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"This book provides a comprehensive overview of several promising novel drug targets and approaches against arrhythmias, with particular emphasis placed on malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The individual chapters address a single treatment strategy written by a leading expert on the chapter, including arrhythmia mechanisms, kinase inhibitors, calcium and potassium channel targets, and atrial selective drugs."

"Peripheral Receptor Targets for Analgesia reviews the role of peripheral receptor mechanisms in the transduction of pain, providing a framework for the development of new and effective rationally-designed analgesic drugs and therapies with and promoting further basic and clinical studies on potentially interesting peripheral receptor targets. It uniquely brings together in one text the diverse body of work on peripheral receptor mechanisms of pain. This comprehensive reference aids pharmaceutical scientists, pharmacologists, and neuroscientists developing drugs and researching pain in achieving selectivity in drug therapy for more efficient pain management."

"This book provides a comprehensive look at renal cell carcinoma, exploring its biology as well as current and future molecular targets for renal cancer carcinoma."

"This book describes both the technologies used in the discovery of melanoma biomarkers and the clinical application of these biomarkers for diagnosis and staging of disease, determination of prognosis, treatment planning, monitoring of response to therapy, identification of novel therapeutic targets and drug development. A broad range of biomarkers (DNA/chromosomal, mRNA, microRNA, mitochondrial DNA, epigenetic and protein) is outlined. As therapies for melanoma become increasingly more target specific, the identification, validation and use of biomarkers will invariably play a greater role in the management of patients with this disease."

"Kebanyakan orang mengetahui bahwa tuberkulosis mempengaruhi paru-paru, tetapi jarang mengetahui bahwa TB dapat mempengaruhi tulang belakang. Penyakit ini dikenal sebagai penyakit Pott. Pasien penyakit Pott sering diresepkan dengan beberapa obat anti-tuberkulosis dalam formulasi obat tunggal dan kombinasi biner. Namun, beberapa pasien menjadi resisten terhadap obat anti-tuberkulosis karena penggunaan yang tidak tepat. Kekhawatiran telah dikemukakan oleh peneliti mengenai degradasi rifampisin (RIF) yang disebabkan oleh oksigen. Obat tunggal dan biner yang tidak stabil dan tidak aktif dapat mengganggu efektivitas pengobatan dan meningkatkan kemungkinan resistensi obat pada pasien. Metode Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT), untuk penentuan stabilitas obat anti tuberkulosis tunggal dan biner dalam 4 jam, digunakan untuk menyelidiki degradasi obat anti-tuberkulosis (OAT) di dalam larutan PBS pada pH 7.4 di suhu kamar dengan variasi H2O2 (0%, 0,3%, 3%, dan 30% b/v). RIF terdegradasi hingga 14.92% setelah ditambahkan H2O2 3% dan menghasilkan turunan RIF-Q dengan konsentrasi sebesar 4.57 PPM, 3.38 PPM, 2.52 PPM, and 0.87 PPM untuk variasi H2O2 0%, 0,3%, 3%, dan 30% b/v. Setelah ditambahkan H2O2 3% INH, PZA, dan ETH terdegradasi sebesar 5.70%, 13.58%, dan 3.48% secara berurutan. Dari hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa semua OAT tunggal dan biner terdegradasi, tidak tahan oksidasi alami, dan oksidasi H2O2. Oleh karena itu, semua obat membutuhkan antioksidan alami seperti gingerol, kurkumin, mangostin, dan asam askorbat sebagai penstabil untuk menstabilkan obat.

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Most people knew that tuberculosis affect the lungs, but rarely knew it may affect other sites including spine. The disease is known as the pott’s disease. Pott’s disease patients are often prescribed with a few anti-tubercular drugs in a single and binary drug formulation. Concern has been arises regarding the degradation of rifampicin (RIF) caused by oxygen that produce inactive rifampicin quinone (RIF-Q) and isonicotinyl hydrazone (HYD) in the presence of isoniazid (INH). Unstable and inactive single and binary drugs may compromise treatment effectiveness and enhance the possibility of drug resistance in patient. An HPLC method, for the determination of single and binary anti-tuberculosis drugs stability in 4 hours, was employed to investigate the degradation in PBS solution at pH 7.4 in ambient temperature with H2O2 variation (0%, 0.3%, 3%, and 30% w/v). RIF degraded up to 14.92% after 3% H2O2 was added and produced RIF-Q with concentrations of 4.57 PPM, 3.38 PPM, 2.52 PPM, and 0.87 PPM for 0%, 0.3%, 3%, and 30% w/v H2O2. Meanwhile, INH, PZA, and ETH degraded by 5.70%, 13.58%, and 3.48%, respectively after 3% H2O2 was added. It was found that all single and binary anti- tuberculosis drugs are degraded, did not resist natural oxidation, and H2O2 oxidation. Therefore, all drugs need natural antioxidant such as gingerol, curcumin, mangostin, and ascorbic acid the stabilizer to stabilize the drugs."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode sensor senyawa captopril pada obat antihipertensi secara elektrokimia dengan elektroda yang dimodifikasi dengan nikel oksida. Dalam penelitian ini, sintesis nikel oksida menggunakan metode pengendapan yaitu dalam sistem tertutup. Karakterisasi nikel oksida digunakan SEM-EDS, XRD dan FTIR. Sintesis nikel oksida digunakan Ni NO3 2.6H2O sebagai sumber nikel dan NH4OH sebagai sumber basa. Hasil karakterisais SEM menunjukan morfologi nikel oksida seperti agregat. Karakterisasi XRD nikel oksida yaitu menunjukan terbentuknya nikel oksida dengan jenis kristal kubik dan karakterisasi FTIR menunjukan adanya gugus O-H dan gugus Ni-O. Elektroda Ni/CPE dibandingkan dengan NiO/CPE dihasilkan sensitivitas Ni/CPE dan NiO/CPE 0,00135 AmM-1cm-2 dan 0,129 AmM-1cm-2 dan batas deteksi masing-masing yaitu 7,91 x 10-5 mM dan 2,0 x 10-4 mM dengan r2 Ni/CPE yaitu 0,9978 dan r2 NiO/CPE yaitu 0,9766.

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This research is to develop captopril compound sensor method on antihypertensive drugs electrochemically with electrode modified nickel oxide. In this study, the synthesis of nickel oxide using precipitation methods in closed systems. characterization of nickel oxide using SEM EDS, XRD and FTIR. Synthesis of nickel oxide using Ni NO3 2.6H2O as nickel source and NH4OH as base source. The SEM characterization results show the morphology of nickel oxide such as aggregate. Characterization of XRD nickel oxide shows the formation of nickel oxide with cubic crystal structure and FTIR characterization indicates the presence of Ni O groups and O H. The Ni CPE electrodes compared with NiO CPE resulted in sensitivity of Ni CPE and NiO CPE 0,00135 A mM 1 cm 2 and 0,129 A mM 1cm 2 and detection limits Ni CPE is 7,91 x 10 5 mM and NiO CPE is 2,0 x 10 4 mM with r2 Ni CPE is 0,9978 and r2 NiO CPE is 0,9766."

" ABSTRAKHipertensi merupakan kelainan yang menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia dan seluruh dunia. Salah satu panduan yang umum digunakan dalam penanganan hipertensi adalah panduan Joint National Committee 8 JNC 8 . Selain penggunaan panduan JNC 8, Indonesia memiliki Formularium Nasional Fornas yang di dalamnya terdapat rekomendasi obat-obatan berbagai penyakit, termasuk obat-obatan antihipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proporsi pasien hipertensi tingkat 1 dan 2 yang datang ke URJ RSUPN Ciptomangunkusomo dan mendapatkan obat antihipertensi yang sesuai dengan panduan JNC 8 dan Fornas. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengamati pengobatan yang didapatkan pasien dalam rekam medis dan membandingkannya dengan panduan JNC 8 dan Fornas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 67,68 pasien mendapatkan pengobatan yang sesuai JNC 8 dan Fornas. Jenis obat antihipertensi yang sesuai dengan panduan JNC 8 didapatkan pada 82,83 pasien. Sedangkan 100 pasien mendapatkan obat antihipertensi yang sesuai dengan daftar obat Fornas. Dosis obat yang sesuai dengan JNC 8 ditemukan pada 81,82 pasien. Evaluasi hasil pengobatan yang sesuai dengan panduan JNC 8 ditemukan pada 100 pasien. Biaya pengobatan 99 pasien lebih murah Rp 30.588,50 /hari apabila pengobatan diberikan sesuai dengan panduan JNC 8 dan Fornas.

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ABSTRACTHypertension is a prevalent medical problem in Indonesia or around the world. One commonly used guideline for hypertension treatment is the Joint National Committee 8 JNC 8 guideline. Aside from the JNC 8 guideline, Indonesia has Formularium Nasional Fornas which contains a list of recommended drugs for various diseases, including antihypertensive drugs. This study aims to know the proportion of grade 1 and 2 hyertensive patient who comes to outpatient department of RSUP Ciptomangunkusumo and receives antihypertensives drugs according to the JNC 8 guideline and Fornas. The study is conducted by observing the received medication of each patient in medical record and compares them to the JNC 8 guideline and Fornas. The study shows that 67.68 hypertensive patients received medication according to JNC 8 and Fornas. Antihypertensive drugs type selection which followed the JNC 8 guideline was found in 82.83 patients. While 100 patients received antihypertensive drugs which adhere to Fornas. The appropriate dosage was found in 81.82 patients. Treatment evaluation which adhere to JNC 8 was found in 100 patients. Treatment cost of 99 patients is cheaper by IDR 30,588.50 per day if the treatment was given according to JNC 8 guideline and Fornas."

"Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit yang prevalensinya tinggi di Indonesia. Hipertensi harus diobati secara efektif untuk menghindari komplikasi yang dapat terjadi. Pengadaan obat untuk pasien BPJS pada fasilitas kesehatan harus mengacu pada Formularium Nasional. Evaluasi penggunaan obat antihipertensi pada pasien rawat jalan BPJS Rumah Sakit Karya Bhakti Pratiwi Bogor Tahun 2016 dilakukan untuk mencapai penggunaan obat yang rasional. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan pengambilan data secara retrospektif. Data yang diambil berasal dari resep pasien dan Sistem Informasi Manajemen Rumah Sakit SIMRS. Sampel merupakan resep pasien BPJS hipertensi periode Januari hingga Desember 2016. Studi dilakukan secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan metode Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose ATC/DDD. Berdasarkan pengolahan data dengan Microsoft Excel, secara kuantitatif penggunaan obat antihipertensi sebanyak 40.080,77 DDD dengan obat terbanyak yang digunakan adalah amlodipin 17,24 DDD/1000 pasien/hari. Secara kualitatif, obat yang menyusun segmen DU90 ada lima obat yaitu amlodipin, kandesartan, kaptopril, furosemid, dan spironolakton. Kesesuaian penggunaan obat antihipertensi dengan Formularium Nasional sebesar 91,64.

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Hypertension is one of the highest prevalence disease in Indonesia. It has to be treated effectively to prevent the complications. Drug procurement in BPJS patients at health facility was based on drugs in national formulatory. Evaluation of antihypertensive drugs utilization in BPJS outpatients at Karya Bhakti Pratiwi hospital Bogor 2016 was performed to achieve rational drug use. Design of the study was cross sectional with sampling data by retrospective. Data was obtained from prescription and management information system of hospital. Sample of this study was hypertensive BPJS patient prescriptions from January to December 2016.

Study was performed with both qualitative and quantitative approach with Anatomical Theurapetic Chemical Defined Daily Dose ATC DDD method. Based on the analysis of data with Microsoft Excel, the utilization of antihypertensive drug was 40,080.77 DDD with amlodipine being the most used in antihypertensive drugs 17.24 DDD 1000 patients day. Drugs that belong to DU90 segments were amlodipine, candesartan, captoprile, furosemid, and spironolacton. The use of antihypertensive drugs was 91.64 compliance with national formulatory."

"In this ground–breaking practical reference, the family of aspartic acid proteases is described from a drug developer′s perspective. The first part provides a general introduction to the family of aspartic acid proteases, their physiological functions, molecular structure and inhibition. Parts two to five present various case studies of successful protease inhibitor drug design and development, as well as current and potential uses of such inhibitors in pharmaceutical medicine, covering the major therapeutic targets HIV–1 protease, renin, beta–secretase, gamma–secretase,plasmepsins and fungal proteases. "

"Banyak perdebatan apabila dokter melakukan kesalahan. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan banyaknya pengaduan kasus malpraktik medis yang diajukan masyarakat pada profesi dokter. Kondisi demikian dipicu oleh makin meningkatnya tingkat pendidikan dan kesadaran masyarakat atas hak perawatan dan pemeliharaan kesehatan dan hak untuk menentukan nasib diri sendiri. Cara dokter dalam menangani seorang pasien adalah antara kemungkinan dan ketidakpastian karena tubuh manusia bersifat kompleks dan tidak dapat dimengerti sepenuhnya. Berangkat dari permasalahan tersebut, skripsi ini membahas perlindungan hukum bagi dokter pada kasus alergi obat dengan menganalisis Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Bekasi Nomor 630/Pdt.G/2015/PN Bks. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan bentuk yuridis-normatif. Hasil Penelitian ini adalah pengaturan malpraktik medis di Indonesia diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan, Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2014 tentang Tenaga Kesehatan, serta peraturan turunan, yaitu Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 269/MENKES/PER/III/2008 tentang Rekam Medis dan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No. 2052/MENKES/PER/X/2011 tentang Izin Praktik dan Pelaksanaan Praktik Kedokteran. Terkait perlindungan hukum bagi dokter pada kasus alergi obat studi kasus : putusan pengadilan negeri Bekasi No. 630/Pdt.G/2015/PN Bks. Majelis Hakim tidak memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi dokter tersebut.

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There are so many debate when doctors make mistakes. This is demonstrated by the many complaints of medical malpractice cases filed society in the medical profession. Such conditions triggered by the increasing level of education and public awareness of the right to health care and the right of self determination. How doctors treat patients is between probable and uncertainty because the human body is complex and cannot be fully understood. Departing from these problems, this thesis discusses the legal protection for doctors in case of allergy drugs by analyzing the Bekasi District Court 39 s Decision Number 630 Pdt.G 2015 PN Bks. This research is a qualitative study with normative juridical form. Results of this research is the regulation of medical malpractice in Indonesia stipulated in the Penal Code, Civil Code, The Law of Republic Indonesia Number 36 of 2009 on Health, The Law of Republic Indonesia Number 36 of 2014 on Health Workers, as well as derivative legislation, namely the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 269 MENKES PER III 2008 on the Medical Records and Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic Indonesia Number 2052 MENKES PER X 2011 on Permit Practice and Implementation of Medical Practice. Related to Legal Protection For Doctors In Case Of Drug Allergy Case Study Bekasi District Courts rsquo s Decision Number 630 Pdt.G 2015 PN Bks. Judges do not provide legal protection for the doctor. "