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"The plant biomass -- The actors : plant biomass degradation by fungi -- The tools, part 1 : enzymology of cellulose degradation -- The tools, part 2 : enzymology of hemicellulose degradation -- The tools, part 3 : enzymology of lignin degradation -- Catabolic pathways of soluble degradation products from plant biomass -- Regulation of formation plant biomass-degrading enzymes in fungi -- The fungal secretory pathways and their relation to lignocellulose degradation -- Production of cellulases and hemicellulases by fungi -- Production of fermentable sugars from lignocelluloses -- Lignocellulose biorefinery"

"Secara umum, lignoselulosa terdiri dari selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan lignin yang membentuk struktur kompleks yang sulit dihancurkan. Pretreatment bertujuan untuk mendegradasi hemiselulosa dan lignin dari biomassa lignoselulosa serta meningkatkan aksesibilitas enzim ke selulosa yang merupakan bahan baku untuk proses konversi lebih lanjut menjadi produk bernilai tambah. Bahan biomassa memiliki komposisi lignoselulosa yang berbeda-beda yang dapat mempengaruhi proses pretreatment. Masing-masing strategi pretreatment memiliki kelebihan dan keterbatasan tersendiri. Pretreatment biologis merupakan metode yang ramah lingkungan dan hemat energi karena menggunakan mikroorganisme untuk mengatasi sifat rekalsitran biomassa lignoselulosa. Jamur pelapuk putih mampu mendegradasi lignin melalui produksi enzim ligninolitiknya, berupa lakase, lignin peroksidase (LiP), dan mangan peroksidase (MnP). Tujuan penulisan ini adalah memberikan rangkuman penelitian terkait pretreatment biologis menggunakan jamur pelapuk putih dan mekanismenya sebagai mikroorganisme yang dapat mendegradasi lignin. Selain itu, dibahas juga berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi proses biodelignifikasi. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut terkait optimalisasi berbagai parameter kondisi kultur agar dapat meningkatkan efisiensi proses pretreatment biologis.

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Lignocellulosic biomass mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which form complex structures that are difficult to destroy. Pretreatment is significance for the degradation of hemicelluloses and lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass to make cellulose more accessible for further enzymatic process in its conversion into value-added products. Biomass materials have different lignocellulosic compositions which can affect the pretreatment process and requires certain strategy for effective treatment. While each pretreatment strategy has its own strengths and limitations. Biological pretreatment is considered to be an environmentally friendly process with low energy input and low disposal costs for it utilizes lignin-degrading microorganisms to reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass. White rot fungus are able to degrade lignin by producing ligninolytic enzymes, such as laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP), and manganese peroxidase (MnP). The purpose of this paper is to presents an overview of studies related to biological pretreatment using white rot fungi and its mechanism as a lignin degrading microorganism. In addition, various factors affecting biodelignification process are also discussed. Further research related to parameters optimization of culture conditions is needed in order to increase the efficiency of the biological pretreatment process."

"Lignocellulosic biomass has great potential for biogas production, but there are various factors which affect the performance of lignocellulosic biomass. Among the various factors, temperature is one of the important factors which play a significant role in biogas production from lignocellulosic biomass. Biogas production was studied for bamboo dust, sawdust, sugarcane bagasse and rice straw, all separately mixed with cattle dung. The effect of temperature on biogas production from various lignocellulosic biomasses was studied for temperature range from 35°C to 55°C at steps of 5°C. The objective of this work is to develop a mathematical model for evaluating the effect of temperature on the rate of biogas production from various lignocellulosic biomasses. The new mathematical model is derived by modification of the modified Gompertz model. The new model is found to be suitable for lignocellulosic biomass mixed with cattle dung in the temperature range 35°C to 55°C. The resulting estimated biogas production is found to be highly correlated to the experimental data of present study."

"GEPEA is a laboratory whose vision to bring development in process engineering, especially in bioresources and ecotechnology. This purpose brings the realization that the need for fuel from renewable energy sources is increasing as the world’s awareness of the environmental impact. Ulva algae and water hyacinth are aquatic feedstocks that still has a low interest in being the energy resource but really abundant in surface water invasion. Ulva algae and water hyacinth exist as environmental nuisance by the impact of agricultural fertilizer utilization, meanwhile the sugar beet pulp abundancy exists in correspondent of high amount sugar production from European Union, the cassava peel waste is very abundant due to high production in the tropical country, and the olive pomace quantity equals to huge production in the Mediterranean land. Bioethanol yield from the by-product of the agricultural production process that contains hemicellulose is called second-generation bioethanol production. This study aims to detect the bioethanol production potential comparison of Ulva lactuca, sugar beet pulp, cassava peels, water hyacinth, and olive pomace. By Wet Oxidation pretreatment at 125℃ in 45 mins and 130℃ in 75 mins, it is found that the carbohydrates yielded by the process are Olive Pomace < Water Hyacinth < Ulva Algae < Cassava Peels < Sugar Beet Pulp. This process then continued with microbial cultivation using filamentous fungi, Neurospora intermedia; and yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioethanol extraction process shows that we can have value-added products in the form of bioethanol and biomass production from abundant second-generation feedstocks.

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GEPEA merupakan laboratorium dengan visi memajukan dalam rekayasa proses, khususnya dalam bioresources dan ekoteknologi. Tujuan ini membawa kesadaran bahwa kebutuhan bahan bakal dari sumber energi terbarukan semakin meningkat seiring kesadaran dunia akan dampak lingkungan. Ganggang Ulva dan eceng gondok bersumber dari akuatik yang masih memiliki minat rendah untuk menjadi sumber energi, namun sangat berlimpah menginvasi permukaan air. Kedua material tersebut merupakan gangguan lingkungan sebagai akibat penggunaan pupuk dari kegiatan pertanian. Masalah kelimpahan juga terjadi pada limbah agrikutural dimana ampas gula bit mengimbangi tingginya jumlah produksi gula di Uni Eropa, ampas kulit singkong mengimbangi tingginya produksi singkong di negara-negara tropis, dan ampas minyak zaitun dari produksi besar di tanah Mediterania. Produksi bioethanol dari produk sampingan proses agrikultur yang mengandung hemiselulosa tersebut biasa dinamakan produksi bioethanol generasi kedua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi perbandingan potensi produksi bioethanol dari Ulva lactuca, ampas gula bit, kulit singkong, eceng gondok, dan ampas zaitun. Dengan pretreatment Wet Oxidation pada 125℃ dalam 45 menit dan 130℃ dalam 75 menit, ditemukan bahwa karbohidrat hasil proses tesebut secara berurutan adalah ampas zaitun < eceng gondok < Ulva algae < kulit singkong < ampas gula bit. Proses ini kemudian dilanjutkan dengan kultivasi mikroba menggunakan jamur berfilamen, Neurospora intermedia; dan ragi Saccharomices cerevisiae. Proses ekstraksi bioethanol menunjukkan bahwa produk bernilai tambah dapat dihasilkan dalam bentuk produksi bioethanol dan biomassa dari pemanfaatan kelimbahan bahan baku generasi kedua."

"Fungi are sessile, highly sensitive organisms that actively compete for environmental resources both above and below the ground. They assess their surroundings, estimate how much energy they need for particular goals, and then realise the optimum variant. They take measures to control certain environmental resources. They perceive themselves and can distinguish between ?self? and ?non-self?. They process and evaluate information and then modify their behaviour accordingly. These highly diverse competences show us that this is possible owing to sign(aling)-mediated communication processes within fungal cells (intraorganismic), between the same, related and different fungal species (interorganismic), and between fungi and non-fungal organisms (transorganismic). Intraorganismic communication involves sign-mediated interactions within cells (intracellular) and between cells (intercellular). This is crucial in coordinating growth and development, shape and dynamics. Such communication must function both on the local level and between widely separated mycelium parts. This allows fungi to coordinate appropriate response behaviors in a differentiated manner to their current developmental status and physiological influences."

"This book presents in-depth review of extremophilic enzymes which can be used in several biotechnologicalprocesses. In addition, the book provides the knowledge on how to engineer enzymes for enhanced conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks to biofuels. This book will support the readers to get a clear understanding on this upcoming field of science and engineering of extremophilic enzymes in such a way besides understanding the concept that they will be in position to design the bioprocesses for production of the suitable/desired enzyme from the ideal source for their desired application."