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"Principles of Cloning, Second Edition is the fully revised edition of the authoritative book on the science of cloning. The book presents the basic biological mechanisms of how cloning works and progresses to discuss current and potential applications in basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology, and medicine. Beginning with the history and theory behind cloning, the book goes on to examine methods of micromanipulation, nuclear transfer, genetic modification, and pregnancy and neonatal care of cloned animals. The cloning of various species-including mice, sheep, cattle, and non-mammals-is considered as well. The Editors have been involved in a number of breakthroughs using cloning technique, including the first demonstration that cloning works in differentiated cells done by the Recipient of the 2012 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine - Dr John Gurdon; the cloning of the first mammal from a somatic cell - Drs Keith Campbell and Ian Wilmut; the demonstration that cloning can reset the biological clock - Drs Michael West and Robert Lanza; the demonstration that a terminally differentiated cell can give rise to a whole new individual - Dr Rudolf Jaenisch and the cloning of the first transgenic bovine from a differentiated cell - Dr Jose Cibelli. The majority of the contributing authors are the principal investigators on each of the animal species cloned to date and are expertly qualified to present the state-of-the-art information in their respective areas. First and most comprehensive book on animal cloning, 100% revisedDescribes an in-depth analysis of current limitations of the technology and research areas to exploreOffers cloning applications on basic biology, agriculture, biotechnology, and medicine."

"Latar Belakang: APOBEC3G, apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeplidelike JG, merupakan protein manusia yang dapat mengganggu replikasi HIV dengan memasukkan dirinya ke dalam partikel virus dan merusak susunan materi genetik virus. Beberapa studi terbaru menunjukkan bahwa APOBEC3G manusia mengatur infektivitas HIV-1 dengan mendeaminasi dC menjadi dU pada rantai minus DNA yang baru dibentuk, menyebabkan hipermutasi G menjadi A dari rantai plus DNA viral.Induksi hlpermutasi oleh APOBEC3G dapat menyebabkan pembentukan stop kodon pada ORF protein virus dan memicu degradasi DNA virus oleh glikosilase DNA urnsil yang selanjutuya dapat menghambat replikasi HIV. Protein ini layak untuk diteliti lebih lanjut dalam rangka pengembangan anti retrovirus yang berbasis pacta mekanisme penghambatan replikasi HIV-1 melalui jalur APOBEC3G. Sebagai langkab awal, diperlukan sistem ekspresi gen APOBEC3G yang akan diperoleh melalui sintesis dan kloning gen APOBEC3G ke dalam vektor ekspresi DNA rekombinan.Metode: Untuk mendapatkan mRNA APOBEC3G yang akan digunakan sebagai pola cetak dalam sintesis eDNA APOBEC3G, dilalkukan ekstraksi RNA dari sel CEM-GFP menggunakan Rneasy Mini Kit. Agar DNA APOBEC3G lengkap dapat diperoleh dengan lebih mudah, sintesis DNA serat ganda APOBEC3G menggunakan reaksi RT-PCR dua tahap, dibagi atas tiga daerah pada gen APOBEC3G dengan susunan nukleotida yang bertumpang tindih (overlapping) pada bagian ujung segmen DNA yang akan berfungsi sebagai penyambung fragmen-fragmen tersebut menjadi DNA APOBEC3G utub.Hasil: Hasil eksperimen menunjukloan ketiga fragmen APOBEC3G yang masing-masing berukuran 452 pb, 458 pb,dan 433 pb berhasil dibentuk lewat reaksi PCR dengan menggunakan enzim Pfx dan diklona ke dalam vektor plasmid.Kesimpulan: DNA APOBEC3G yang dibagi menjadi 3 fragmen telah berhasil didapat dan terklona ke dalam pBluescript KS (-). Pekerjaan lanjutan akan dilakukan untuk verifikasi sekuen fragmen-fragmen terklona dan menyambung ketiga fragrnen tersebut menjadi DNA APOBEC3G yang utub yang kemudian akan diklona ke dalam vektor ekspresi.

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Background: APOBEC3G, apolipoprotein B rnRNA-cditing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like JG,is a human protein that interferes with the replication of HIV by incorporating itself into virus particles and damaging the genetic material of the virus. Several recent studies revealed that human APOBEC3G regulates HIVI infectivity by dearninating dC to dU in the newly synthesized minus strand DNA, resulting in G to A hypermutation of the viral plus strand DNA.Hypermutation induced by APOBEC3G may result in the introduction of stop codons in viral protein open reading frame and degradation of viral DNA by ura<:il-DNA glyoosylase, therefore blocking HlV replication. This protein is therefore suitable for further investigation for the development of ARV (AntiRetroviral) that is based on mechanism of blocking HIV-1 replication inhibition by APOBEC3G through the pathway. In order to obtain the APOBEC3G protein, an expression system of the APOBEC3G gene is required, which will be obtained by synthesis and cloning of the APOBEC3G gene into an expression vector.Method: To obtain the APOBEC3G mRNA that will be used as template for synthesis of APOBEC3G eDNA by RT-PCR using Omniscript enzyme, we performed RNA extraction from CEM-GFP cell line using the Rneasy Mini !Gt. In order to facilitate the synthesis of a complete APOBEC3G DNA, the APOBEC3G DNA double stranded was divided into three regions with overlapping nucleotide sequences at the DNA ends that function in the joining of the fragments into a full length APOBEC3G DNA.Results: The result of the experiments showed that the three fragments of APOBEC3G gene of 452 bp, 458 bp, and 433 bp, were successfully produced by PCR reaction using Pfx enzyme, and cloned into plasmid vector.Conclusions: APOBEC3G DNA that was divided into three fragments has been obtained and cloned illlo Bluescript KS (-) vector. Further study, will be performed to verifY the cloned fragments, and to fuse the fragments into a complete APOBEC3G DNA that will be cloned into an expression vector."

"Contents :V. 1. Pt. 1. Essentials -- V. 2. Pt. 2. Analysis and manipulation of DNA and RNA ; Pt. 3. Introducing genes into cells -- V. 3. Pt. 4. Gene expression ; Pt. 5. Interaction Analysis ; Appendices."

"Potensi keanekaragaman Indonesia memberikan peluang untuk mendapatkan mikroorganisme penghasil endo-β-1,4-glukanase yang mampu menghidrolisis selulosa. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BPPTCC-RK2 telah berhasil diisolasi dari rayap. Gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase dikloning dari DNA genom B.amyloliquefaciens BPPTCC-RK2 menggunakan metode rekombinatorial dan diekspresikan secara fungsional di dalam E.coli. Didapatkan ORF sepanjang 1500 nukleotida yang menyandikan 499 asam amino dengan berat molekul 55 kDa. Gen dikloning kedalam pDEST14 dan dioverekspresi pada E.coli BL21-Star. Aktivitas tertinggi sebesar 26,05 U/mg protein setelah diinduksi dengan 1mM IPTG selama 24 jam. Enzim optimum pada pH 6,0 dan suhu 65℃ dan memiliki waktu paruh 90 menit pada suhu 60℃. Pada konsentrasi etanol 100 g/L, masih memberikan aktivitas hingga 78% setelah 24 jam.

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Indonesia has potential biodiversity that provides opportunities to obtain endo-β-1,4-glucanase producing microorganism that could hydrolize cellulose. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BPPTCC-RK2 have been isolated from termites. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene have been cloned from genomic DNA B.amyloliquefaciens BPPTCC-RK2 using recombinatorial method and functionally expressed in E.coli. A full length gene of endo-β-1,4-glucanase consisting 1500 nucleotides that encoded for a protein 499 amino acids with predicted molecular weight 55 kDa. Highest enzyme activity (26,05 U/mg) achieved after 24 hour induction with 1mM IPTG. The enzyme optimum at pH 6,0 and temperature 65℃ and 90 minutes half-life at 60℃. This enzyme give 78% residual activity after 24 hour incubation in 100 g/L ethanol."

"Bakteri Weissella confusa MBF 8-1 yang diisolasi dari produk ampas kacang kedelai terfermentasi telah diteliti memiliki aktivitas Bacteriocin Like Inhibitory Substance (BLIS) terhadap bakteri Leuconostoc mesenteroides. W. confusa MBF8-1 menyandikan tiga jenis bakteriosin yaitu bakteriosin 1 (Bac1), 2 (Bac2), dan 3 (Bac3). Di masa depan, diharapkan bakteriosin tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai peptida antimikroba baru maupun sebagai komplemen antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan vektor rekombinan pembawa gen bakteriosin 1 (bac1) yang dapat diintroduksi ke inang yang sesuai. Vektor rekombinan dikloning dengan metode rekombinatorial Gateway®. Amplifikasi bac1 dengan teknik PCR menggunakan primer yang didesain spesifik dari sekuens bac1 dengan tag attB. Produk PCR disisipkan ke plasmid pDONRTM221 lewat reaksi BP. Plasmid rekombinan selanjutnya ditransformasikan ke sel inang Escherichia coli DH5α. Keberadaan bac1 pada plasmid rekombinan diverifikasi dengan sekuensing. Transformasi yang dilakukan berhasil mengkloning bac1 ke vektor rekombinan, sehingga diperoleh plasmid pENT_Wcbac1 yang dapat digunakan untuk proses selanjutnya dalam ekspresi Bac1.

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Weissella confusa MBF 8-1 was isolated from waste of fermented soya and showed Bacteriocin Like Inhibitory Substance (BLIS) activity against bacteria Leuconostoc mesenteroides. There are three types of bacteriocin produced by W. confusa MBF8-1: bacteriocin 1 (Bac1), 2 (Bac2), and 3 (Bac3). In the future, bacteriocin is potent either to be a new antimicrobial peptide or as antibiotics complement. This experiment was conducted to clone recombinant vector containing bacteriocin 1 gene (bac1) that later can be introduced to suitable expression system. Recombinant vector was cloned by Gateway® recombinatorial technique. First, bac1 was amplified by PCR, using specifically designed primers from bac1 sequence added with attB tag. The PCR product then inserted into pDONRTM221 by BP recombination reaction. Finally, the resulting recombinant plasmid was transformed to Escherichia coli DH5α. The bac1 was verified by sequencing. The transformation successfully cloned bac1 into recombinant vector, named pENT_Wcbac1, which later can be used in the next step of Bac1 expression."

"Latar belakang: Beta defensin diekspresikan terutama oleh sel epitel pada permukaan mukosa berbagai organ seperti kulit, usus, mulut dan saluran genital. Studi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa beta defensin 30 (Defb30) terekspresi spesifik di epididimis. Defb30 merupakan peptida kationik berukuran kecil yang diduga berperan penting pada proses pematangan spermatozoa di epididimis dan juga berperan sebagai pertahanan host terhadap infeksi mikroba. Untuk mempelajari aktivitas antimikroba Defb30 ini diperlukan analisis pada tingkat protein dan hal tersebut memerlukan protein dalam jumlah yang cukup. Karena itu perlu dilakukan suatu rekayasa genetika untuk pembuatan protein rekombinan DEFB30.Metode: Gen sintetik penyandi protein DEFB30 yang telah dioptimasi kodonnya diklona ke dalam vektor pQE-80L, suatu plasmid yang mengandung sistem ekspresi untuk prokariota. Plasmid rekombinan yang mengandung sisipan gen target dikonfirmasi dengan analisis enzim restriksi dan sekuensing. Selanjutnya plasmid rekombinan di ekpresikan ke dalam E. coli BL21 dan diinduksi menggunakan IPTG (Isopropyl-1-Thio-d-Galactopyranoside) dengan berbagai waktu inkubasi. Deteksi protein rekombinan dilakukan dengan SDS-PAGE dan westernblotting. IMAC (Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography) digunakan untuk mempurifikasi protein rekombinan. Uji antimikroba protein rekombinan dilakukan dengan cara pengukuran nilai optical density (OD) dan dianalisis hasilnya menggunakan uji one way anova.Hasil: Gen sintetik penyandi protein rekombinan DEFB30 berhasil dikonstruksi pada plasmid pQE-80L. Ekspresi ke dalam E. coli BL21 menghasilkan suatu protein fusi setelah diinduksi menggunakan IPTG selama 4 jam. Hasil analisis protein rekombinan dengan westernblotting menggunakan antibodi Anti-His G-HRP menunjukkan terbentuk pita tebal yang berukuran diatas 10 kDa (±12 kDa). Uji antimikroba protein rekombinan DEFB30 menunjukkan bahwa DEFB30 dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Eschericia coli dan Bacillus subtilis.Kesimpulan: Gen sintetik penyandi beta defensin 30 berhasil diklona ke dalam plasmid pQE-80L. Ekspresikan protein rekombinan DEFB30 menghasilkan suatu protein fusi berukuran ±12kDa. Protein rekombinan DEFB30 terbukti memiliki sifat antimikroba terhadap Eschericia coli dan Bacillus subtilis.

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ackground: Beta defensins are primarily expressed by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces, such as those in skin, gut, mouth and genital tracts. Previous studies have demonstrated that beta defensin 30 (Defb30) is exclusively expressed in the epididymis. Defb30 is known as a small cationic antimicrobial peptide which plays an important role in epididymal sperm maturation and also acts as a host defence against microbial infection. Study of Defb30 role in the antimicrobial activity requires generating DEFB30 protein for characterization. For the purpose of this study, genetic engineering was done for the manufacture of the DEFB30 recombinant protein.

Methods: In this study, according to the preferred codon in E. coli, the Defb30 gene was optimized and synthesized. The gene was cloned into pQE-80L vector and subsequently expressed in E. coli BL21; using IPTG (Isopropyl-1-Thio-d-Galactopyranoside) as an inducer. Detection of recombinant protein was carried out by using SDS-PAGE and westernblotting. IMAC (Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography) was used to purify recombinant protein. Optical density measurement was used to analyze antimicrobial property of the DEFB30 recombinant protein.

Results: The synthetic gene was successfully constructed into pQE-80L plasmid and expression of the recombinant protein in E. coli BL21 produced a fusion protein after being induced by IPTG for 4 hours. Westernblotting analysis using Anti-His G-HRP antibody showed band above 10kDa (±12kDa). Antimicrobial assay for DEFB30 recombinant protein showed inhibition towards growth rates of Eschericia coli and Bacillus subtilis.

Conclusion: Defb30 synthetic gene was succesfully cloned into pQE-80L plasmid. Expression of recombinant DEFB30 produced a fusion protein of ±12kDa. This recombinant protein has antimicrobial property towards Eschericia coli and Bacillus subtilis."

"Tripsin kation memiliki peran penting dalam teknik kultur sel mamalia adherent. Enzim tersebut berperan sebagai enzim hidrolitik yang berfungsi untuk mendispersi sel yang melekat pada cawan petri atau botol tempat kulturnya sehingga mempermudah proses kultur sel mamalia baik pada proses pemanenan sel maupun subkultur. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengklon gen tripsin kation dari pankreas sapi ke dalam E. coli DH5α dengan vektor pGEM-T Easy. Fragmen gen tripsin kation target berukuran 780 pb diamplifikasi dari cDNA yang berasal dari mRNA sel pankreas sapi dengan primer spesifik gen tripsin kation. Gen tripsin kation target diligasi pada plasmid pGEM-T Easy. Vektor rekombinan ditransformasi dengan metode kejutan panas pada sel E. coli DH5α dan diseleksi menggunakan medium ampisilin. Vektor rekombinan di digesti menggunakan enzim SfoI dan XmaI dan menghasilkan pita DNA berukuran 780 pb pada elektroforesis gel agarosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan gen tripsin kation telah berhasil diklon ke dalam plasmid pGEM-T Easy.

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Cationic trypsin has an important role in adherent mammalian cell culture. The enzyme is a hydrolytic enzyme that disperses the cells attached to petri dishes and culture bottle making the harvesting and subculturing procedures easier. This research aims to isolate the RNA and clone the bovine pancreatic cationic trypsin gene into E. coli DH5α. The 780 bp cationic trypsin gene was amplified from cDNA derived from mRNA isolated from bovine pancreas using cationic trypsin gene-specific primers. Cationic trypsin gene was ligated to pGEM-T Easy plasmid. Recombinant vector was transformed by heat shock method into E. coli DH5α cells, which were then selected using amphicillin containing medium. The recombinant vector was digested using enzymes SfoI and XmaI to confirm the presence of the target gene. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed a 780 bp DNA band, confirming that the cationic trypsin gene was successfully cloned into the plasmid pGEM-T Easy."

"Background: VP6 protein is an intermediate layer on rotavirus outer capsid shell which is the major structural protein and play an important role in replication cycle. VP6 protein is a conserved region that can induce immune response as target protein of T cell with cross-reactive epitopes within another genotypes.Objectives: This research conducted to determine the molecular characterization of rotavirus VP6 recombinant protein of Indonesia strain, and to determine the clone and expression of VP6 protein in Escherichia coli BL21 for development of rotavirus vaccine.Methods: Rotavirus RNA was extracted from clinical sample of R55 and R10 strains that having correlation with genotipes I and II rotavirus. RNA samples were amplified with RT-PCR reaction and produced 1194 bp amplicon, and sequencing reaction were conducted to confirm and analyze the molecular characterization of VP6 protein in bioinformatics. VP6 gene as insert and pQE-80L plasmids as vector were double restricted and then ligated by ligation enzyme. Product of ligation were transformed to E.coli Top 10 competent cells and the clones were selected to get the recombinant plasmids which bearing VP6 gene. The recombinant plasmid than subcloned to E.coli BL21 competent cells and induced by IPTG and its pellets were loaded directly onto SDS-PAGE, approximately 45 kDa protein was observed on the SDS-PAGE. The protein was analyzed using Western-blotting.Results: Level of amino acids homology from R55 and R10 rotavirus strain compared with vaccine strains and vaccine candidate strains showed high level of homology, with the conserved regions of T-cell epitopes. R55 strain having close relativity with genotype I while R10 strain having close relativitywith genotype II. there are the same level of hydrophobicity between R55 and R10 which indicated as surface proteins or as a hydrophilic protein. The differences of secondary structure between R55 and R10 in amino acids position of 149-152 and 341-349. The VP6 cloned obtained from E.coli Top 10 with pQE-80L plasmid. The profile of expressed VP6 recombinant protein from R55 and R10 strains in SDS-PAGEshowed the different intensity of protein between induced condition with IPTG and non-induced condition, indicated that VP6 protein might be successfully expressed.The Western-Blot assay showed the same result between the cell that induced and non-induced, but it still need another confirmation.Conclusion: The resultof molecular characterization from VP6 recombinant protein and the cloned of VP6 gene that obtained from R55 and R10 rotavirus strains of Indonesia could beapplied as a preliminary study to develop rotavirus candidate vaccine based on subunit vaccine.

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Latar belakang: Protein VP6 rotavirus adalah protrein struktural utama yang berperan penting selama replikasi, danmerupakan bagian yang paling lestaridan memiliki potensi dalam menstimulasi respon imun, yaitu sebagai protein target yang dapat menstimulasi sel T, dan memiliki epitop yang cross-reactive di antara genotipe rotavirus lainnya, sehingga memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai vaksin.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui karakterisasi molekular protein VP6 rotavirus strain Indonesia, serta pengklonaan gen dan ekspresi protein VP6 pada Escherichia coli BL21 untuk pengembangan vaksin rotavirus.Metode: RNA rotavirus R55 dan R10 diperoleh dari ekstraksi sampel klinis. RNA tersebut kemudian diamplifikasi dengan reaksi RT-PCR dan menghasilkan amplikon 1194 bp yang selanjutnya disekuensing untuk konfirmasi dan mengetahui karakterisasi molekular protein VP6 secara bioinformatika. Gen VP6 sebagai sisipan dan plasmid pQE-80L sebagai vektor direstriksi ganda dengan enzim restriksi dan diligasi menggunakan enzim ligasi. Produk ligasi ditransformasikan pada sel kompeten E.coli Top 10 dan diseleksi klon pembawa plasmid rekombinan. Plasmid rekombinan yang mengandung gen VP6 ditransformasikan ke sel kompeten E.coli BL21. Ekspresi protein dilakukan dengan induksi IPTG. Hasil ekspresi dianalisis dengan SDS-PAGE dan dikonfirmasi dengan Uji Western Blot.Hasil: Sekuen asam amino gen VP6 rotavirus strain Indonesia R55 dan R10 memiliki tingkat homologi yang tinggi dengan epitopyang lestari bila dibandingkan dengan strain vaksin dan kandidat vaksin rotavirus; strain R55 lebih dekat kekerabatannya dengan rotavirus genotipe I, strain R10 lebih dekat kekerabatannya dengan rotavirus genotipe II. Sekuen VP6 rotavirus strain R55 dan R10 menunjukkan tingkat hidrofobisitas yang sama, hal ini mengindikasikan sejenis protein permukaan atau protein yang bersifat hidrofilik. Hasil analisa struktur sekunder pada strain R55 dan R10 menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pada posisi asam amino 149-152 dan 341-349. Telah didapatkan klon pQE-80L yang mengandung gen VP6 dari strain R55 dan R10. Ekspresi protein VP6 pada SDS-PAGE menunjukkan adanya perbedaan intensitas pita protein antara sel E. coli yang diinduksi IPTG dengan yang tidak diinduksi, mengindikasikan protein VP6 diduga berhasil diekspresikan. Konfirmasi ekspresi protein menggunakan Western-Blot menunjukkan hasil yang sama antara sel yang diinduksi dengan yang tidak diinduksi, namun hasil ini perlu dikonfirmasi lebih lanjut.Kesimpulan: Hasil karakterisasi molekular protein VP6 rekombinan dan pengklonaan gen VP6 dari rotavirus strain Indonesia R55 dan R10 dapat dikembangkan sebagai studi awal pada pengembangan vaksin subunit berbasis protein VP6 rekombinan. Namun untuk tahap ekspresi protein rekombinan VP6 perlu optimasi lebih lanjut."

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Chikungunya merupakan penyakit menular yang bersifat re-emerging atau penyakit lama yang dapat tersebar kembali. Penyakit yang disebabkan virus chikungunya ini memiliki manifestasi klinis non-spesifik sehingga dibutuhkan metode diagnosis yang cepat dan akurat. Protein E2 yang dikode oleh gen E2 pada virus chikungunya berperan penting sebagai pengikatan reseptor sehingga berpotensi untuk digunakan dalam proses diagnosis penyakit chikungunya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan protein rekombinan E2 sebagai bahan dasar produksi antibodi monoklonal yang akan digunakan dalam pengembangan perangkat diagnostik penyakit chikungunya. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan mencakup pembentukan plasmid rekombinan pPICZaA-E2, transformasi plasmid rekombinan pada sel inang Escherichia coli, analisis koloni transforman, transformasi plasmid rekombinan pada sel inang ekspresi Pichia pastoris X-33, analisis fenotipe, hingga ekspresi protein rekombinan E2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 281 koloni E. coli transforman pPICZaA-E2 dapat tumbuh pada medium yang mengandung antibiotik zeocin. Hasil analisis PCR koloni transforman menunjukkan gen E2 dengan ukuran 1.260 bp berhasil ditransformasikan ke sel inang E. coli menggunakan vektor pICZaA dengan ukuran 3.569 bp. Hasil analisis PCR genom berhasil mengamplifikasi gen AOX1 berukuran 2,2 kb dan 1,8 kb yang menunjukkan plasmid rekombinan berhasil terintegrasi pada genom P. pastoris dan menghasilkan fenotipe Mut⁺. Pita protein berukuran 40 kDa pada hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan protein E2 berhasil terekspresi.

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Chikungunya is known as an infectious, re-emerging disease. Because of the non-specific clinical manifestation, chikungunya needs a rapid and accurate diagnostic method for its detection. Envelope 2 (E2) protein coded by E2 gene in the genome of the virus has an important role as an attachment receptor to a cell that made it potential to be used for diagnosis. This research is aimed to obtain E2 recombinant protein as a basic material for monoclonal antibody production in chikungunya rapid diagnostic test kit development. Chikungunya E2 gene is amplified and ligated with pPICZaA vector to make recombinant DNA clones from E. coli. The clones then isolated and used for protein expression in P. pastoris. The result shows 281 transformants of E. coli colonies can grow on a selection medium that contains zeocin. Analysis of direct colony PCR show E2 gene was transformed and cloned using pPICZaA vector. Analysis of genomic PCR shows 2,2 kb and 1,8 kb bands formed that indicate AOX1 gene was amplified and the integration of recombinant plasmid pPICZaA to P. pastoris genome was successful. Visualization of protein electrophoresis shows protein band was formed at the size of40 kDa that indicate the protein expression was successful.

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"Enzim merupakan biokatalisator yang banyak digunakan di bidang industri, terutama deterjen, farmasi, makanan bahkan pemurnian minyak. Salah satu enzim yang banyak digunakan untuk pemurnian minyak ialah lysophospholipase. Sebanyak 50 kebutuhan enzim industri diperoleh dari mikroorganisme. Akan tetapi umumnya produk aktivitas enzim oleh mikroba galur liar kurang memadai untuk aplikasi di industri, sehingga perlu dilakukan rekayasa genetik. Pengklonaan gen penyandi lysophospholipase pernah dilakukan di Aspergillus niger dan Cryptococcus neoformans, tetapi belum pernah dilakukan dari bakteri alkalotermofilik. Bacillus halodurans CM1 merupakan bakteri alkalotrmofilik isolat BPPT. Penelitian terdahulu menujukkan bahwa bakteri tersebut memiliki enzim lipase, tetapi belum diteliti lebih lanjut mengenai jenis dan lipase rekombinannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklona gen penyandi lysophospholipase dari Bacillus halodurans CM1 ke Escherichia coli DH5? menggunakan vektor pGEM-T easy. Plasmid rekombinan tersebut disekuensing. Hasil penelitian diperoleh fragmen gen penyandi lysophospholipase yang berukuran 783 pasang basa serta tingkat homologi 100 dengan genom Bacillus halodurans C-125 yang menyandi gen lysophospholipase No akses GenBank: BA000004.3.

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Enzyme is a biocatalyst widely used in industry, for example detergent, pharmaceutical, food or oil purification. One of the most widely used enzymes for oil purification is lysophospholipase. As much as 50 of industrial enzyme needs are obtained from microorganisms. However, enzyme productivty from wild type microbial strain is usually limited and not applicable in industry, so that genetic engineering is necessary. Cloning gene encoding for lysophospholipase was once performed in Aspergillus niger and Cryptococcus neoformans, but has never been done from alkalothermophilic bacteria, such as Bacillus halodurans. Bacillus halodurans CM1 is an isolate of BPPT. Previous research has shown that this bacteria have lipase enzymes, but the study about their propertieshave not been conducted. This study aims to clone the gene t lysophospholipase from Bacillus halodurans CM1 to Escherichia coli DH5 using the pGEM T easy vector. The recombinant plasmid is sequenced. The results is gene fragment encoding lysophospholipase obtained with size 783 base pairs and 100 similiraty with gene encoding lysophospholipase from Bacillus halodurans C 125 No access GenBank BA000004.3."