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"Isolated atoms in group II-B such as zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) are chemically stable. These atoms are important in the formation of excimer. Zinc in particular has been investigated by many researchers, as Zn2 excimer holds promise because of its long lifetime and its potential as an energy-storage system. However, excimer’s benefits are based on excitation of the outermost electron. Our study confirmed the quantum dynamical condensation processes in which inner-core excitation arises due to ion-recombination between the vapor phase and the solid phase. The X-ray diffraction of the condensed structure of zinc film had included strong diffuse scattering depending on the incident energies. In this research, we produced the excited state of zinc excimer characterized by an extremely long lifetime. Intriguingly, a feature of the zinc film is that it transforms from metallic to insulative. It is thought that such a structure with this characteristic has been affected by electron spin and atomic distortion by inner-core excitation. The structure obtained in our experiment is expected to prove promising in engineering applications, such as electronics, spintronics, and batteries."

"Isolated atoms in group II-B such as zinc (Zn),cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) are chemicallystable. These atoms are important in the formation of excimer. Zinc in particular has beeninvestigated by many researchers, as Zn2excimer holds promise because of its long lifetime andits potential as an energy-storage system. However, excimer?s benefits are based on excitationof the outermost electron. Our study confirmed the quantumdynamical condensation processesin which inner-core excitation arises due to ion-recombination between the vapor phase and thesolid phase. The X-ray diffraction of the condensedstructure of zinc film had included strongdiffuse scattering depending on theincident energies. In this research, we produced the excitedstate of zinc excimer characterized by an extremely long lifetime.Intriguingly, a feature of thezinc film is that it transformsfrom metallic to insulative. It is thought thatsuch a structure withthis characteristic has been affected by electron spin and atomic distortion by inner-coreexcitation. The structure obtained in our experiment is expected to prove promising inengineering applications, such as electronics, spintronics, and batteries."

"Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengukuran regangan pada landing gear pesawat tanpa awak menggunakan sensor Bare Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). Landing gear yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibuat dari bahan karbon fiber, yang dikenal memiliki kekuatan dan kekakuan tinggi. Sensor FBG diposisikan pada jarak 20 cm dari titik pusat landing gear, tepatnya pada bagian yang melengkung, untuk mengoptimalkan deteksi regangan. Pengujian statis untuk mendapatkan regangan dilakukan dengan memberikan variasi massa beban mulai dari 0 hingga 9 kilogram untuk menguji respon sensor terhadap perubahan beban. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa terdapat ambang batas pengukuran yang konstan pada beban sebesar 50 gram, menunjukkan stabilitas sensor dalam rentang beban tersebut, dengan resolusi pengukuran 0,1654 mikrostrain. Perbandingan hasil pengukuran FBG dibandingkan sensor strain gaugue BLFAB-55, didapatkan perbedaan hasil pengukuran 5,9 %. Dilakukan juga penelitian lebih lanjut dengan diberikan gangguan berupa angin dengan kecepatan 5 m/detik dan 10 m/detik, serta gangguan suhu 30°C dan 45°C. Hasilnya adalah gangguan suhu 45°C paling berpengaruh terhadap perubahan regangan yang dihasilkan oleh FBG, dengan kenaikan nilai regangan sebesar 265 % dibandingkan pada saat tanpa gangguan. Lebih lanjut, pengukuran regangan ini berhasil diintegrasikan dengan aplikasi android, dengan didapatkan nilai pengukuran throughput sebesar 0,9974 Mbps, packet loss 0%, dan delay sebesar 121 ms, sehingga memungkinkan pemantauan secara real-time dan memudahkan proses pengumpulan data di lapangan.

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This research focuses on measuring strain on the landing gear of unmanned aerial vehicles using Bare Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors. The landing gear used in this study is made of carbon fiber, known for its high strength and stiffness. The FBG sensor is positioned 20 cm from the center point of the landing gear, specifically on the curved part, to optimize strain detection. Static testing to measure strain was conducted by applying varying load masses ranging from 0 to 9 kilograms to test the sensor's response to load changes. The measurement results show a constant measurement threshold at a load of 50 grams, indicating sensor stability within this load range, with a measurement resolution of 0.1654 microstrain. A comparison of the FBG measurement results with the BLFAB-55 strain gauge sensor showed a measurement difference of 5.9%. Further research was also conducted by introducing disturbances in the form of wind at speeds of 5 m/s and 10 m/s, and temperature disturbances of 30°C and 45°C. The results indicate that a temperature disturbance of 45°C had the most significant impact on the strain changes detected by the FBG, with an increase in strain value of 265% compared to without disturbances. Furthermore, this strain measurement was successfully integrated with an Android application, yielding a throughput measurement value of 0.9974 Mbps, 0% packet loss, and a delay of 121 ms, enabling real-time monitoring and facilitating data collection in the field."

"[Pada umumnya sensor Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) bekerja berdasarkan pengamatan karakteristik respon spektral FBG terhadap besaran yang ingin dideteksi. Pada tesis ini dipelajari kemungkinan pemanfaatan respon intensitas FBG untuk mengamati besaran yang ingin dideteksi, khususnya regangan statis dan dinamis. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas transmisi dan refleksi FBG berbanding lurus dengan regangan statis dan dinamis. Berdasarkan karakteristik FBG tersebut, dilakukan rancang bangun sensor getaran FBG untuk mendeteksi getaran pada frekuensi rendah. Sensor ini dibuat dengan cara menempelkan sebuah FBG pada kantilever berbahan perunggu dengan dimensi 85x3x0,5 mm. Hasil pengukuran pada rentang temperatur 25 ? 450C menunjukkan bahwa sensor ini dapat mendeteksi getarandalam rentang frekuensi 7?10 Hz. Rentang frekuensi ini termasuk dalam rentang frekuensi aktivitas penggalian, sehingga dapat diterapkan pada sistem deteksi tindakan vandalisme pada jalur pipa minyak.;In general, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor works based on the observation of spectral response characteristic to detect the desired parameter. In this thesis, we studied the possibility of using the FBG intensity response characteristic to detect the desired parameter,especially in static and dynamic strain. Experiment result show that the transmitted and reflected intensity have linier relationships with static and dynamic strain. Based on these characteristics, we developed the FBG sensor to detect low frequency vibration. This sensor is designed by attaching the FBG on the bronze cantilever with dimensions of 85x3x0.5 mm. Measurement results show that the sensor is able to detect vibrations in the frequency range of 7-10 Hz at a temperature range of 25-450C. The measured frequency range is still within thefrequency range of digging activity, therefore this vibration sensor can be applied on oil pipelines vandalisation detection system.;In general, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor works based on the observation ofspectral response characteristic to detect the desired parameter. In this thesis, we studied thepossibility of using the FBG intensity response characteristic to detect the desired parameter,especially in static and dynamic strain. Experiment result show that the transmitted andreflected intensity have linier relationships with static and dynamic strain. Based on thesecharacteristics, we developed the FBG sensor to detect low frequency vibration. This sensor isdesigned by attaching the FBG on the bronze cantilever with dimensions of 85x3x0.5 mm.Measurement results show that the sensor is able to detect vibrations in the frequency range of7-10 Hz at a temperature range of 25-450C. The measured frequency range is still within thefrequency range of digging activity, therefore this vibration sensor can be applied on oilpipelines vandalisation detection system., In general, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor works based on the observation ofspectral response characteristic to detect the desired parameter. In this thesis, we studied thepossibility of using the FBG intensity response characteristic to detect the desired parameter,especially in static and dynamic strain. Experiment result show that the transmitted andreflected intensity have linier relationships with static and dynamic strain. Based on thesecharacteristics, we developed the FBG sensor to detect low frequency vibration. This sensor isdesigned by attaching the FBG on the bronze cantilever with dimensions of 85x3x0.5 mm.Measurement results show that the sensor is able to detect vibrations in the frequency range of7-10 Hz at a temperature range of 25-450C. The measured frequency range is still within thefrequency range of digging activity, therefore this vibration sensor can be applied on oilpipelines vandalisation detection system.]"

"Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) merupakan divais optoelektronika yang bekerja dengan cara menyaring panjang gelombang yang melaluinya. Nilai panjang gelombang tersebut ditentukan oleh indeks bias efektif struktur FBG. Sebagai sensor yang sensitif terhadap tekanan dan temperatur, FBG memiliki potensi pengaplikasian yang luas. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan deteksi tekanan hidrostatik rendah sebagai dasar pengembangan FBG single-mode berstruktur uniform sebagai sensor tekanan dalam air serta pengamatan pengaruh temperatur optical interrogator terhadap hasil pengukuran yang diperoleh. Pada tahap awal, dilakukan karakterisasi FBG untuk berbagai tekanan yang diwakili oleh berbagai beban dalam rentang 0 gram hingga 500 gram dengan kenaikan 50 gram. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, selanjutnya dilakukan eksperimen pengukuran tekanan hidrostatik sedang dari arah 180° untuk melihat pengaruh arah tekanan pada FBG. Eksperimen tersebut dilakukan dengan rentang 0 liter hingga 20 liter dengan kenaikan volume air 2,5 liter dan menghasilkan hubungan linier dengan gradien negatif saat diberikan tekanan dari arah bawah FBG. Selanjutnya dilakukan juga  eksperimen pengukuran tekanan hidrostatik rendah arah vertikal tegak lurus FBG dengan rentang 0 ml hingga 10 ml dengan kenaikan volume air 0,25 ml. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang linier antara tekanan hidrostatik rendah dengan panjang gelombang Bragg dengan sensitivitas sebesar 0,0004142 nm/(Pa°C).

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Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is an optoelectronic device that operates by filtering the wavelength passing through it. The wavelength value is determined by the effective refractive index of the FBG structure. As a sensor that is sensitive to both pressure and temperature, FBG has wide-ranging potential applications. In this study, the detection of low hydrostatic pressure was performed as the basis for developing a uniform structured single-mode FBG as an underwater pressure sensor. Initially, FBG characterization was conducted for various pressures represented by different loads ranging from 0 grams to 500 grams with a 50-gram increment. Based on these results, subsequent experiments were carried out to measure moderate hydrostatic pressure from the 180° direction to observe the effect of pressure direction on FBG. The experiment was performed with a range of 0 liters to 20 liters, with a 2.5-liter increment in water volume, and yielded a linear relationship with a negative gradient when pressure was applied from below the FBG. Furthermore, experiments were conducted to measure low vertical hydrostatic pressure with a range of 0 ml to 10 ml, using a 0.25 ml increment in water volume. The research findings indicate a linear relationship between low hydrostatic pressure and Bragg wavelength, with a sensitivity of 0,0004142 nm/(Pa°C)."

"Telah dilakukan sintesa dan karakterisasi terhadap efek substitusi parsial ion La terhadap sistem senyawa LaxSr1-xO.6(Fe1,5Mn0,25Ti0,25O3) sebagai material penyanggah radiasi gelombang mikro dengan x adalah 0,3:0,5:0,7. Proses pembentukan dengan Hight Energy Milling/mekanikal alloying dari senyawa dasar La2O3, SrCO3, Fe2O3, MnO3, TiO2. Tahapan kristalisasi dilakukan dengan waktu pemanasan 4 jam suhu 1050 oC. Untuk x=0,3 dihasilkan 1 fasa La0,3Sr0,7O.6(Fe2O3), pola difraksi mengikuti pola SrO.6(Fe2O3). Loop hysterisis menunjukan magnet permanent dengan hasil remanen 1258 emu/gr, koersivitas 0.1489 Oe. Untuk x= 0,5 dan 0,7 memiliki nilai remanen berkurang karena adanya fasa kedua dan ketiga sebesar 1251,46 emu/gr dan 1241,58 emu/gr, dengan nilai coersivitas 0,045 dan 0.146 Oe. Pada saat y = 1,5 substitusi Mn dan Ti untuk sistem LaxSr1-xO.6(Fe1- yMny/2Tiy/2O3) pada hasil XRD menunjukkan 3 fasa dan loop hysterisis menunjukkan sifat feromagnetik, dengan nilai remanen tidak jauh berbeda dan koersifitas yang menurun dari sistem untuk x 0,3-0,7. Karakterisasi magnetik sistem LaxSr1-xO.6(Fe1.5Mn0.25Ti0.25O3) menghasilkan nilai intensitas reflection loss paling optimal sebesar -6.73 dB pada frekuensi optimal 14,9 GHz. Dengan adanya substitusi Mn dan Ti sifat magnetik sistem berkurang sehingga menurunkan nilai absorbsi.

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Synthesis and characterization has been done on the effects of partial substitution of ion La to the system LaxSr1-xO.6(Fe1,5Mn0,25Ti0,25O3) as a material absorber of microwave radiation with x 0,3:0,5:0,7. Design process with Hight Energy Milling / mechanical alloying basic compounds La2O3, SrCO3, Fe2O3, MnO3, TiO2. Stages of crystallization with the heating temperature of 1050°C 4 hours. For x = 0.3 produced a phase La0,3Sr0,7O.6(Fe2O3), following of diffraction patterns SrO.6(Fe2O3). Loop Hysteresis shows a permanent magnet with the remanent 1258 emu / g, and coercivity 0.1489 Oe. For x = 0.5 and 0.7 have a remanent value reduced because of the second and third phases is 1251.46 emu / g and 1241.58 emu / g, with a coercivity value 0.045Oe and 0146 Oe. y = 1.5 substitution of Mn and Ti system of LaxSr1-xO.6(Fe1-yMny/2Tiy/2O3) for XRD results indicate 3 phase a ferromagnetic characteristic. Loop hysteresis show is not much different the value of remanent, and the coercivity decrease of system LaxSr1-xO.6(Fe1, 5Mn0, 25Ti0, 25O3). for x 0.3 to 0.7. Magnetic characterization of the reflection loss systems LaxSr1-xO.6(Fe1.5Mn0.25Ti0.25O3) optimal value of -6.73 dB at a optimal frequency of 14.9 GHz. The substitution of Mn and Ti of the system is reduced magnetic characteristic in lower absorption values."

"Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) merupakan divais optoelektronika yang menyaring gelombang cahaya yang melaluinya. Nilai panjang gelombang yang disaring dan dilewatkan ditentukan oleh indeks bias efektif n_eff yang dimiliki FBG. Sebagai sensor yang sensitif terhadap tekanan dan temperatur, FBG memiliki potensi pengaplikasian yang luas, di antaranya sebagai sensor tekanan hidrostatik. Pada riset ini dilakukan perancangan sistem pemantauan tekanan hidrostatik rendah berbasis IoT menggunakan bare FBG jenis uniform grating yang direkatkan pada membran lateks. Dari hasil pengujian untuk rentang tekanan hidrostatik rendah dari 0 Pa hingga 50 Pa, ditunjukkan bahwa sensor FBG dapat mendeteksi tekanan hidrostatik rendah dengan sensitivitas 0,00061 nm/Pa dengan standar deviasi 0,001794. Selain itu ditunjukkan pula bahwa integrasi sistem pemantauan tekanan hidrostatik rendah dengan IoT dapat memperbarui data setiap 15 detik ke database MySQL dan website ThingSpeak. Pengujian kualitas pengiriman sistem IoT menunjukkan hasil nilai throughput 9863 bps; packet loss 0,4453%; dan delay 216,79 ms. Hasil ini telah memenuhi standar TIPHON.

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Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is an optoelectronic device that operates by filtering the lightwave passing through it. The value of the wavelength it filters is determined by the effective refractive index n_eff of the FBG. As a sensor sensitive to both pressure and temperature, FBG has wide potential applications, including as a hydrostatic pressure sensor. In this study we design an IoT-based low hydrostatic pressure using a bare uniform grating FBG placed on a latex membrane. The experiment’s results for low hydrostatic pressure ranging from 0 to 50 Pa shows that the bare uniform grating FBG has a sensitivity of 0.00061 nm/Pa with a standard deviation of 0.001794. The Integration of the low hydrostatic pressure system with IoT shows capability in updating data for every 15 seconds to a MySQL database and ThingSpeak website. Quality of service tests show a throughput value of 9863 bps, packet loss value of 0.4453%, and delay value of 216.79 ms which satisfy the TIPHON standard."