Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"This handbook provides a complete and detailed overview of all currently available psychiatric drugs, covering more than 250 different compounds.Particular features include :- the most important information on the chemistry, pharmacology and therapeutic use of a given drug- a special layout with margin notes and compound structures allowing for quick and easy access to the desired informationWritten by drug developers from the pharmaceutical industry, novel drugs currently under development and new methods of treatment are listed side by side with classical drugs, allowing a direct comparison of traditional and innovative therapeutic approaches."

"This volume will try to put current therapy, achievements, shortcomings, remaining medical needs and emerging new targets into the context of increasing knowledge regarding the genetic and neurodevelopmental contributions to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Some of the chapters will also deal with respective experimental and clinical methodology, biomarkers, and translational aspects of drug development. Non-schizophrenia indications will be covered to some extent, but not exhaustively."

"Hidrogel berbasis kolagen alginat merupakan material yang menjanjikan dalam mempercepat penyembuhan luka bakar. Namun, hidrogel yang disintesis dengan kolagen-alginat tidak memiliki sifat antibakteri yang baik untuk menunjang kecepatan penyembuhan. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan hidrogel dari ekstrak kulit salmon dengan penambahan propolis sebagai antimikroba. Kolagen diekstrak dari kulit ikan salmon dengan proses kimiawi dengan hidrolisis dan pelarutan kolagen dalam asam. Selanjutnya, pembuatan hidrogel dilakukan dengan menambahkan kolagen hasil ekstrak dan alginat dengan komposisi rasio volume 3:1. Propolis ditambahkan kedalam kolagen-alginat sebanyak 2%. Rendemen hasil ekstrak kolagen dari kulit ikan salmon sebesar 4%. Pengujian FTIR menunjukkan bahwa kolagen hasil ekstraksi memiliki gugus-gugus fungsi yang serupa dengan kolagen komersial. Rasio transmisi pada gugus amida III kolagen hasil ekstraksi dengan transmisi pada bilangan gelombang 1450 cm-1 mendekati 1 sehingga dapat dinyatakan struktur triple helix pada kolagen hasil ekstraksi tidak termodifikasi. Penambahan propolis pada hidrogel tidak memengaruhi ikatan kimia kolagen pada hidrogel kolagen-alginat dengan bukti hasil FTIR dan SEM. Penambahan propolis terbukti meningkatkan sifat antibakteri dari hidrogel. Hal ini terlihat dari terhambatnya aktivitas bakteri gram positif S. aureus yang sering ditemukan pada fase awal luka bakar.

---

Collagen alginate-based hydrogel is a promising material in accelerating burn healing. However, the hydrogel synthesized with collagen-alginate did not have good antibacterial properties to support the healing rate. The main objective of this study was to develop a hydrogel from salmon skin extract with the addition of propolis as an antimicrobial. Collagen is extracted from salmon skin by a chemical process by hydrolysis and dissolving collagen in acid. Next, the hydrogel was made by adding the extracted collagen and alginate with a volume ratio composition of 3:1. Propolis was added to the collagen-alginate as much as 2%. The yield of collagen extract from salmon skin is 4%. The FTIR test showed that the extracted collagen had similar functional groups to commercial collagen. The transmission ratio of the extracted amide III group of collagen with transmission at a wave number of 1450 cm^-1 is close to 1 so that the triple helix structure of the extracted collagen can be expressed unmodified. The addition of propolis to the hydrogel did not affect the chemical bonds of collagen in the collagen-alginate hydrogel with evidence of FTIR and SEM results. Addition of propolis has been shown to increase the antibacterial properties of the hydrogel. This can be seen from the inhibition of the activity of gram-positive bacteria S. aureus which is often found in the initial phase of burns."

"Dalam rangka pencarian aktivitas antimikroba dari aktinomycetes di Papua, sebanyak seratus isolat Actinomycetes yang berasal dari tanah dan serasah dari beberapa ekosistem di Pulau Batanta dan Salawati, Papua Barat telah diuji. Sebanyak 200 ekstrak dari 100 isolat Actinomycetes telah diperoleh melalui dua tahap ekstraksi. Metabolit non polar diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etil asetat : metanol (4:1), sedangkan metabolit polar diperoleh dari pemekatan medium menggunakan metode kering beku. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian menggunakan metode difusi agar, sebanyak 43 dari 200 ekstrak (21,5%) memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri dan khamir (Escherichia coli NBRC 14237, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 13276, Micrococcus luteus NBRC 1367, Candida albicans NBRC 1594, dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 10217). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa ekstrak Actinomycetes memiliki aktivitas anti bakteri gram negatif (1,5%), anti bakteri gram positif (17%), dan anti fungi (17%). Metabolit yang diekstraksi dengan pelarut etil asetat : metanol lebih aktif (35%) dibandingkan dengan pelarut air (17%). Sebanyak lima isolat yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba tertinggi (BL-13-5, BL-06-5, BL-14-2, BL-22-3, dan Sl-36-1) diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sekuen gen 16S rRNA. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian homologi dengan program BLAST, diperoleh homologi spesies berturut-turut adalah Streptomyces kanamyceticus (92%), Streptomyces verne (92%), Streptomyces narbonensis (92%), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (98%), dan Streptomyces hygroscopicus (96%).

---

In the framework of exploitation of antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes in Papua, one hundred isolates of Actinomycetes isolated from soil and leaf litter samples from various ecosystems in Batanta and Salawati Island, Raja Ampat, West Papua were screened. We obtained 200 crude extracts from 100 isolates based on two extraction phases. Nonpolar metabolites were extracted by ethyl acetate : methanol (4:1) solvent while the polar metabolites were concentrated using a freeze-drying method. Based on the agar dilution method, a total of 43 from 200(21.5%) crude extracts have antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts (Escherichia coli NBRC 14237, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 3134, Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 13276, Micrococcus luteus NBRC 1367, Candida albicans NBRC 1594 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae NBRC 10217). Some crude extracts showed anti-Gram negative (1.5%), anti-Gram positive (17%) and antifungal (17%) activities. Crude metabolites which were extracted using ethyl acetate : methanol were more effective on antimicrobial activity (35%) compared with water extraction (17%). Five most potential isolates (BL-13-5, BL-06-5, BL-14-2, BL-22-3, and Sl-36-1) were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data. Sequence similarity search by BLAST program revealed that they show sequence similarities to Streptomyces kanamyceticus (92%), Streptomyces verne (92%), Streptomyces narbonensis (92%), Streptomyces malachitofuscus (98%), and Streptomyces hygroscopicus (96%), respectively."

"Misselling merupakan suatu hal yang kerap terjadi pada kegiatan usaha asuransi, khususnya pada kegiatan pemasaran. Hal tersebut merupakan salah satu penyebab dari timbulnya sengketa konsumen pada ranah usaha asuransi oleh karena misselling tentu menimbulkan kerugian bagi pihak konsumen dan juga perusahaan asuransi itu sendiri. Berdasarkan peraturan-peraturan yang dikeluarkan oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) selaku regulator jasa keuangan di Indonesia, misselling merupakan salah satu yang dilarang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha asuransi dan pihak ketiga yang bertindak untuk dan atas namanya. Terhadap kerugian yang dialami oleh konsumen, OJK mewajibkan perusahaan untuk bertanggung jawab terhadap hal tersebut. Melalui metode penelitian yang bersifat yuridis-normatif serta berbagai bahan kepustakaan, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat dan membahas bagaimana saja bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dapat dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha atau ditempuh oleh konsumen apabila mengalami misselling, di mulai dari penyelesaian secara damai atau melalui Internal Dispute Resolution hingga melalui lembaga peradilan umum maupun lembaga penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan umum serta langkah-langkah mitigasi yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha guna mencegah terjadinya misselling.

---

Misselling is something that often happens in insurance business activities, especially in marketing activities. This is one of the causes of the emergence of consumer disputes in the realm of the insurance business because misselling certainly causes losses for consumers and also the insurance company itself. Based on the regulations issued by the Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) as the financial services authority in Indonesia, misselling is something that is forbidden to do by insurance businesses and third parties acting for and on their behalf. For losses suffered by consumers, OJK requires companies to be strictly responsible for this. Through juridical-normative research methods and various library materials, this research was conducted to see and discuss what forms of accountability can be carried out by business actors or taken by consumers if they experience misselling, starting from a peaceful settlement or through Internal Dispute Resolution and through public court institutions or dispute resolution institutions outside the general court as well as mitigation measures that could be taken by companies to prevent misselling."

"Resistensi antibiotik menjadi salah satu permasalahan kesehatan yang telah mengancam kesehatan dunia. Perkembangan resistensi antibiotik juga mengakibatkan meningkatnya permintaan agen antimikroba baru. Beberapa tahun terakhir, tanaman obat telah banyak dieksplorasi oleh para peneliti sebagai langkah awal dalam penemuan obat antimikroba baru. Bahkan, sebanyak 50% agen antibakteri yang disetujui oleh FDA berasal dari produk alami. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji potensi daya antibakteri dari ekstrak kulit kayu masoyi yang diperoleh dengan metode Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol 96% terhadap bakteri patogen yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, serta Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana kulit kayu masoyi menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri patogen seperti E. coli, S. typhimurium, B. cereus, dan S. aureus. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua metode yaitu metode difusi cakram kertas dan metode makrodilusi. Hasil dari uji difusi cakram kertas menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksana memiliki aktivitas antibakteri lebih baik dengan potensi lemah hingga kuat (1,05-10,33 mm) dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etil asetat (0,82-4,63 mm) dan etanol 96% (0,5-3,81 mm) yang hanya berpotensi lemah terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa. Konsentrasi hambat minimal ditentukan dengan metode makrodilusi. Hasil uji makrodilusi menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol 96% semuanya menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang lemah dengan nilai KHM > 1.000 µg/mL terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa.

---

Antibiotic resistance is one of the health problems that has threatened global health. The development of antibiotic resistance has also led to an increased demand for new antimicrobial agents. In recent years, medicinal plants have been extensively explored by researchers as a first step in the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. As many as 50% of FDA-approved antibacterial agents are derived from natural products. This study aimed to test the antibacterial potential of masoyi bark extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol 96% as solvents against pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Previously, extracts of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane from masoyi bark were reported for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, S. typhimurium, B. cereus, and S. aureus. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using two methods, which were the disc diffusion method and the macro dilution method. The results of the paper disk diffusion test showed that the n-hexane extract had a better antibacterial activity with weak to strong potency (1.05-10.33 mm) than the ethyl acetate extract (0.82-4.63 mm) and ethanol 96% extract (0.5-3.81 mm) which had only a weak potential against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa. Minimum inhibition concentration was determined by a macro dilution method. The results showed that the extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol 96% all exhibited weak antibacterial activity with MIC values > 1,000 µg/mL against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa bacteria."

"Nanas (Ananas Comosus) banyak mengandung nutrisi terutama senyawa bioaktif yang dikenal dengan bromelain. Bromelain merupakan enzim proteolitik yang kaya akan bioaktivitas dibidang kedokteran sebagai antiinflamasi, antibakteri, antitumor, pengobatan kardiovaskular dan masih banyak lagi. Pada penelitian ini manfaat bromelain sebagai antiinflamasi dan antibakteri diimplementasikan sebagai sedian nanoemulsi dengan tujuan pemakaian topikal. Dengan ukuran droplet yang kecil mampu menembus permukaan kulit, sehingga tujuan pemakaian pun dapat tercapai. Isolasi dan pemurnian bromelain dari bonggol nanas telah dilakukan dimana didapatkan aktivitas spesifik larutan bonggol dan enzim kasar masing-masing 51,36 U/mg dan 68,62 U/mg. Selanjutnya fraksinasi enzim menggunakan (NH4)2SO4 dan menghasilkan aktivitas spesifik 118,48 U/mg dan dilanjutkan dengan formulasi nanoemulsi bromelain. Ada tiga formula nanoemulsi, keseluruh formula ini memiliki karakteristik dan stabilitas yang memenuhi standar nanoemulsi yang telah dilakukan. Namun dari ketiganya formula, formula tiga lebih baik karena memiliki ukuran droplet yang lebih kecil yakni 22.04 nm dengan viskositas ketiganya berada pada range gel yakni 3200cps. Selanjutnya pengujian antibakteri dengan menggunakan nanoemulsi bromelain konsentrasi 3% dan 5% b/v dan memiliki daya hambat yang lemah. Konsetrasi 7% b/v memiliki daya hambat paling kuat terhadap bakteri p. Acnes. Invitro pada kulit tikus memiliki kecepatan penetrasi sebesar 587,56 μg/cm2 yakni pada menit ke 30.

---

Bromelain is a major proteolytic enzyme that existed in pineapple core and is widely known for its rich bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory and anti- bacterial. In this research, the isolation, extraction, and purification of bromelain from pineapple core was successfully performed, followed by the formulation of bromelain nanoemulsion, which ended with the in vitro testing on mouse skin to determine its skin permeability. The bromelain activity was also evaluated in this study, whereas the specific activity was determined at 51.36 U/mg and 68.62 U/mg at pineapple core and crude enzyme fractions, respectively. Moreover, the further fractionation using (NH4)2SO4 was performed and resulted in the specific activities of 118.48 U/mg for fraction 0-50% at 12 hr. In addition, three formulas of bromelain nanoemulsion were created in this study and characterized further using organoleptic and in vitro tests. According to the PSA data, the Formula 3 nanoemulsion, which majorly comprised of Tween 80 and small amounts of lecithin, shown a smaller droplet size at 22.04 nm, which corresponds to its higher penetration rate at 587.56 μg/cm2 in 30 minutes. Moreover, the decreased bromelain proteolytic activity in Formula 3 was not significant compared to the other two formulas. Anti-bacterial activity of bromelain in formula 3 with the concentration 7% b/v had the higher inhibision activity 20 mm."

"Infeksi virus dengue (DENV) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan global di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Menurut data CDC, diseluruh dunia terdapat sekitar 400 juta kasus DENV dengan 40.000 jiwa setiap tahunnya. Keparahan infeksi DENV berkaitan dengan jumlah viral load yang tinggi dan badai sitokin yang disebabkan oleh inflamasi berlebih. Sampai saat ini tidak ada antivirus spesifik digunakan untuk DENV, sementara itu penggunaan obat anti inflamasi untuk DENV terbatas hanya untuk pasien dengan gejala klinis berat. Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat telah dilaporkan sebagai drug repurposing yang dapat menghambat replikasi DENV, namun apakah kedua obat ini memiliki aktivitas anti-inflamasi yang disebabkan oleh infeksi DENV belum dikaji lebih lanjut. Aktivitas antivirus favipiravir dan kina sulfat dianalisis melalui nilai IC50 dan CC50 terhadap DENV serotipe-1 (DENV-1) pada sel Vero. Ekspresi relatif sitokin TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 dan faktor transkripsi NFkB dianalisis dari PBMC donor sehat yang diinfeksikan DENV-1 dengan pemberian Favipiravir atau Kina Sulfat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan IC50 dan CC50 untuk Favipiravir sebesar 2,72 ug/mL dan 156,78 ug/mL dengan nilai SI 58, sementara IC50 dan CC50 Kina Sulfat sebesar 14,97 ug/mL dan 85,2 ug/mL dengan nilai SI 5,69. Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat mampu menurunkan ekspresi IL-6 dan IL-10, namun menginduksi ekspresi TNF-a dan faktor transkripsi NFkB pada dua skema uji infeksi DENV-1 dengan atau tanpa antibodi. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Favipirafir memiliki aktivitas antivirus dengue yang lebih baik dibandingkan Kina Sulfat sementara peranan Favipiravir dan Kina Sulfat sebagai anti-inflamasi infeksi DENV masih memerlukan studi lebih lanjut.

---

Dengue virus (DENV) infection is still a global health problem in the world, including Indonesia. According to CDC data, worldwide there are around 400 million DENV cases with 40,000 deaths each year. The severity of DENV infection is related to the high viral load and cytokine storm caused by excessive inflammation. Until now there is no specific antiviral used for DENV, meanwhile the use of anti-inflammatory drugs for DENV is limited to patients with severe clinical symptoms. Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate have been reported as repurposing drugs that can inhibit DENV replication, but whether these two drugs have anti-inflammatory activity caused by DENV infection has not been studied further. The antiviral activity of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate was analyzed through IC50 and CC50 values against DENV serotype-1 (DENV-1) on Vero cells. The relative expression of cytokines TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 and the transcription factor NFkB was analyzed from PBMCs of healthy donors infected with DENV-1 with the addition of Favipiravir or Quinine Sulfate. The results showed that the IC50 and CC50 for Favipiravir were 2,72 ug/mL and 156,78 ug/mL with an SI value of 58, while the IC50 and CC50 of Quinine Sulfate were 14,97 ug/mL and 85,2 ug/mL with an SI value 5,69. Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate were able to reduce the expression of IL-6 and IL-10, but induced the expression of TNF-a and the transcription factor NFkB in two DENV-1 infection test schemes with or without ADE. From this study it can be concluded that Favipiravir has better dengue antiviral activity than Quinine Sulfate, while the role of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate as an anti-inflammatory for DENV infections still requires further study. From this study, it can be concluded that Favipiravir has better dengue antiviral activity than Quinine Sulfate while the role of Favipiravir and Quinine Sulfate as anti-inflammatory of DENV infection still requires further study."

"Nanopartikel merupakan senyawa dengan ukuran 1-100nm. Pembuatan nanopartikel dapat dilakukan dengan tiga cara, baik secara kimia, fisika, maupun biologi (green synthesis). Pembuatan nanopartikel secara Green synthesis yang dimediasi oleh tanaman menarik perhatian peneliti karena relatif aman, murah, mudah dilakukan, dan ramah lingkungan. Pembuatan nanopartikel CuCo2O4 sebagai katalis secara green synthesis melibatkan tumbuhan (Vitis Vinifera) pada bagian daunnya. Menggunakan tumbuhan sebagai media sintesis dilpilih karena kandungan fitokimia pada tumbuhan memiliki sifat pereduksi dan agen penstabil. Nanopartikel CuCo2O4 berhasil disintesis dan dapat digunakan sebagai katalis pada reaksi Doebner untuk menghasilkan suatu senyawa derivat quinoline-4-carboxylic acid. Reaksi Doebner melibatkan anilin, asam piruvat dan senyawa aldehid aromatik. Senyawa derivat quinoline-4-carboxylic acid hasil sintesis dikonfirmasi secara KLT, IR, UV-Vis, dan LCMS. Hasil karakterisasi menunnjukkan telah terbentuk senyawa quinoline-4-carboxylic acid yang sesuai. Penggunaan katalis CuCo2O4 menghasilkan produk sebesar 60,30% pada produk 1 ; 77,83% pada produk 2; 19,23% pada produk 3; dam 19,98% pada produk 4. Masing-masing produk dilakukan pengujian antikanker dan diperoleh data IC50<200µg/L yang menunjukkan tingkat sitotoksik yang sedang untuk semua produk hasil sintesis.

---

Nanoparticles are compounds with a size of 1-100nm. The manufacture of nanoparticles can be done in three ways, either chemically, physically, or biologically (green synthesis). The production of nanoparticles by means of plant-mediated green synthesis has attracted the attention of researchers because it is relatively safe, inexpensive, easy to perform, and environmentally friendly. Making CuCo2O4 nanoparticles as a catalyst by means of green synthesis involves plants (Vitis Vinifera L) in their leaves. Using plants as a synthesis medium was chosen because the phytochemicals in plants have reduced and stabilizing properties. CuCo2O4 nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized and can be used as a catalyst in the Doebner reaction to produce a quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivative compound. The Doebner reaction involves aniline, pyruvic acid and aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives were confirmed by TLC, IR, UV-Vis, and LCMS. The characterization results showed that a suitable quinoline-4-carboxylic acid compound had been formed. The use of CuCo2O4 catalyst produces a product of 60.30% in product 1; 77.83% in product 2; 19.23% in product 3; and 19.98% in product 4. Anticancer testing was carried out for each product and IC50<200µg/L data was obtained which indicated a moderate cytotoxic level for all synthesized products."

"Classified by their mode of action, all important classes of analgesics are presented here, including recent developments that have not yet been introduced to the market. Altogether, more than 300 compounds are described. A carefully designed layout presents the most relevant information at a glance, including compound structure, physical properties, synthesis schemes and clinical uses. Trade names for different countries are also given, allowing quick reference to compounds currently on the market. In addition to proven pain relievers, novel approaches to pain treatment are discussed and drug candidates for future therapies are presented. With its broad scope and extensive compound listings, this is a premier reference source for pain treatment by pharmacological means. "