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"Perubahan iklim merupakan isu yang sedang dihadapi oleh masyarakat global, yang dipengaruhi oleh variabilitas curah hujan dan suhu udara. Penelitian ini di lakukan di wilayah sungai Nasal-Padang Guci, dengan menganalisa trendline curah hujan dan suhu udara, selama kurun waktu 1910-2010, sehingga diketahui pengaruhnya terhadap neraca air. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Mann Kendall Test untuk mengetahui kecendrungan trendline nya, serta metode Neraca Surplus Defisit untuk menganalisa neraca airnya. Dari hasil analisa didapatkan bahwa suhu rata-rata bulanan naik sebesar 0,80C selama 54 tahun, sedangkan kenaikan curah hujan pada tahun 1910-1978 sebesar 20 mm/69 tahun, dan meningkat selama tahun 1979-2010 sebesar 125 mm/30 tahun. Kenaikan curah hujan dan suhu udara mempengaruhi ketersediaan dan kebutuhan air di WS Nasal-Padang Guci, dalam hal ini ketersediaan air dipengaruhi oleh curah hujan dan evapotranspirasi yang merupakan fungsi dari suhu, sedangkan kebutuhan airnya dipengaruhi oleh tataguna lahan dan jumlah penduduk. Dari perhitungan neraca air diketahui bahwa ketersediaan air sungai pada tahun 2030 lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan 2010, hal ini disebabkan karena pengaruh peningkatan suhu udara, sehingga nilai evaporasinya semakin besar. Ketersediaan air pada tahun 2010 sebesar 3358,4 juta m3/tahun, sedangkan kebutuhan air untuk irigasi 669 juta m3/tahun (20%), RKI (rumah tangga, perkotaan dan industri) sebesar 87,2 juta m3/tahun (3%), dan sisanya 2602,2 juta m3/tahun (77%), tidak dapat dimanfaatkan. Ketersediaan air pada tahun 2030 menurun dibandingkan dengan 2010 yaitu sebesar 2498,9 juta m3/tahun, untuk irigasi sebesar 1133,7 juta m3/tahun (45%), RKI sebesar 136,5 juta m3/tahun (4%), sedangkan sisanya 1228,8 juta m3/tahun (51%) tidak dapat dimanfaatkan. Pada tahun 2010 air masih bisa mencukupi kebutuhannya dan terjadi defisit pada tahun 2030, yaitu pada bulan Agustus dan September, sehingga diperlukan bantuan waduk untuk menyimpan air pada saat surplus, yang nantinya bisa digunakan kembali pada saat defisit.

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Climate change is a global issue that is currently being faced by the global comunity, which is strongly influenced by precipitation and air temperature variability. The research examines the increase rainfall and air temperature, during the period 1910-2010 in the Nasal-Padang Guci River Area, and its influences on water balance. The study uses Mann Kendall Test to determine the trend line of precipitation and air temperature, The methode used water surplus and defisit to analyze water balance. The temperature rise of 0,80 C/54 years on the average. Rainfall in the year 1910-1978 increase by 20 mm/69 years, this is considered reasonable, and does not have any significant effect. However increases significantly in the year 1979-2010 it amounted to 125 mm/30 years. The increase of precipitation and air temperature variability affects water availability and water demand, in the Nasal-Padang Guci river area, in this case water availability is affected by rainfall and evapotranspiration which is a function of temperature, while the water demand is influenced by land use and population.

From the water balance calculation the water availability in 2030 is less than 2010, this was due to the effect of increasing air temperature increases, because increase of evaporation rate. Water Aviability in the year 2010 amounted to 3358.4 million m3 / year, while the water demand for irrigation is 669 million m3 / year (20%), household, urban and industrial amounted to 87.2 million m3 / year (3%), and 2602.2 million m3 / year (77%), can not be used. Water Aviability in 2030 decreased compared to 2010 amounted to 2498.9 million m3 / year, for irrigation amounted to 1133.7 million m3 / year (45%), household, urban and industrial at 136.5 million m3 / year (4%), and 1228.8 million m3 / year (51%) con not be used. By 2010 the water was still meet the demand while by 2030, there will be a deficit in the month of August and September, so that is the necessary support from reservoirs to store water surplus, which will be used during the defisit period."

"This book is presenting and quantifying it as a catenary process, describing transport of water in the soil, including root extraction patterns and methods of its evaluation. Transport of water through the plant and from the canopy to the atmosphere is also described and quantified. A variety of evapotranspiration (and its components evaporation and transpiration) calculation methods are described, starting from empirical methods up to the most sophisticated ones based on the solution of the transport equations of water and energy in the SPAS. "

"Short Time Period Water Budget (SPWB) and Catchment Water Balance (CWB) methods were used for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) rates in oil palm catchments in Johor, Malaysia. Three catchments of different oil palm ages were established, namely C1 (2 years), C2 (5 years) and C3 (9 years). Eight months data of rainfall and runoff were used in the analysis. By adopting no rainfall conditions (Pse=0) at the start and end days of analysis, we obtained water budget periods of 209 days for C1, 111 days for C2, and 158 days for C3. A higher Pse of 2 mm, has prolonged the water budget periods to 218, 206 and 195 days for C1, C2 and C3, respectively. The larger Pse (2mm) also increased the number of samples for analysis. The SPWB method showed more consistent monthly ET compared to the WBC method. The projected rates of annual ET show remarkable variations between catchments, from 927 to 1405 mm/yr for the SPWB method and 1098 to 1365 mm/yr for the CWB method. Although the annual ET rates from C1 (1405 mm/yr for SPWB and 1365 mm/yr for CWB) are reasonable, the ET values in C2 and C3 seemed to be grossly underestimated. Both methods have weaknesses in dealing with distinct dry and wet conditions, most likely due to rapid fluctuation in the soil moisture. This problem is more obvious in the smallest catchment, C2"

"Meningkatnya kebutuhan alat transportasi sepeda khususnya sepeda lipat harus diikuti dengan penelitian terhadap kekuatan rangka utama dan engselnya. Masalah stress konsentrasi akibat adanya engsel pada rangka sepeda lipat menjadi fokus penelitian ini. Pengujian yang dilakukan melingkupi pengujian statis dan dinamis menggunakan strain gage serta simulasi menggunakan Finite Element Method. Jenis pengujian dinamis dilakukan untuk melihat karakteristik desain terhadap pembebanan dalam suatu fungsi waktu, sekaligus memasukkan variabel pembebanan kejut dan berulang. Konfigurasi strain gage yang dipilih yaitu konfigurasi 2-gage dan 4-gage yang diharapkan bisa menghasilkan bending stress dan axial stress dengan tingkat sensitifitas 2 dan 2(1+_) kali daripada menggunakan konfigurasi 1-gage. Hasil pengolahan data dari pengujian statis pada strain gage dan simulasi FEM menghasilkan dimensi rancangan penampang engsel berupa persegi dengan sisi 10,91cm. Selanjutnya, hasil pengolahan data dari pengujian dinamis menggunakan strain gage pada rangka utama di dekat engsel menghasilkan nilai ekuivalen stress maksimum sebesar 141,487 Mpa dan faktor keamanan minimum sebesar 1,463.

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Growth of bicycle transportation demand, especially folding bike must be followed by a research of the main frame and hinges strenght. Stress consentration problem due to existence of hinges in main frame is our research focus. The test include static and dynamic tests using a strain gage as well as simulations using the Finite Element Method.

Dynamic test is used to know the characteristic of design to load in time function, moreover including impact and cyclic load variables. Strain gage configuration which used is 2-gage configuration and 4-gage configuration. Both configurations can measure bending and axial stress in level sensitifity of 2 and 2(1+_) times bigger than 1-gage configuration.

From strain gage and FEM data can be resulted the dimension cross section of hinges and the cross section is a square with 10,91cm of length. In addition, data analysis for dynamic test which use strain gagein main frame near hinges resulting value of maximum equivalent stress is 141,487 Mpa with minimum safety factor is 1,463."

"Perhitungan cadangan klaim merupakan salah satu hal yang penting bagi setiap perusahaan asuransi agar dapat memenuhi kewajibannya untuk menutup kerugian akibat terjadinya loss. Umumnya, prediksi cadangan klaim dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Chain-Ladder. Tetapi, karena metode ini tidak memerlukan asumsi distribusi, nilai prediksi hanya bergantung pada besar klaim sebelumnya dan besar development factor saja sehingga apabila terdapat outlier pada data sebelumnya maka, hasil prediksi menjadi kurang akurat. Oleh karena itu, pada penulisan tugas akhir ini, diusulkan dua model perhitungan prediksi cadangan klaim dengan pendekatan Generalized Linear Model (GLM). Kedua model tersebut dibedakan berdasarkan distribusi yang akan digunakan yaitu distribusi log normal dan distribusi Over-dispersed Poisson (ODP). Pada Generalized Linear Model ini, variabel dependen yaitu cadangan klaim diasumsikan berdistribusi log normal dan Over-dispersed Poisson (ODP) serta perhitungannya didasarkan pada waktu terjadinya loss (accident year) dan waktu jeda (development year) sebagai variabel eksplanatori. Pada penulisan tugas akhir ini, data yang digunakan adalah incurred but not reported (IBNR) dari laporan Statistical Compilation of Annual Statement Information for Property/Casualty Insurance Companies in 2019 yang kemudian diubah bentuknya menjadi bentuk run-off triangle. Hasil prediksi cadangan klaim kemudian akan dibandingkan menggunakan Mean Squared Error (MSE) dan Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Dari nilai MSE dan MAPE yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa perhitungan prediksi cadangan klaim menggunakan pendekatan Generalized Linear Model (GLM) dengan distribusi log normal lebih baik daripada dengan distribusi Over-dispersed Poisson. Hal ini dikarenakan nilai MAPE untuk Generalized Linear Model (GLM) dengan distribusi log normal lebih rendah yaitu sebesar 6,22%.

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The calculation of claim reserves is one of the important elements in fulfilling each insurance company’s obligation to cover losses. Claim reserves are generally predicted using the Chain-Ladder method. However, the expected value can only be determined by the value of the previous claims and by the development factor, as this method is a non-distribution method. This means that if there are outliers in the previous data, the prediction results will be less accurate. Therefore, in this final paper, claim reserves predictions will be calculated using two models of the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) approach, namely the log normal distribution and the Overdispersed Poisson (ODP) distribution. It is assumed that both distributions predict the value of claims reserve as a dependent variable and the calculations is based on the accident year and the development year as explanatory variables. The Incurred but Not Reported (IBNR) data from “Statistical Compilation of Annual Statement Information for Property/Casualty Insurance Companies” in 2019 will be used in the calculation, which will then be converted into a run-off triangle form. The prediction of claim reserves results will then be compared by Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and it showed that the Generalized Linear Model with log normal distribution approach is better than the Over-dispersed Poisson approach with the MAPE value is 6,22."

"This internship report discusses the evaluation of the practice of calculating Corporate Income Tax and filling out the Annual Tax Returns of PT XYZ that carried out by KKP AAA. The evaluation carried out in this internship report is by assessing the suitability of the procedures carried out by the KKP AAA to the laws in force in Indonesia. The results of this evaluation aim to provide insight into the suitability of the work procedures carried out by KKP AAA and provide constructive recommendations. Based on the results of the evaluation that has been carried out, the procedures used by KKP AAA have generally complied with applicable regulations. Apart from that, this internship report also contains self-reflection drawn from diverse experiences gained during internship, both positive and negative. Through self-reflection, these experiences become more valuable in the process of personal development. By embracing the positive aspects and refining areas for improvement, one can effectively cultivate professionalism for future endeavors.

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Laporan magang ini membahas mengenai evaluasi praktik perhitungan Pajak Penghasilan Badan dan pengisian Surat Pemberitahuan Tahunan Pajak pada PT XYZ yang dilakukan oleh KKP AAA. Evaluasi yang dilakukan dalam laporan magang ini dengan cara menilai kesesuaian prosedur yang telah dilakukan KKP AAA terhadap Undang-Undang yang berlaku di Indonesia. Hasil dari evaluasi ini bertujuan untuk memberikan wawasan mengenai kesusaian prosedur kerja yang dilakukan oleh KKP AAA serta memberikan rekomendasi yang bersifat membangun. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi yang telah dilakukan, prosedur yang digunakan KKP AAA secara garis besar telah memenuhi peraturan yang berlaku. Selain itu, laporan magang ini juga berisi refleksi diri yang berasal dari berbagai pengalaman yang didapatkan selama magang, baik pengalaman positif maupun negatif. Melalui refleksi diri, pengalaman-pengalaman tersebut menjadi lebih berharga dalam proses pengembangan diri. Dengan mempertahankan aspek positif dan memperbaiki area yang perlu ditingkatkan, hal ini dapat membantu membangun sifat profesionalisme di masa depan."

"ABSTRAKBerdasarkan data hasil pemantauan oleh Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan Kota Depok tahun 2015, kualitas air lindi pada inlet dan outlet di pengolahan air lindi TPA Cipayung menunjukkan bahwa COD dan BOD merupakan memiliki konsentrasi efluennya sangat tinggi sehingga membutuhkan pengolahan. Salah satu pengolahan air lindi secara biologis adalah filter terendam dengan memanfaatkan bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi penghilangan dengan media sarang tawon dan EM4 dalam mereduksi kadar COD dan BOD pada air lindi TPA Cipayung. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara anaerobik dengan variasi HRT 3, 5, dan 7 hari. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa persentase penghilangan kadar COD pada HRT 3 hari berkisar 45,5―52,3%, HRT 5 hari berkisar 55,5―61%, dan HRT 7 hari berkisar 68,6―73,2%. Sedangkan, untuk parameter BOD menghasilkan efisiensi sebesar 60,3―63% pada HRT 3 hari, HRT 5 hari berkisar 72,5―74,6%, dan HRT 7 hari berkisar 77―80,8%. Penggunaan EM4 terbukti mampu mempercepat pembentukan

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ABSTRACTBased on data of monitoring result by Depok Agency for Hygiene and Landscape Gardening in 2015, leachate quality at the inlet and outlet in TPA Cipayung?s leachate treatment showed that the content of COD and BOD are the parameters that have high concentration of effluent, so they need a treatment. One of biological treatment for leachate is submerged filter by utilizing bacterial. This research aims to know the removal efficiency with honeycomb medium and EM4 in reducing COD and BOD in TPA Cipayung?s leachate treatment. This research used anaerobic process with the HRT variations 3, 5, and 7 days. The result of this research showed that COD removal at 3 days HRT were 45,5―52,3%, 5 days HRT were 55,5―61%, and 7 days HRT were 68,6―73,2%. While the BOD efficiency removal were 60―63% in 3 days HRT, 5 days HRT were 72,5―74,6%, and 7 days HRT were 77―80,8%. Using EM4 can generate the formation of biofilm which increases the removal efficiency of COD and BOD.;"