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"This study aimed to demonstrate class switch recombination (CSR) in heavy chain expressing immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgE in human B cells (CD20+CD27-) were cultured with crude P. falciparum antigen (cPfAg) and anti-CD40. on day 4 post-exposure, total RNA from B cells was prepared and the occurance of CSR from IgM to IgG and/or IgE was investigated by reverse transciption-polymerase chain reaction. Molecular markers to detect active CSR included enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase mRNA, y and e-germline transcripts (y,e-GLT), circle transcript (CT) and mature transcript (y and e-mRNA) expression. On day 7 and day 14 after exposure, levels of Igs in the culture supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our findings showed that we could demonstrate cPfAg-stimulated B cells undergoing CSR by use of the expressed CSR markers and the increase in spesific IgG and IgE indicating the potential of this approach in the study of CSR in P. falciparum stimulated B cells. "

"ABSTRAKIn recent years, land development in many suburban and rural counties has been impeded by the combined lack of municipal sewers and soil conditions necessary for conventional septic tank and soil absorption systems. Prince William County, Virginia, is such a county. When faced with an influx of population and commercial enterprises, it became obvious that some alternative, and innovative, on-site sanitary wastewater management system was required for many areas of the county.In 1974, the Prince William County Department of Public Health undertook the evaluation of one alternative and innovative on-site wastewater management system. The test site was a major oil company's full service gasoline station in Gainesville, Virginia. After five years of close observation, the conclusion is that the system can provide an effective and environmentally sound method for on-site wastewater treatment. This article summarizes the evaluation criteria used, data collection parameters, and analysis results. A presentation was made to the NEHA annual conference in Charleston, S.C."