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"One of factors that could influence the degree of degree of conversion of composite restorative material is light intensity. Many researchers have done investigation on the degree of conversion of hybrid, microfiller and microhybrid composite. However, there are still minimum researches on the influence of light intensity on the degree of conversion of nano particle composite which is one of the universal composite that has been developed in dentistry. The used material was Supreme XT nano particle composite (3M ESPE German). Cylindrical specimens with 33 mm in diameter, 2 and 3 mm thickness were prepared. Specimens were cured by Light Emitting Diode (LED) with light intensity variation of 1120, 1040, 800, 560 and 480 mW/cm2, and then incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) was used to determine the degree of conversion. The data were analyzed statistically by using two-way anova and tukey post hoc test. Based on statistic result at a = 0.05 light intensity variation gave significant difference on the degree of conversion of nano particle composite. The highest degree of conversion was achieved with 800 mW/cm2 light intensity, which is 89.67%. The 2 and 3 mm thickness gave no significant difference on the degree of conversion. This research shows that the variation of light intensity has significant influence towards the degree of conversion of nano particle composite."

"In aquatic ecosystems, light and nutrients in water column are the primary factors governing the planktonic primary productivity....."

"Gempa Sumatera 30 September 2009 telah merusak ratusan ribu bangunan di Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Gempa tersebut berlokasi di 100 km lepas pantai dari Kota Padang, ibu kota provinsi tersebut. Survei telah dilakukan untuk menilai kerusakan bangunan dalam beberapa hari setelah gempa. Dalam survei ini, kerusakan bangunan dikategorikan menjadi 3 tingkat yaitu berat, sedang, dan ringan. Tulisan ini membahas tingkat kerusakan bangunan dan intensitas getaran di daerah yang terkena. Selanjutnya berdasarkan koordinat dari setiap lokasi, bangunan yang disurvei diplotkan di dalam sebuah peta bersamaan dengan tingkat intensitas. Hubungan antara tingkat kerusakan dan intensitas gempa untuk Sumatera Barat selanjutnyadibuatkan. Hubungan unik kerusakan-intensitas ini merupakan hal yang sangat penting digunakan dalam memprediksi tingkat kerusakan akibat gempa tertentu. Tingkat kerusakan tersebut dibutuhkan oleh pemerintah untuk menyusun rencana anggaran pada tahap tanggap darurat dan rekonstruksi untuk bencana gempa di masa yang akan datang.

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AbstractThe Sumatra 30 September 2009 earthquake has damaged hundred thousand buildings in West Sumatra Province. The earthquake is located in 100 km offshore of Padang City, the Capital City of the province. Survey has been conducted to assess the damage of the building in few days after the earthquake. In this survey, the damage of buildings are categorised into 3 level that are heavily, moderate and slightly damages. This paper explores the level damage of building and then the intensity of the shaking in the affected area. Then based on the coordinate of every building location, the buildings are scattered in a map together with the intensity level. The relationship between the damage level and intensity for West Sumatra then is developed. This special damage-intensity relation is very important to beused for predicting the damage level due to a specified earthquake. The damage level is needed by The Government to develop an emergency and reconstruction budget plan for earthquake disaster in future. "