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"The essays in this volume are all original contributions dealing in one way or another with the analysis of prosody - primarily intonation and rhythm, and the role it plays in everyday conversation. They take as their methodological starting-point the contention that the study of prosody must begin with genuine interactional rather than pre-fabricated laboratory data. Through close empirical analysis of recorded material from genuine English, German and Italian conversations, prosody emerges here as a strategy deployed by interactants in the management of turntaking and floor-holding; in the negotiation of conversational activities such as repair, assessments, announcements, reproaches and news receipts; and in the keying of the tone or modality of interactional sequences."

"ABSTRACT

This study is aimed to find out how the prosodic markers characterize the contrast of declarative and interrogative utterances both in the production and perception perspectives. The research is based on the assumption that studying prosody as a part of the symbols system has to set the prosody completely on the interaction domain, involve how the speaker organizes the prosody component concurrently with segmental and lexical items to enunciate the meaning and how in fact the hearer distinguishes the prosodic symbols to perceive the meaning of the utterance. As well as to find the prosodic marker either an individual part or their configuration to construct melodic and temporal structures, the study is also intended to measure each of the relevant variables within the two structures.

In the production experiment I found that the component of melodic structure such as the reference pitch or initial pitch in tout contour (nada dasar), final pitch (nada final), peak(s) (puncak nada), and pitch range (jam nada.) as well as duration significantly mark the contrast of declarative. and interrogative utterances. In general, the study came to the conclusion that

1. Declaratives reference is about 9.13 st and this is 1 st higher then interrogative reference.

2. The final pitch of declarative is about 7.28 st and it is about 2 st lower than the interrogatives final pitch Compare to the reference, the declarative final pitch feature negative excursion and the interrogative final pitch features positive excursion.

3. The peak(s) excursion of declarative utterances is only about 0.95 st above the reference and this is significantly different from interrogatives peaks, which is about 231 above the reference. Relative to the onset, the peaks are 5.46 st in declaratives contour and 3.14 st in interrogatives.

4. In term of pitch movement (alirnada), the contrasts are mark by the final pitch movement. The contours are closed by flat rise followed fall tail (DNt) in declaratives and by rise followed fall tail (Nt) in interrogatives. Both, declaratives and interrogatives contour started by fall-rise (TN) movement.

5. Moreover, concerning temporal characteristics, the study concludes that the contrast of declarative and interrogatives is marked by lengthening of the syllable at the final constituent It appears that on top of the peak(s), the speaker also indicates the constituent boundaries with length of syllable and the syllabic lengthening that happens at the end of utterance is greater.

In the perception experiment, I found that the declaratives base stimuli could be perceived as fully declarative with perfect intonation if the pitch range of the contour ranges between 3 st to 35 st. In term of excursion size, minimum contour is characterized by P1 onset at the same level of reference (0 st or no excursion), Pi and P2 with excursed 1 st and final pitch excursed about -2 st (or 2 st under the reference). Maximum contour is characterized by P1 onset with excursion approximately -20.11 st P2 about 15.21 st, P2 about 14.28 st, and final pitch -15.53 st

The study did not find minimum contour of interrogative base stimuli since there is no stimulus perceived as perfect interrogative utterance - positively caused by extremely small step size value in stimulus manipulation. However, I found the maximum contour of interrogative base stimuli found with 36 st pitch range which is characterized by onset PI with excursion about -16.6 st, followed, by Pi with 15.8 st, P2 with 19.39 st, and final pitch with 16.04 st

On searching of contrastive threshold, I found that interrogative utterances more sensitive to the prosodic change than declarative utterances. More than 95% of interrogative base stimuli are perceived as declarative, while only about 422% of declarative base stimuli are perceives as interrogative utterance. Regarding excursion, the declarative base stimuli which is initiate interrogative perception has 1.4 st P2 onset, more than 4.3 st

P2, and about 2.4 st excursion of final pitch. On the other hand, the interrogative base stimuli would initiate declarative perception when the stimuli hold and excursion of the P2 onset as much as 03 st with about 1.9 st excursion of P2 and -3.6 st final pitch excursion. In the two base stimuli, the range of syllabic length manipulation is 20% to 60% of the original duration.

Compared to the acoustic characteristics in their utterances, it seems that the speaker of the language can perceived more than that they produce. The pitch range of their utterances distributes from 5 st to 22 st, but the can perceive stimuli as perfect utterances in range of 3 st to 35 st. They are also able to perceive much higher peaks and final pitch excursion then what they can produce."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas hubungan antara strategi komunikasi dan keterampilan berbicara peserta program Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing BIPA level madya. Penelitian ini berancangan kualitatif. Data penelitian diambil dengan merekam tuturan peserta dalam ujian berbicara. Taksonomi D rnyei dan Scott 1997 serta tahapan keterampilan berbicara Corder 1973 digunakan untuk menganalisis data penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterbatasan perbendaharaan kata merupakan hambatan komunikasi utama bagi peserta selain tekanan waktu, performa peserta, dan performa kawan tutur. Selain itu, keterampilan berbicara peserta dapat dijelaskan berdasarkan strategi komunikasi yang mereka gunakan.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis examines the corelation of communication strategies and speaking skills of the Indonesian Foreign Speakers program BIPA at intermediate level. This study implemented a qualitative method. Data were colected by recording their speech in the speaking test. D rnyei Scott rsquo s 1997 taxonomy and Corder rsquo s 1973 speaking skills stages were used in this research. The research findings indicate that the limited vocabulary is the main communicative barriers. In addition, the other problems are the pressures of time, the participants performance, and the adresse performance. Thus, the speaking skills of participants can be explained based on their communication strategies. "

"Text-to-speech research in several languages in under development, and has reached a satisfactory result in certain language. But, some problems in text-to-speech have not been completely solved yet...."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini membahas efektivitas media video berseri dalam buku ajar Tendances dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara Bahasa Prancis. Adapun rumusan masalah dan tujuan penelitian ini ada dua yaitu menganalisis efektivitas media video berseri dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara dan menganalisis persepsi siswa yang menggunakan media video berseri dalam pemelajaran keterampilan berbicara Bahasa Prancis mereka. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas menggunakan dua siklus dengan 30 subjek penelitian yang mempelajari Bahasa Prancis pada tingkat A2. Penelitian dilakukan selama empat bulan dengan total 15 pertemuan. Data penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data kuantitatif seperti pre-test, progress-test dan post-test serta data kualitatif seperti kuesioner awal, kuesioner akhir, jurnal pelajar dan wawancara. Seluruh kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan Repeated Measures Anova. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kelebihan dan kekurangan media video berseri, efektivitas media ajar itu dalam pembelajaran keterampilan berbicara Bahasa Prancis serta faktor-faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam menggunakan media ajar itu.

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ABSTRACTThis research discusses the effectiveness of video series media in textbooks Tendances in teaching French speaking skills. The research questions and the research purposes of this study are analyzing the effectiveness of video series media in teaching French speaking skills and analyzing the perceptions of students who use video series media in learning their French speaking skills. The research methodology used in this study is Action Research using two cycles with 30 research subjects studying French at A2 level. The study was conducted over four months with a total of 15 meetings. The research data used in this study are quantitative data such as pre-test, progress-test and post-test as well as qualitative data such as the initial questionnaire, final questionnaire, student journal and interview. All quantitative data were analyzed using Repeated Measures Anova. The results of this study indicate the advantages and disadvantages of video series media, the effectiveness of the media in teaching French speaking skills and the factors that must be considered for using the media."

"His insight and acute linguistic sensitivity and linguistic rationality have spawned findings and research work in many areas, from non-standard etymology to hardcore formal linguistics, not forgetting computational areas such as parsing, terminological databases, and, last but not least, machine translation. In addition to his renowned and widely acknowledged insights in tense and aspect and its relationship with nominal quantification, and his ground-breaking work in dialog using game-theoretic machinery, Lauri has in the last fifteen years as Professor of Language Theory and Translation Technology contributed immensely to areas such as translation, terminology and general applications of computational linguistics. The three editors of the present volume have successfully performed doctoral studies under Lauri’s supervision, and wish with this volume to pay tribute to his supervision and to his influence in matters associated with research and scientific, linguistic and philosophical inquiry, as well as to his humanity and friendship."

"This book provides a state-of-the-art survey of intonation and prosodic structure from a phonological perspective. It explores topics such as individual tones and how they combine, how information This book provides a state-of-the-art survey of intonation and prosodic structure. Taking a phonological perspective, it shows how morpho-syntactic constituents are mapped to prosodic constituents according to well-formedness conditions. Using a tone-sequence model of intonation, it explores individual tones and how they combine, and discusses how information structure affects intonation in several ways, showing tones and melodies to be 'meaningful' in that they add a pragmatic component to what is being said. The author also shows how despite a superficial similarity, languages differ in how their tonal patterns arise from tone concatenation. Lexical tones, stress, phrase tones, and boundary tones are assigned differently in different languages, resulting in great variation in intonational grammar, both at the lexical and sentential level. The last chapter is dedicated to experimental studies of how we process prosody. The book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers in linguistics, and particularly in phonological theory."

"Tesis yang berjudul ?Pemicu Alih Kode Bahasa Inggris-Bahasa Indonesia: Kasus Percakapan Diskusi Kelas Siswa dan Guru Sekolah Nasional Plus Delima, Jakarta" ini adalah kajian sosiolinguistik. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menemukan pemicu alih kode dalam percakapan siswa dan guru di sekolah ini.Objek penelitian tesis ini adalah kejadian alih kode pada percakapan siswa dan guru sekolah ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan karena sekolah ini memiliki keanekaragaman etnik dan bahasa individunya. Cakupan penelitian ini dibatasi pada penggunaan bahasa lisan bahasa Inggris dan alih kode bahasa Inggris-bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini tidak memasukkan akurasi tata bahasa, prosodi, ubah kode dan campur kode dalam analisisnya. Data penelitian ini adalah delapan buah rekaman percakapan yang dilakukan siswa dan guru dengan mayoritas durasi tiga puluh menit Data itu kemudian ditranskripsi dan dianalisis menjadi empat bagian, yakni: analisis tindak ilokusi berdasarkan teori tindak ilokusi Searle (1976), analisis jenis alih kode berdasarkan teori Gumperz (1982), dan analisis makna sosial alih kode berdasarkan teori makna sosiai alih kode Saville-Troike (2003).Dari ketiga analisis diatas disimpulkan beberapa pemicu alih kode, yaitu: kesadaran bahwa lawan bicara berbahasa pertama bahasa Indonesia, lawan bicara tidak mampu berbahasa Indonesia, keinginan penutur berganti topik, keinginan tidak mengikutsertakan pihak lain dalam pembicaraan, perasaan panik karena membutuhkan jawaban segera, pertimbangan bahwa dengan bahasa Indonesia penutur dapat menyampaikan suatu pesan dengan lebih baik, perasaan kesal karena instraksi yang diberikan tidak dilakukan dengan baik, karena idenya ditolak seseorang, atau karena dihardik seseorang, keinginan memberikan suatu selingan segar pada situasi yang serius, keinginan mendapatkan respon atau reward atas suatu prestasi tertentu, keinginan untuk menyanggah, keinginan menyudutkan seseorang, keinginan mendapat respon alas lelucon yang dibuat, keinginan memperolok seseorang, keinginan menyangkal tuduhan, keinginan mengetahui sesuatu dengan segera, keinginan menghentikan suatu perselisihan, keinginan menunjukkan identitas (senioritas atau keanggotaan suatu kelompok), keinginan mengungkapkan perasaan bangga, keinginan mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan, keinginan menyelamatkan muka, keinginan menantang seseorang atau sekelompok orang, keinginan mengekspresikan rasa kagum, dan keinginan menyombongkan diri.Menurut Gumperz (1982:62), faktor pencetus suatu alih kode adalah adanya suatu norma interaksional dalam suatu komunitas. Norma interaksional didapatkan dari interaksi di antara anggota komunitas tersebut. Norma interaksional di kalangan siswa dan guru Sekolah Nasional Plus Delima dapat dijadikan sebagai landasan untuk meminimalisir kejadian alih kode di antara siswa dan guru sekolah.

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This thesis entitled "The Causes of English-Bahasa Indonesia Code Switching: Case Study of Class Discussion Conversations among Students and Teachers of Delima National Plus School, Jakarta" is a socio linguistics. This research is aimed to find the causes of code switching in the conversations among students and teachers of this school.

Object of this research is the code switching found in the conversations of students and teachers of this school. This research is done for the heterogeneity of ethnics and language of the school's member. This research is limited to spoken English and the code switching of English-bahasa Indonesia. This research in its analysis excludes the analysis of grammar, prosody, code shifting and code mixing. Data of this research is eight recorded conversations among the students and teachers with thirty minutes majority duration. This data then transcribed and analyzed into four sections, namely: analysis of illocutionary act based on Searle's illocutionary act theory (1976), analysis of code switching types based on Gumperz theory (1982), and analysis of social meaning of code switching based Saville-Troike theory (2003).

Based on the analysis above several causes of the code switching are identified as follows: awareness that the listener's first language is bahasa Indonesia, the listener can not speak bahasa Indonesia, speaker's intention to change the topic, intention to exclude other people from the conversation, panic or depressed for desperately need a quick answer, consideration that by bahasa Indonesia he/she can deliver the message better, feeling upset because his/her instruction was not well done, because his/her idea was objected, because he/she was scolded by someone, intention to give an intermezzo on a serious situation, desire to get a respond or reward for his/her achievement, intention to object an idea, intention to mock someone, desire to get a respond of his joke, intention to make fun of someone, intention to deny a prosecution, desire to know something as soon as possible, intention to stop a conflict, intention to show an identity (seniority or membership of a group), intention to express proud, intention to express a belief , intention to safe "face", intention to challenge someone or a group of people, intention to express an admiration, and intention to bluff.

According to Gumperz (1982:62), code switching is caused by the existence of interactional norms in a community. These norms are acquired from the interaction among the member of the community. Interactional norms among students and teachers in Delima National Plus School can be used as a ground for minimizing code switching among students and teachers in this school."