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"This book summarizes the research on positive well-being in children, with a particular focus on their happiness. It starts with a discussion of the constructs of positive psychology (i.e., well-being, happiness and life satisfaction), and then outlines the research that shows the importance of studying well-being. Next, it explores how researchers measure happiness and what these measures tell us about whether children are happy and how their happiness differs from adults. Following this, it discusses current positive psychology theories with the aim of suggesting their promise in understanding children’s well-being. Next, it examines the importance of individual differences, including culture and temperament. Because studies have only recently identified several of the factors associated with children’s happiness, the book ends with a discussion of how we might enhance children’s well-being and suggests directions for future research."

"The right to "pursue happiness" is one of the dominant themes of western culture, and understanding the causes of happiness is one of the primary goals of the positive psychology movement. However, before the causality question can even be considered, a more basic question must be addressed : can happiness change? Reasons for skepticism include the notion of a "genetic set point" for happiness, i.e. a stable personal baseline of happiness to which individuals will always return, no matter how much their lives change for the better; the life-span stability of happiness-related traits such as neuroticism and extraversion; and the powerful processes of hedonic adaptation, which erode the positive effects of any fortuitous life change. This book investigates prominent theories on happiness with the research evidence to discuss when and how happiness changes and for how long."

"Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kedekatan hubungan antara pemberi dan penerima tindakan baik terhadap kebahagiaan pemberi. Dalam penelitian ini, 56 partisipan yang merupakan mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak dan diberikan tugas untuk melakukan tugas tindakan baik selama tiga pekan. Kelompok 1 (n=26) diminta untuk melakukan tindakan baik kepada orang-orang terdekat, sedangkan kelompok 2 (n=30) diminta untuk melakukan tindakan baik kepada orang-orang yang tidak begitu dikenal ataupun orang asing. Peningkatan kebahagiaan partisipan pada kedua kompok kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan teknik independent t-test, dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat peningkatan kebahagiaan yang berbeda secara signifikan antara dua kelompok penelitian (p = 0,412). Berbagai temuan dalam penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai informasi awal untuk menentukan strategi atau intervensi yang efektif dalam meningkatkan kebahagiaan.

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This experiment study was conducted to identify the effect of closeness between giver and receiver act of kindness on giver?s happiness. Fifty six Univeristy of Indonesia students were randomly divided into two groups and required to perform act of kindness task once a week for a three weeks. The first group (n=26) was asked to commit act of kindness toward their close relations, while the second group (n=30) was asked to commit act of kindness either toward people they don?t really know well or strangers. Happiness enhancement between two groups were analyzed statistically with independent t-test technique. The result shows no significant difference in happiness enhancement between two groups (p= 0,412). Findings of this research could be used as a prior information to determine strategies or make an effective intervention to boosting happiness."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu pemberian umpan balik dari penerima surat terima kasih terhadap kebahagiaan pengirimnya. Ini dilakukan untuk melanjutkan penelitian sebelumnya yang menunjukkan bahwa menulis surat terima kasih dapat meningkatkan kebahagiaan (Seligman et al., 2005; Toepfer et al. 2012), tetapi belum meneliti pengaruh waktu pemberian umpan balik dari penerima surat. Partisipan sejumlah 45 mahasiswa diminta membuat serta menyampaikan satu surat terima kasih setiap pekannya selama tiga minggu dan secara acak dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok berdasarkan waktu pemberian umpan balik dari penerima surat, yakni kelompok umpan balik langsung (n = 22) dan tertunda (n = 23). Hasil penelitian mendukung hipotesis, yakni peningkatan kebahagiaan dari saat sebelum dan setelah periode penelitian pada kelompok umpan balik langsung lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok umpan balik tertunda, t (43) = 2,207, p < 0,05 (one-tailed), r2 = 0,1017. Dibandingkan umpan balik tertunda, partisipan yang menerima umpan balik langsung terpengaruh dan mempengaruhi emosi penerima surat secara timbal balik. Partisipan juga secara segera memperoleh penguat berupa ungkapan syukur kembali dari penerima surat, sehingga berdasarkan prinsip belajar dapat meningkatkan keinginan untuk memunculkan tingkah laku yang sama di kemudian hari.

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The aim of this study is to know the effect of delayed feedback from receiver of gratitude letter towards sender?s happiness. This study is the continuation of the previous researches that showed writing a gratitude letter can increase happiness (Seligman et al., 2005; Toepfer et al. 2012), but had not yet investigated the effect of delayed feedback from receivers. 45 college participants were asked to write and deliver one gratitude letter every week for three weeks and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups based on the moment of feedback from receivers, direct (n=22) or delayed (n=23).

The result of this study supports the hypothesis that the gained score of happiness of direct feedback group from before and after the experiment is higher than delayed feedback group, t (43) = 2,207, p < 0,05 (one-tailed), r2 = 0,1017. Compared to delayed feedback group, participants in direct feedback group can be affected by and influence receivers? emotion reciprocally. Participants also receive reinforcers such as expressions of gratitude in return from receivers immediately, and thus in accordance with learning principle, can increase the emergence of the same behavior in the future."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jumlah anak dan komposisi jenis kelamin anak terhadap tingkat kebahagiaan orang tua baik pada orang tua laki-laki maupun perempuan. Kebahagiaan diukur menggunakan pertanyaan tentang kepuasan seseorang atas kehidupannya secara keseluruhan saat ini. Data yang digunakan adalah data IFLS5 tahun 2014 dan dianalisis menggunakan regresi logistik multinomial. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa kebahagiaan laki-laki maupun perempuan akan meningkat ketika memiliki satu orang anak kemudian tingkat kebahagiaan menurun seiring bertambahnya jumlah anak. Mendukung analisis tersebut, hasil regresi logistik multinomial menunjukkan bahwa laki-laki yang memiliki anak baik dengan komposisi jenis kelamin lengkap maupun tidak lengkap lebih cenderung untuk bahagia daripada laki-laki yang tidak punya anak. Sementara itu, perempuan akan lebih bahagia jika memiliki anak dengan komposisi jenis kelamin lengkap. Akan tetapi hasil regresi logistik multinomial menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak anak secara signifikan menurunkan tingkat kebahagiaan baik pada laki-laki maupun perempuan.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to find out the impact of number of children and children sex composition on either men or women happiness. Happiness measured by question about satisfaction with the whole life at this moment. The data used was IFLS wave 5 2014 and analysed with multinomial logistic regression. Descriptive analysis showed that happiness will increase when men or women having one child, then the happiness level decrease as the increase of the number of children. Supporting the analysis, multinomial logistic regression showed that men who had children with either complete or incomplete sex composition were more likely to be happy than men who didn rsquo t have children. Meanwhile, women will be happier if they have children with complete sex composition. However, multinomial logistic regression result showed that having more children significantly decrease the happiness level either in men or women. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peran bias atensi sebagai moderator pada hubungan antara afek dan kebahagiaan. Hubungan antara afek dan kebahagiaan sudah terbukti signifikan. Namun, penelitian mengenai hubungan keduanya lebih banyak menggunakan pengukuran yang disadari, sementara afek memberikan pengaruh pada fungsi kognitif melalui proses yang juga tidak disadari. Penelitian ini mengajukan bias atensi sebagai proses tidak disadari yang diasumsikan akan memoderasi hubungan antara afek dan kebahagiaan khususnya di populasi remaja. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain korelasional dengan partisipan sebanyak 87 remaja SMA dan SMK (M = 16,5 tahun). Kebahagiaan diukur dengan Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1997), afek diukur dengan Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), dan bias atensi diukur menggunakan tugas kognitif Emotional Stroop Task. Hasil analisis moderation dengan Jamovi menunjukkan bahwa bias atensi pada stimulus kata terkait kebahagiaan maupun kata terkait ancaman secara signifikan memoderasi hubungan antara afek positif dan kebahagiaan. Sementara itu, bias atensi pada stimulus kata terkait kebahagiaan maupun kata terkait ancaman tidak memoderasi hubungan antara afek negatif dan kebahagiaan. Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai acuan untuk merancang intervensi pada bias atensi di populasi remaja.

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This study aims to examine the role of attentional bias as a moderator of the relationship between affect and happiness. The relationship between affect and happiness has been shown to be significant. However, research on the relationship between the two uses more conscious measurements, while affect affects cognitive function through processes that are also unconscious. This study proposes attentional bias as an unconscious process that is assumed to moderate the relationship between affect and happiness, especially in the adolescent population. This study used a correlational design with 87 high school and vocational high school youth participants (M = 16.5 years). Happiness was measured by the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1997), affect was measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), and attentional bias was measured using the Emotional Stroop Task. The results of the moderation analysis with Jamovi showed that attentional bias on stimulus words related to happiness and words related to threat significantly moderated the relationship between positive affect and happiness. Meanwhile, attentional bias on stimulus words related to happiness and words related to threat did not moderate the relationship between negative affect and happiness. The results of this study can be used as a reference for designing interventions on attentional bias in the adolescent population."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran hubungan surat terimakasih dan subjective well being pada emerging adult. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam kurun waktu 4 sesi dan dalam tiga sesi dengan 38 partisipan tersebut diminta untuk menuliskan surat terimakasih kepada individu yang dianggap penting. Surat terimakasih dituliskan secara ekspresif, reflektif, orientasi positif dan tidak basa-basi. Partisipan kemudian ditanyakan apakah mau untuk mengirim surat atau tidak dan kepada siapa surat tersebut dikirim. Subjective well being terdiri atas simptom depresi, rasa syukur, kebahagiaan dan kepuasan hidup. Gratitude Questionnaire 6 untuk mengukur rasa syukur, Beck Depression Inventory untuk mengukur simptom depresi, Subjective Happiness Scale untuk mengukur kebahagiaan dan Satisfaction With Life Scale untuk mengukur kepuasan hidup. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran repeated measured ANOVA diketahui bahwa skor simptom depresi memiliki hubungan dengan surat terimakasih (F=6.12, p<0.001) namun tidak signifikan pada kebahagiaan, rasa syukur dan kepuasan hidup. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara surat terimakasih dan subjective well being pada emerging adult. Ditemukan terdapat hubungan surat terimakasih dan simptom depresi pada emerging adult.

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This research purposed to examine the description of relationship between thank you letter and subjective well being on emerging adult. This research conducted in 4 sessions, during the first three session with the 38 participants, the participants were asked to write down a thank you letter to those who is matters to them. The letter should be written in an expressive, reflective, positive oriented and non-trivial. Participant then asked if they want to send the letter or not and were asked to whom the letter was sent. Subjective well being consists of depressive symptoms, gratitude, happiness and life satisfaction. Gratitude Questionnaire 6 to measure gratitude, Beck Depression Inventory to measure depressive symptoms, Subjective Happiness Scale to measure happiness and Satisfaction With Life Scale to measure life satisfaction.

The results showed that there are a significant relationship between depressive symptoms and thank you letter (F= 6.12, p<0.001) but there are no significant relationship between happiness, gratitude and life satisfaction with thank you letter. This shows that there are no relationship between thank you letter and subjective well being on emerging adult. There are relationship between thank you letter and depressive symptoms on emerging adult."