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"This book presents the readers with the modeling, functioning and implementation of solar hydrogen energy systems, which efficiently combine different technologies to convert, store and use renewable energy. Sources like solar photovoltaic or wind, technologies like electrolysis, fuel cells, traditional and advanced hydrogen storage are discussed and evaluated together with system management and output performance. Examples are also given to show how these systems are capable of providing energy independence from fossil fuels in real life settings."

"Expert techniques for extracting hydrogen from water using transition metal oxides as catalysts Solar Hydrogen Generation details the complex process of separating hydrogen from oxygen--photoelectrolysis. This book comprehensively covers the chemical characteristics of transition metal oxides, explaining how to covert solar energy to electron energy through transition metal oxides. Past experimentations and future directions are discussed. Solar Hydrogen Generation Comprehensively reviews physical characteristics of transition metal oxides both in electrochemical and photocatalytic applications Includes history and future prospects for water photoelectrolysis Reviews state-of-the-art achievements in the fields of condensed matter physics, nanostructured material science, electrochemistry, and photocatalysis Addresses potential problems and solutions In-depth coverage: Hydrogen Production; Electrochemistry and Photoelectrolysis; Transition Metal Oxides; Molecular Structure, Crystal Structure, and Electronic Structure; Optical Properties and Light Absorption; Bandgap, Band Edge, and Engineering; Impurity, Dopants, and Defects; Photocatalytic Reactions, Oxidation and Reduction; Organic and Inorganic Systems; Surface and Interface Chemistry; Nanostructured and Morphology; Synchrotron Radiation and Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy"--Provided by publisher."This pioneering guide covers one of the most promising sustainable energy carriers--water hydrogen--and shows how to extract hydrogen from water using transition metal oxides as catalyst."

"This book about describes the principles and materials challenges for the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen through water splitting at a semiconducting electrode. Readers will find an analysis of the solid state properties and materials requirements for semiconducting photo-electrodes, a detailed description of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, in addition to the photo-electrochemical (PEC) cell. Experimental techniques to investigate both materials and PEC device performance are outlined, followed by an overview of the current state-of-the-art in PEC materials and devices, and combinatorial approaches towards the development of new materials. Finally, the economic and business perspectives of PEC devices are discussed, and promising future directions indicated."

"Hydrogen may someday fuel our cars and power and heat our homes and businesses and revolutionize the way we use energy. Moving to a hydrogen economy could help reduce our reliance on foreign oil, improve local air quality, and reduce the risk of climate change. Despite the potential of hydrogen, there is no guarantee that the hydrogen economy will happen as the obstacles are considerable and the competing visions are many. Pathways to a Hydrogen Future seeks to untangle the competing visions of a hydrogen economy, explain the trade-offs and obstacles and offer recommendations for a path forwar."

"The effect of metal doping on the hydrogen physisorption energy of a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is investigated. Unlike many previous studies that treated metal doping as an ionic or charged element, in this study, lithium and magnesium are doped to an SWCNT as a neutral charged by substituting boron on the SWCNT (Boron substituted SWCNT). Using ab initio electronic structure calculations, the interaction potential energies between hydrogen molecules and adsorbent materials were obtained. The potential energies were then represented in an equation of potential parameters as a function of SWCNT diameters in order to obtain the most precise potential interaction model. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on a canonical ensemble to analyze hydrogen gas adsorption on the inner and outer surfaces of the SWCNT. The isosteric heat of the physical hydrogen adsorption on the SWCNT was estimated to be 1.6 kcal/mole, decreasing to 0.2 kcal/mole in a saturated surface condition. The hydrogen physisorption energy on SWCNT can be improved by doping lithium and magnesium on Boron substituted SWCNT. Lithium-Boron substituted SWCNT system had a higher energy physisorption that was 3.576 kcal/mole compared with SWCNT 1.057–1.142 kcal/mole. Magnesium-Boron substituted SWCNT system had the highest physisorption energy that was 7.396 kcal/mole. However, since Magnesium-Boron substituted SWCNT system had a heavier adsorbent mass, its physisorption capacity at ambient temperature and a pressure of 120 atm only increased from 1.77 wt% for the undoped SWCNT to 2.812 wt%, while Lithium-Boron substituted SWCNT system reached 4.086 wt%."

"Ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil konvensional sepanjang perkembangan peradaban modern telah menyebabkan dunia mengalami krisis energi dan lingkungan. Di antara semua sumber daya energi alternatif, oil shale adalah yang paling menjanjikan dengan cadangannya yang melimpah secara global. Mengenai masalah lingkungan, hidrogen adalah medium pembawa energi terbersih dan paling menjanjikan, kandidat sempurna untuk mengurangi emisi karbon. Memproduksi hidrogen menggunakan oil shale sebagai bahan baku mungkin menjadi solusi terbaik untuk masalah energi dan lingkungan dunia. Dalam makalah penelitian ini energi dan emisi (CO2) dari sistem kilang oil shale akan dievaluasi. Ada dua skenario produksi hidrogen yang akan disimulasikan, dievaluasi, dan dibandingkan satu sama lain. Skenario pertama adalah sistem kilang oil shale konvensional di mana hidrogen diproduksi dan digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas shale oil menjadi HVHF’s. Skenario kedua adalah sistem kilang oil shale baru di mana oil shale diubah menjadi hidrogen sepenuhnya sebagai produk tunggal. Berdasarkan analisis massa, sistem baru meningkatkan efisiensi konversi keseluruhan sebesar 9,27% dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional. Berdasarkan analisis energi, sistem baru menururnkan efisiensi energi keseluruhan sebesar 2,37% dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional. Berdasarkan analisis emisi, meskipun sistem baru meningkatkan emisi karbon keseluruhan sebesar 55%, sistem ini memiliki sistem yang lebih baik untuk menghasilkan lebih banyak hidrogen dengan rasio emisi karbon yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional.

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Dependency on conventional fossil fuels throughout the development of modern civilization has caused the world into energy and environmental crisis. Among all alternative energy resources, oil shale is the most promising with its globally abundant reserves. Concerning environmental issues, hydrogen is the cleanest and promising energy carrier, a perfect candidate to reduce toxic emissions of energy. Producing hydrogen using oil shale as feed might be the ultimate solution for both energy and environmental issues of the world. In this research paper, the energy and emission (CO2) of the oil shale refinery system will be evaluated. There are two scenarios of hydrogen production that will be simulated, evaluated, and compared to each other. The first one is the conventional oil shale refinery system where hydrogen is produced and used to upgrade the quality of shale oil into HVHF’s. The second one is the novel oil shale refinery system where oil shale is converted into hydrogen completely as the single product. Based on the mass analysis, the novel system increases the overall conversion efficiency compared to the conventional system by 9,27%. Based on the energy analysis, the novel system decreases the energy efficiency compared to the conventional system by 2,37%. Based on the emission analysis, although the novel system increases the overall carbon emission by 55%, it has a better system for producing more hydrogen with less carbon emission ratio compared to the conventional system."

"Indonesia, sebagai negara penghasil karbon terbesar di Asia Tenggara, menghadapi tantangan mendesak dalam menekan emisi gas rumah kaca yang terus meningkat, yang utamanya disebabkan oleh ketergantungan pada batu bara. Dengan proyeksi lonjakan permintaan energi, yang sebagian besar dipenuhi oleh batu bara, kontribusi negara ini terhadap emisi global diperkirakan akan meningkat. Di tengah meningkatnya suhu global dan krisis terkait iklim, transisi ke energi terbarukan menjadi suatu keharusan. Namun, meskipun potensi sumber energi terbarukan, termasuk Hidrogen Hijau, sangat besar, hambatan-hambatan signifikan menghalangi adopsi yang luas. Studi ini mengeksplorasi strategi untuk Pertamina NRE dalam mengarungi kompleksitas pengembangan bisnis Hidrogen Hijau di Indonesia. Melalui penelitian yang komprehensif, tujuannya adalah menawarkan rekomendasi untuk mempercepat pengembangan Hidrogen Hijau, sehingga memajukan komitmen Indonesia untuk mencapai Emisi Bersih Netto pada tahun 2060. Tantangan-tantangan kunci seperti ambiguitas regulasi, biaya produksi tinggi, dan keterbatasan infrastruktur diidentifikasi. Mengatasi tantangan-tantangan ini memerlukan pendekatan yang multifaset, termasuk kebijakan yang ditargetkan, inovasi teknologi, dan investasi dalam infrastruktur. Dengan menelaah lanskap strategis dan memodelkan kompleksitas pengembangan Hidrogen Hijau, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan wawasan yang dapat dijalankan bagi Pertamina NRE. Strategi yang efektif sangat penting tidak hanya untuk mengoptimalkan produksi dan profitabilitas tetapi juga untuk memajukan pertumbuhan yang berkelanjutan dan memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap tujuan Net Zero Emission.

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Indonesia, as the largest carbon emitter in Southeast Asia, faces a pressing challenge in curbing its escalating greenhouse gas emissions, primarily fueled by coal reliance. With a projected surge in energy demand, predominantly met by coal, the nation's contribution to global emissions is set to rise. Amidst rising global temperatures and climate-related crises, transitioning to renewable energy becomes imperative. However, despite the potential of renewable energy sources, including Green Hydrogen, significant hurdles hinder its widespread adoption. This study explores strategies for Pertamina NRE in navigating the complexities of developing the Green Hydrogen business in Indonesia. Through comprehensive research, the aim is to offer recommendations to accelerate Green Hydrogen development, thereby advancing Indonesia's commitment to achieving Net Zero Emission by 2060. Key challenges such as regulatory ambiguity, high production costs, and infrastructure limitations are identified. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including targeted policies, technological innovations, and investment in infrastructure. By examining the strategic landscape and modeling the complexities of Green Hydrogen development, this research seeks to provide actionable insights for Pertamina NRE. Effective strategies are crucial not only for optimizing production and profitability but also for fostering sustainable growth and contributing significantly to Indonesia's Net Zero Emission goals."