. Model spasial lag data panel menunjukkan adanya ketergantungan antara variabel dependen di suatu lokasi dengan variabel dependen di lokasi sekitarnya. Pada tugas akhir ini akan dibahas penaksiran parameter pada Random Effects Spatial Lag Panel Data Model dengan komponen error satu arah menggunakan metode maksimum likelihood."

"Pemodelan data waktu tunggu berperan penting dalam berbagai bidang ilmu. Distribusi Weibull merupakan salah satu distribusi waktu tunggu yang umum digunakan karena dapat menggambarkan kemencengan yang sering kali ditemui pada data waktu tunggu. Namun, distribusi Weibull tidak selalu memberi kesesuaian pada data waktu tunggu, terutama yang memiliki fungsi hazard non monoton. Pada skripsi ini, dibahas pembentukan suatu distribusi baru, yaitu distribusi New Extended Weibull, untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Distribusi New Extended Weibull dihasilkan dengan metode modifikasi new extended yang dikenalkan oleh Khosa, et. al (2020). Modifikasi dilakukan dengan menambahkan suatu parameter shape 0 pada distribusi Weibull dua parameter melalui fungsi bobot. Distribusi baru ini cocok untuk memodelkan data yang memiliki fungsi kepadatan peluang dengan kemencengan negatif ataupun positif dan fungsi hazard rate yang monoton maupun yang non monoton. Beberapa karakteristik dari distribusi New Extended Weibull seperti fungsi kepadatan peluang, fungsi distribusi, fungsi survival, fungsi hazard rate, dan momen ke-𝑟 juga dibahas. Kemudian, taksiran parameter dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode maksimum likelihood. Pada bagian akhir, dilakukan pemodelan menggunakan distribusi NE-W pada data masa remisi pada pasien penderita kanker kandung kemih sebagai ilustrasi

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Lifetime data modeling plays an important role in various fields of science. The Weibull distribution is one of the most commonly used lifetime distributions because it can describe the skewness that is often found in lifetime data. However, the Weibull distribution does not always fit the data, especially those with non-monotonous hazard rate functions. This study explained the construction of a new distribution, namely the New Extended Weibull distribution, to overcome this problem. The New Extended Weibull distribution is developed using the new extended modification method introduced by Khosa, et. al (2020). Modification is done by adding a shape parameter 0 to the two-parameter Weibull distribution through a weight function. This new distribution is suitable for modeling data with negative or positive skewness probability density function and not only monotonous, but also data with non-monotonous hazard rate functions. Some of the characteristics of the New Extended Weibull distribution, such as probability density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function, hazard rate function, and the 𝑟-th moment are also discussed. Then, parameter estimation is done by using the maximum likelihood method. In the final section, a practical application is discussed using the NE-W distribution model on the remission times data of patients with bladder cancer"

"Tugas akhir ini membahas mengenai penggunaan metode Maksimum Likelihood (ML) dan Bayes dalam penaksiran parameter shape 𝛽 pada distribusi Kumaraswamy. Kedua metode tersebut akan dibandingkan berdasarkan Mean Square Error (MSE) yang diperoleh dari masing-masing taksiran. Pada metode Bayes digunakan dua fungsi Loss yaitu Square Error Loss Function (SELF) dan Precautionary Loss Function (PLF). Selanjutnya, akan dibandingkan Resiko Posterior yang diperoleh dari kedua fungsi loss tersebut. Hasil yang diperoleh dari perbandingan tersebut diterapkan pada data hidrologi sebagai rekomendasi metode terbaik yang dapat menggambarkan data tersebut.

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This paper disscusses about Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayes method in estimating the shape β parameter in Kumaraswamy distribution. Both of the methods will be compared according to Mean Square Error (MSE) obtained from each estimator. At Bayes method, it will be used two Loss functions, those are Square Error Loss Function (SELF) and Precautionary Loss Function (PLF). Then, Posterior Risk obtained from both of loss functions will be compared. The comparison will be applied to hydrological data as a recommendation for the best method in representating the data."

"Infeksi saluran kemih dan batu ginjal merupakan masalah kesehatan dengan prevalensi dan insidensi yang tinggi di dunia. Pasien batu ginjal dapat mengalami penurunan fungsi ginjal yang dapat berujung pada Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara infeksi saluran kemih dengan fungsi ginjal pada pasien batu ginjal. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang, melibatkan 5463 pasien batu ginjal yang menjalani perawatan di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM) pada tahun 2000-2013. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 1140 pasien yang mempunyai data leukosit urin dan kreatinin serum. Sampel didapatkan dengan metode total population sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mempelajari rekam medis pasien. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rasio subjek lakilaki: perempuan sebesar 7:3, prevalensi infeksi saluran kemih pada pasien batu ginjal sebesar 27.3%, prevalensi fungsi ginjal buruk pada pasien batu ginjal sebesar 37.4%, dan nilai kemaknaan p<0.0001 pada hubungan antara infeksi saluran kemih dengan fungsi ginjal pada pasien batu ginjal. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara infeksi saluran kemih dengan fungsi ginjal pada pasien batu ginjal. Diperlukan penatalaksanaan serta pencegahan infeksi saluran kemih pada pasien batu ginjal untuk mencegah perburukan fungsi ginjal.

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Urinary tract infections and kidney stones are among the high prevalence health problems in the world. Kidney stone patients may have reduced kidney function that can lead to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). This study investigates possible relations between urinary tract infection with renal function in kidney stone patient.

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 5463 patients undergoing treatment for calculous disease in Cipto Mangunkusumo National Center General Hospital (RSUPNCM) between 2000 and 2013. Data were collected from 1140 patients whose urine leukocytes and serum creatinine data were recorded. Samples were obtained using total population sampling method. Data were collected from patient's medical record. Patient characteristics were well matched generally.

The male to female ratio of subjects were 7:3 with a mean age of 46. Among subjects, 27.3% had urinary tract infections while 37.4% had poor kidney function. There was a significance value of p<0.0001 on the relationship between urinary tract infection and renal function in kidney stone patients.

In conclusion, there is a significant association between urinary tract infections and renal function in kidney stone patients. Management and prevention of urinary tract infections are necessary in kidney stone patients to prevent deterioration of renal function."

"Penyakit batu saluran kemih merupakan masalah kesehatan yang cukup besar. Riset kesehatan dasar tahun 2013 menunjukkan jumlah kasus batu ginjal sebesar 0,6% dari seluruh masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Penyakit batu ginjal dapat menyebabkan terganggunya fungsi ginjal dan dapat berkembang menjadi gagal ginjal. Pada penyakit batu saluran kemih stone burden adalah luas permukaan batu yang merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh pada penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi cross-sectional dengan data sekunder dari rekam medis pasien batu ginjal di Departemen Urologi Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo sebanyak 5464 pasien. Dengan menggunakan teknik total population sampling didapatkan sebanyak 1898 pasien memiliki data kadar kreatinin dan ukuran batu ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara high stone burden dengan fungsi ginjal pada pasien batu ginjal. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan perbandingan subjek laki-laki terhadap perempuan sebesar 4:1 dan perbandingan jumlah subjek usia dewasa dengan usia lanjut sebesar 3:2. Sebesar 834 (43,9%) dengan prevalensi high stone burden, sebesar 778 (41%) dengan prevalensi fungsi ginjal buruk. Melalui uji statistik didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara high stone burden dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal (p<0,001). Perlu dilakukan edukasi terhadap masyarakat mengenai pentingnya pemeriksaan dan penatalaksanaan lebih awal pada pasien batu ginjal.

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Urolithiasis is a big problem with many cases. Riset kesehatan dasar 2013 showed that kidney stone disease have 0,6% of prevalence from all of the health problems in Indonesia. Kidney stone disease can cause reduced kidney function and it leads to kidney failure. Stone burden is kidney stone?s surface area which is a factor that have some effect in urolithiasis. This is a cross-sectional study, the secondary data collected from 5464 medical records of kidney stone patients at Department of Urology, Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital. With total population sampling, there are 1898 subjects who have cratinin serum and stone size data. Purpose of this study is to find association between high stone burden and kidney function in kidney stone patients. From this study, we found that the ratio of men and women is 4:1 and the ratio of adults and elders is 3:2. High stone burden have 43,9% (834) of prevalence and reduced kidney function have 41% (778) of prevalence. From statistic test we found that there is a significant association between high stone burden and reduced kidney function (p< 0,001). Education to the people about the importancy of early medical check up and treatment is needed to be done."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Gangguan fungsi kognitif dapat terjadi pada pekerja yang terpajan toluen. Gangguan fungsi kognitif tersebut terutama adalah penurunan memori, atensi dan konsentrasi, yang dapat menurunkan produktifitas kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui prevalensi gangguan fungsi kognitif dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Metode Penelitian. Desain potong lintang dilakukan pada 102 orang pekerja perempuan usia 19-40 tahun dan pendidikan minimal SMA. Data dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner, pemeriksaan fisik dan laboratorium serta MMSE. Kriteria inklusi adalah masa kerja ≥ 1 tahun dan bersedia menjadi responden dengan menandatangani informed consent. Kriteria eksklusi adalah hamil, menstruasi,merokok, minum alkohol, riwayat cedera kepala, hipertensi, gula darah dan dislipidemia. Faktor risiko yang diteliti antara lain umur, status perkawinan, masa kerja, lama kerja, kepatuhan pakai masker , stres kerja dan status gizi. Umur, status perkawinan,masa kerja dan lama kerja diambil dari data HRD. Status gizi didapatkan dari perhitungan Indeks Massa Tubuh. Kepatuhan pakai masker berdasarkan pengawasan kepatuhan APD. Stres kerja dinilai menggunakan kuesioner Survey Diagnostik Stress . Hasil. Walaupun kadar toluen didapat lebih kecil dari nilai ambang batas toluen , didapatkan prevalensi gangguan fungsi kognitif sebesar 52 %. Area kognitif yang menurun adalah atensi kalkulasi dan visuospasial. Faktor risiko yang secara bermakna mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif adalah masa kerja, lama kerja, kepatuhan pemakaian masker, stres kerja yang meliputi konflik peran, ketaksaan peran, beban kerja kualitatif, beban kerja kuantitatif, pengembangan karir dan tanggung jawab rekan kerja. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan konflik peran merupakan faktor risiko yang paling mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif ( OR 7,546 Interval kepercayaan 95% 1,5 ? 41,88 ) Kesimpulan. Prevalensi penurunan fungsi kognitif studi ini lebih besar dari penelitian sebelumnya dan teori. Aspek kognitif yang menurun didominasi oleh atensi kalkulasi dan visuospasial. Konflik peran merupakan faktor risiko yang paling mempengaruhi gangguan fungsi kognitif.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention ? Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 ? 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention ? calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment;Background. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention – Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 – 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention – calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment, Background. Cognitive Function Impairment can happen among workers expose by Toluene. This impairment mainly effect in attention, concentration and memory function, and can decrease working productivity. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of Cognitive Function impairment and related risk factors Method. Cross sectional design study was conducted on 102 female workers, age 19-40 years old and graduated from senior high school. Age and education were obtained from secondary data, and followed by interviews, physical and laboratory examination and Mini Mental States Examination. The inclusion criteria were age ≥ 1 year of work and willing to be the subject of research. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, menstruation, smoker, Alcohol consumption, history of head injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and Dyslipidemia. Risk factor included in this study were age, marital status, duration of work,time of work, PPE obedience ,work stress and nutritional status. Age, Marital status, Duration and Time of work were from secondary data of HRD department. Nutritional status was obtained from body mass index calculation. face mask obedience was obtained from data of wearing mask compliance. Work stress was assessed using Survey Diagnostic Stress Questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of Cognitive Function Impairment was 52 % , mainly at Attention – Calculation and Visuospasial Aspect respectively. Significant risk factors ( p value < 0,05 ) in this study were duration of work and time of work, PPE obedience and all of work stress domain. The Result of multivariate analysis show that conflict of role was the most influence factor ( OR 7,546 C.I 95% 1,5 – 41,88 ) Conclusion. This study found that the prevalence of cognitive function impairment was higher than theory and other similar studies . Cognitive aspects mainly affected were attention – calculation and visuospatial. Conflict of role was the most inluence risk factor relating with cognitive function impairment]"

"[ABSTRAKPM2,5 dapat masuk ke alveoli dan menjadi pemicu terjadinya inflamasi sehingga menyebabkan penurunan fungsi paru. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis secara spasial hubungan antara konsentrasi PM2,5 udara dalam rumah dengan penurunan fungsi paru pada ibu rumah tangga sekitar industri Desa Sukadanau, Kecamatan Cikarang Barat, Kabupaten Bekasi tahun 2015. Desain penelitian cross sectional modifikasi geographical epidemiology pada 125 ibu rumah tangga berusia 20-45 tahun yang akan diperiksa fungsi parunyamenggunakan spirometri serta 125 sampel PM2,5 udara dalam rumah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 58,4% ibu rumah tangga yang mengalami penurunan fungsi paru. Hasil analisis multivariat dapat disimpulkan bahwa ibu rumah tangga berusia 20-45 tahun yang tinggal di rumah dengan konsentrasi PM2,5 tidak memenuhi syarat berisiko 2,4 kali lebih besar mengalami penurunan fungsi paru dibandingkan ibu rumah tangga yang tinggal di dalam rumah dengankonsentrasi PM2,5 memenuhi syarat setelah dikontrol variabel ventilasi dan pajanan asap rokok. Analisis spasial menunjukkan RW 5 dan RW 8 Desa Sukadanau, Kecamatan Cikarang Barat merupakan wilayah RW dengan zona prioritas untuk dilakukan intervensi kesehatan.

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ABSTRACTFine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lung and may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this study was to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung function levels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design study combine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysis were 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were 58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded that housewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4 times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles after controlled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concluded that RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with very high risk area.;Fine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lungand may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this studywas to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung functionlevels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design studycombine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysiswere 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded thathousewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles aftercontrolled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concludedthat RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with veryhigh risk area.;Fine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lungand may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this studywas to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung functionlevels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design studycombine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysiswere 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded thathousewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles aftercontrolled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concludedthat RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with veryhigh risk area.;Fine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lungand may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this studywas to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung functionlevels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design studycombine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysiswere 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded thathousewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles aftercontrolled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concludedthat RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with veryhigh risk area., Fine particles more dangerous because they penetrate more deeply into the lungand may reach the alveolar region and reduce lung function. The aim of this studywas to analys spatially association between indoor fine particles and lung functionlevels among housewife around steel industry. A cross sectional design studycombine with geographical epidemiology of 125 houses that the unit analysiswere 125 housewives from 20 to 45 years. The results showed that there were58,4% housewives had decline lung function. Multivariate analysis concluded thathousewives aged 20-45 years with indoor fine particles (PM2,5) inadequate 2.4times risk higher to reduced lung function than adequate indoor fine particles aftercontrolled by ventilation and tobacco smoke exposure. Spatial analysis concludedthat RW 5 and RW 8 Sukadanau, West Cikarang were in priority zone with veryhigh risk area.]"

"Krisis ekonomi yang diperberat oleh berbagai bencana telah menyebabkan banyak orang tua mengalami keterpurukan ekonomi akibat pemutusan hubungan kerja, menurunnya daya beli serta harga barang yang melambung, sehingga tidak dapat memenuhi hak dan kebutuhan anak. Akibat lebih jauh yaitu banyaknya anak yang terpaksa meninggalkan sekolah dan rumah guna mencari nafkah di jalanan, sehingga jurnlah anak di jalanan di kota besar menunjukkan peningkatan yang tajam.Situasi kehidupan di jalanan memberikan akses bagi anak-anak tersebut untuk melakukan berbagai kegiatan yang dapat memberikan penghasilan atau sekedar bergaul dan bermain bersama teman sebayanya. Namun demikian kehidupan di jalanan juga membuat anak jalanan cenderung untuk melakukan kebiasaan yang buruk. Sebuah survey besar pada tahun 2001, dikatakan merokok merupakan kebiasaan buruk yang paling banyak dilakukan oleh anak jalanan, setelah itu kebiasaan rninuman keras, memakai napza dan kebiasaan lain termasuk sex bebas. Sementara itu situasi dan lingkungan sehari-hari di jalanan sangat membahayakan kehidupan anak karena ancaman kecelakaan dan kesehatannya. Salah sate ancaman kesehatan yang dapat timbul adalah terpaparnya anak-anak tersebut dengan bermacam polutan udara yang ada di sekitar lingkungan sehari-harinya beraktifitas. Di jalanan pencemaran udara akibat emisi kendaraan bermotor merupakan penyumbang terbesar polusi udara. Zat yang dihasilkan emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor antara lain karbon monoksida, nitrogen oksida, hidrokarbon, partikel, sulfur oksida, asam organik, aldehid dan timbal.Jakarta merupakan kota ke 3 setelah Meksiko dan Bangkok sebagai kota dengan dengan polusi udara yang terparah. Sebagian besar polutan udara di Jakarta dan kota besar lainnya berasal dari kendaraan bermotor. Lebih dari 20% kendaraan di Jakarta diperkirakan melepas gas beracun tersebut melebihi ambang batas yang dinyatakan aman dan peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor akan terus meningkatkan pemakaian bahan bakar yang mengakibatkan polusi udara yang meningkat pula.Pencemaran udara oleh polutan sisa pembakaran kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia dan tahun ke tahun cenderung meningkat. Kondisi pencernaran udara terlebih di kota-kota besar seperti Jakarta, Surabaya dan Bandung tingkat polusi udaranya kini tengah mencapai ambang batas yang membahayakan kesehatan manusia selain juga merusak lingkungan seperti beberapa jenis tanaman yang mati akibat kadar gas buang yang mencemari udara semakin berat. Pencemaran tak dapat terelakkan lagi akibat terus membengkaknya jumlah kendaraan bermotor, di Jakarta sendiri jumlah kendaraan bermotor pada akhir tahun 2002 saja sudah mencapai 3,5 juta unit.Badan Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (BPLHD) DKI Jakarta melaporkan kondisi/kualitas pencemaran udara pada tahun 2001 : Indeks Standar Pencemaran Udara (ISPU) sebesar 72,15 % tergolong kategori sedang 19,1 % kategori bails, 8,49 % masuk kategori tidak sehat, dan sisanya 0,27 % termasuk kategori sangat tidak sehat. Angkutan darat berperan memberikan kontribusi pencemaran udara dengan komposisi 78,32 % (SO2), 29,18 % (NO2). 62,62 % (Hidrokarbon), 85,78 % (CO), serta debu (partikulat) 6,9 %."