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"Power-to-Green Urea adalah konsep produksi urea menggunakan hidrogen hasil PV-elektrolisis; proses yang sangat menjanjikan di daerah terpencil tanpa cadangan gas bumi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis tekno-ekonomi pabrik hipotetis Power-to-Green Urea. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan efisiensi energi sistem hingga produksi ammonia, konsumsi energi per ton urea, dan harga urea. Analisis ekonomi menggunakan metode cash flow dengan biaya investasi PV, electrolyzer, dan baterai yang diproyeksikan pada tahun 2019, 2030, dan 2050; serta penambahan pemasukan dari clean development mechanism (CDM). Harga urea ditinjau menggunakan 4 skema. Skema 1 tanpa CDM, skema 2 dengan CDM, skema 3 menggunakan biaya investasi 2030 dan 2050, dan skema 4 gabungan skema 3 dan 4. Didapatkan hasil efisiensi sistem sebesar 7.9% dan konsumsi energi sebesar 109 GJ/MT urea; nilai ini lima kali lebih tinggi dibandikan konsumsi energi urea dari gas bumi, yaitu 20.9 GJ/MT urea. Harga urea dengan skema 1,2,3 (2030/2050), dan 4 secara runtut 2342, 2320, 2026 dan 1704, serta 2004 dan 1682 USD2019/MT urea. Power-to-Green Urea dengan kapasitas 13.000 MT/tahun belum dapat bersaing secara ekonomi dengan urea konvensional berskala besar, namun pada daerah remote tanpa cadangan gas bumi, mode produksi ini patut dipertimbangkan.

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Power-to-Green Urea is the concept of urea production using hydrogen from PV-electrolysis; a promising option in remote areas without natural gas reserves. In this study techno-economic analysis of the Power-to-Green Urea plant is conducted with the purpose of obtaining energy efficiency of the system, energy consumption of urea production, and the urea price. Economic analysis is done using cash flow method with investment costs for PV, electrolyzer, and battery that are projected in 2019, 2030, and 2050; and additional income from clean development mechanism (CDM). Urea prices were reviewed using 4 schemes. Scheme 1 without CDM, scheme 2 with CDM, scheme 3 uses investment costs 2030 and 2050, and scheme 4 combined schemes 3 and 4. The system efficiency results are 7.9% and energy consumption is 109 GJ / MT urea; this value is five times higher than consumption from natural gas. The price of urea with a scheme of 1,2,3 (2030/2050), and 4 is coherently 2342, 2320, 2026 and 1704, as well as 2004 and 1682 USD2019 / MT urea. Power-to-Green Urea with a capacity of 13,000 MT / year cannot compete economically with conventional large-scale urea, but in remote areas this mode of production is worth considering."

"Ratifikasi United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dan Protokol Kyoto oleh Pemerintah Indonesia melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 6/1994 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 17/2004 memberikan peluang bagi Indonesia untuk dapat berpartisipasi dalam upaya dunia mengatasi masalah perubahan iklim akibat pemanasan global. Perwujudan dari partisipasi tersebut antara lain dengan terlibat dalam Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) di sektor energi melalui pengembangan pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi (PLTP) di sistem ketenagalistrikan Jawa-Madura-Bali (JAMALI). Tulisan ini menentukan kelayakan suatu PLTP untuk dijadikan proyek CDM dengan membandingkan IRR dari suatu PLTP dengan MARR-nya. Hasil analisis pada tulisan ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa PLTP yang paling layak dikembangkan adalah PLTP Salak Tahap I dengan kapasitas 165 MW.

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Ratification of UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol by the Government of Indonesia trough Law Number 6/1994 and Law Number 17/2004 give the opportunity to Indonesia to participate with the world effort in solving the climate change problems caused by global warming. The form of that participation is by being involved on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in energy sector trough the development of geothermal power plant in Jawa-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) power system. This writing determines the feasibility of geothermal power plant to be proposed as a CDM project by compare its IRR and MARR. The analysis resulted that Salak Phase I geothermal power plant is the most feasible to develop."

"This paper explores examples of on going small scale renewable energy CDM projects. The picture of expected renevue and community's benefits resulted from those projects are discribed...."

"Pembangunan angkutan massal berbasis listrik seperti MRT merupakan aksi mitigasi efisiensi energi di bawah skema Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) sektor transportasi. Pembangunan MRT diharapkan berimplikasi positif pada Nationally Detremined Contribution (NDC) dan sosial ekonomi Indonesia, dengan beralihnya (shifting) pengguna angkutan pribadi ke MRT. Masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah belum diketahuinya pengguna angkutan pribadi yang shifting ke MRT serta implikasinya pada NDC. Tujuan penelitian adalah merumuskan strategi peningkatan implikasi MRT pada NDC di bawah skema CDM. Metode yang digunakan metode kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan MRT Jakarta Fase 1 menghasilkan: shifting dari angkutan pribadi 53,8%; efisiensi energi 24,4%; reduksi emisi 2.732,7 Ton CO2 Tahun 2019 dan 1.004,95 Ton CO2 Tahun 2023; nilai ekonomi karbon Rp210.417.900 Tahun 2019 dan Rp77.381.150 Tahun 2023. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pembangunan MRT berimplikasi positif pada NDC dan sosial ekonomi. Strategi yang direkomendasikan: penggunaan sumber energi terbarukan; mengimplementasikan penggunaan metodologi CDM; peningkatan penggunaan MRT dan mode shifting dari angkutan pribadi; pengembangan creative dan green financing

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The development of electric mass transit such as the MRT is an energy efficiency mitigation action under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for the transport sector. The development of the MRT is expected to have a positive impact on Indonesia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and socioeconomics by shifting private transport users to the MRT. The problem in this study is that it is not yet known which private transport users will shift to MRT and its impact on NDC. The research objective is to formulate a strategy to improve the impact of MRT on NDC under the CDM scheme. The method used is quantitative method. The results showed that the Jakarta MRT Phase 1 resulted in: shift from private transport 53.8%; energy efficiency 24.4%; emission reduction of 2,732.7 tons of CO2 in 2019 and 1,004.95 tons of CO2 in 2023; carbon economic value of Rp210,417,900 in 2019 and Rp77,381,150 in 2023. The conclusion of this study is that MRT development has positive impact on NDC and socio-economy. Recommended strategies: use of renewable energy sources; implementation of CDM methodology; increased use of MRT and mode shift from private transport; development of creative and green financing"

"ABSTRAKPertumbuhan ekonomi indonesia yang cukup besar akan mempengaruhi angkakonsumsi energi secara global. Ada banyak alasan dengan penggunaan energiterbarukan diantaranya adalah relatif tidak mahal, bersifat netral karbon, dansemakin mendapatkan dukungan dari lapisan masyarakat untuk menggantikansolusi energi tidak terbarukan berbasis bahan bakar minyak. Pembangkit listrikdari energi terbarukan, terutama energi angin dan matahari sangat dipengaruhioleh kondisi cuaca, sehingga daya yang dihasilkannya menjadi tidak stabil,sehingga peran dari energy storage akan menjadi semakin signifikan. Mediapenyimpanan baterai yang sekarang umum dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mendapatkan nilai keekonomian melalui perhitungan teknis daripenggunaan udara bertekanan sebagai media penyimpanan energi (EnergyStorage) sebagai media penyimpanan alternatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisa yangdilakukan bahwa biaya capital cost per kWh atau biasa disebut CAPEX/kWh dariCAES 77% lebih murah dibandingkan dengan baterai. Sedangkan untuk biayatotal per kWh per cycle atau biasa disebut Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) dariCAES 66% lebih murah dibandingkan dengan baterai

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ABSTRACTIndonesian economic growth large enough to affect global energy consumptionfigures. There are many reasons to use renewable energy which are relativelyinexpensive, carbon neutral, and increasingly gaining the support of society toreplace non-renewable energy solutions based on fossil fuel. Power generationfrom renewable energy, particularly wind and solar energy is strongly influencedby weather conditions, so the power it produces becomes unstable, so that the roleof energy storage will become increasingly significant. Batteries as EnergyStorage that are now common used in Indonesia. This study aims to gaineconomic value through technical calculation of the use of pressurized air as anenergy storage medium (energy storage) as an alternative storage medium. Basedon the analysis that the capital cost per kWh or so-called CAPEX / kWh of CAES77% cheaper than the batteries. While the total cost per kWh per cycle or socalledLevelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) of CAES 66% cheaper than the batteries"

"Energy has moved to the forefront in terms of societal and economic development. Modern energy markets is a comprehensive, economically oriented, exploration of modern electricity networks from production and distribution to deregulation and liberalization processes. Updating previous work by the authors, different aspects are considered resulting in a complete and detailed picture of the systems and characteristics of modern electricity markets.Modern energy markets provides clear detail whilst encompassing a broad scope of topics and includes :1. A method to model energy production systems including the main characteristics of future demand side management,2. Different applications of this model in nuclear and renewable energy scenarios,3. An analysis of Real-Time Pricing of electricity and its potential effects across the market, and,4. A discussion of the need for regulation in an easily monopolized industry.Engineering and economics students alike will find that modern energy markets is a succinct and informative resource, as will researchers interested in environmental and energy issues. The inclusion of timely and relevant issues related to economic decision will also be of value to industry and civil officials."