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"Structural realism has rapidly gained in popularity in recent years, but it has splintered into many distinct denominations, often underpinned by diverse motivations. There is, no monolithic position known as ?structural realism,? but there is a general convergence on the idea that a central role is to be played by relational aspects over object-based aspects of ontology. What becomes of causality in a world without fundamental objects? In this book, the foremost authorities on structural realism attempt to answer this and related questions, ?what is structure?? and ?what is an object?? Also featured are the most recent advances in structural realism, including the intersection of mathematical structuralism and structural realism, and the latest treatments of laws and modality in the context of structural realism. "

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ABSTRACTOriginally published in 1938, this book presents a detailed examination of synthetic embryology. Intended neither as an introductory guide nor a systematic treatise, the text presents the most significant material regarding the ontogenetic problem as matters stood at the time of publication. Illustrative figures and a bibliographical index are also included. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the development of embryology and the history of science. "

"Written by one of the preeminent researchers in the field, this book provides a comprehensive exposition of modern analysis of causation. It shows how causality has grown from a nebulous concept into a mathematical theory with significant applications in the fields of statistics, artificial intelligence, economics, philosophy, cognitive science, and the health and social sciences. Judea Pearl presents and unifies the probabilistic, manipulative, counterfactual, and structural approaches to causation and devises simple mathematical tools for studying the relationships between causal connections and statistical associations. Cited in more than 2,100 scientific publications, it continues to liberate scientists from the traditional molds of statistical thinking. In this revised edition, Judea Pearl elucidates thorny issues, answers readers' questions, and offers a panoramic view of recent advances in this field of research. Causality will be of interest to students and professionals in a wide variety of fields. Dr Judea Pearl has received the 2011 Rumelhart Prize for his leading research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and systems from The Cognitive Science Society."

"Friedrich Waismann (1896 1959) was one of the most gifted students and collaborators of Moritz Schlick. Accepted as a discussion partner by Wittgenstein from 1927 on, he functioned as spokesman for the latter 's ideas in the Schlick Circle, until Wittgenstein 's contact with this most faithful interpreter was broken off in 1935 and not renewed when exile took Waismann to Cambridge. Nonetheless, at Oxford, where he went in 1939, and eventually became Reader in Philosophy of Mathematics (changing later to Philosophy of Science), Waismann made important and independent contributions to analytic p.ContentsTable of Contents; Editorial; Waismann: the Wandering Scholar; Tributes to and Impressions of Friedrich Waismann; Waismann's Big Book; The Exile and His Family; A Waismann Memoir; Oxford Memories of Friedrich Waismann; Waismann's Lectures on Causality: An Introduction; Bibliography; The Decline and Fall of Causality; Causality; (1) Hume's Analysis of Causal Connection.; (2) The Problem of Induction.; (3) What is the Principle of Induction?; (4) J. S. Mill's Account; (5) The Scientific Scheme of Causality; (6) Comments on a New Conception.; (7) The Principle of Causality.(8) Difficulties of Determinism(9) Causality as Understood Connection; (10) Insight; (11) Motive; (12) Criticism of Russell's View; The Logical Force of Expressions; 1. Ramsey; 2. Two Sorts of Inference; 3. V-Inferences; 4. Body of Meanings; 5. 'All men are mortal'; A Philosopher Looks at Kafka; Waismann Versus Ewing on Causality; 1. Introduction; 2. Intrinsic Connectedness; 3. Explanation; 4. Production; 5. Necessity; 6. Causal powers; 7. Conclusion; References; Waismann as Spokesman for Wittgenstein; Waismann's Testimony of Wittgenstein's Fresh Starts in 1931-35.Otto Neurath's 'Encyclopedia of the World War': A ContextualisationOtto Neurath and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF); Struggles For Social Transformation-links Between Yella Hertzka And Otto Neurath; Otto Neurath On War And Peace; Otto Neurath-Utopias, Encyclopedias, Museum Work; Encyclopedia of the World War; Enzyklopädie des Weltkrieges.; One Hundred Years of Philosophy of Science: The View from Munich; Bibliography; John T. Blackmore: Two Recent Trilogies on Ernst Mach; References; Logical Syntax and the Application of Mathematics; Reviews; Obituary.Activities of the Institute Vienna CircleActivities 2010; Activities 2011; Index of Names."

"Penelitian ini menjelaskan kausalitas antara konsumsi energi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah Granger Causality dengan model regresi Vector Autoregressive (VAR). Penelitian menggunakan data deret waktu dengan rentang antara 1976-2018. Data yang digunakan meliputi data PDB riil sebagai proxy dari pertumbuhan ekonomi, konsumsi energi, konsumsi energi kelistrikan, dan konsumsi energi non kelistrikan yang semuanya merupakan data agregat. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kausalitas yang terbentuk antara konsumsi energi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi bersifat independen dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor seperti tingkat pendapatan negara, kebijakan terkait energi dan dependensi negara terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan energinya.

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This study explains the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Indonesia. Granger Causality with Vector Autoregressive regression model is used on time series data from 1976 to 2018. Several aggregated data are used: real GDP as a proxy for economic growth, energy consumption, electricity consumption, and non-electricity consumption. This study shows the causality between energy consumption and economic growth is independent in short term and long term. This is caused by several factors such as: national income levels, energy policy and national dependency to its energy fulfillment."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang Peranan Kementerian Sekretariat Negara dalam melaksanakan proses penataan Lembaga Non Struktural yang dipicu oleh pelaksanaan fungsi pengawasan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat yang terwujud dalam amanat kepada Menteri Sekretaris Negara dari DPR dalam sebuah kegiatan Rapat Kerja. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian Yuridis Normatif, pendekatan dengan menggunakan teori Pembagian Kekuasaan, teori sistem pemerintahan, teori demokrasi, teori kewenangan dan teori pengawasan. Serta penggunaan konsep-konsep tentang lembaga negara, lembaga non struktural, serta konsep kedaulatan. Untuk memperoleh kesimpulan dari tujuan penelitian hal-hal yang disampaikan adalah meliputi sejarah Kementerian Sekretariat Negara, Proses Penataan Lembaga Non Struktural, Peranan Kementerian Sekretariat Negara dalam sistem pemerintahan Indonesia, peran dan fungsi Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat secara umum, dan fungsi pengawasan pada khususnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa peranan Kementerian Sekretariat Negara dalam melaksanakan penataan lembaga non struktural adalah terbatas pada pemberian dukungan analisis kepada Presiden terhadap keberadaan lembaga non struktural yang ada. Dalam kerangka pengawasan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat kepada Pemerintah terdapat penyimpangan antara praktek dengan teori sistem pemerintahan Presidensial yang telah ditetapkan dalam Undang-undang Dasar 1945 sebagai sistem pemerintahan yang digunakan oleh bangsa Indonesia. Dengan demikian mengakibatkan tidak optimalnya fungsi pengawasan DPR dan dapat menimbulkan abuse of power oleh DPR.

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This thesis discusses the role of the Ministry of the State Secretariat in implementing non-structural institution structuring process that is triggered by the implementation of the House of Representatives oversight functions are embodied in an address to the State Secretary of the House of Representatives in a working meeting activities. By using normative juridical research methods, the approach using the theory of division of powers, government systems theory, democratic theory, and the theory of supervisory authority. And the use of the concepts of state agencies, non-structural institutions, as well as the concept of sovereignty. To obtain the conclusion of the study objectives were delivered stuff is covering the history of the Ministry of the State Secretariat, Institute of Non Structural Planning Process, The role of the Secretariat of State in the Ministry of the Indonesian system, the role and function of the House of Representatives in general, and in particular oversight function.

Based on the research results that the role of the Ministry of the State Secretariat in implementing non structural arrangement is limited to providing analytical support to the President of the existence of non-structural institutions that exist. Within the framework of supervision to the Government House of Representatives there are deviations between the theory practice presidential system of government established in the Constitution of 1945 as a government system that is used by the Indonesian nation. Thus resulting in suboptimal function of the House oversight and can lead to abuse of power by the House of Representatives."