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"Data perbankan menunjukkan bahwa trend perbankan di Indonesia mulai melihat pendapatan pendapatan selain bunga, khususnya fee based income. Hal ini membawa konsekuensi apakah akan menambah jumlah pendapatan bank secara total dan mengurangi risiko rentabilitas dengan semakin beragamnya jenis keuntungan, yang memerlukan kajian mendalam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pendapatan selain bunga, khususnya fee based income terhadap risiko rentabilitas bank umum konvensional di Indonesia. Objek penelitian adalah seluruh bank umum konvensional yang dikelompokan berdasarkan kepemilikan atas dasar pengelompokan yang dilakukan oleh Bank Indonesia dengan dibagi menjadi tiga periodisasi data, yaitu sebelum krisis keuangan tahun 2004-2006, saat terjadinya krisis keuangan global tahun 2007-2009, dan pasca krisis keuangan tahun 2010-2013. Faktor-faktor yang diuji pengaruhnya adalah fee based income, pendapatan selain bunga, standar deviasi Return On Asset, standar deviasi Return on Equity dan standar deviasi Biaya Operasional/Pendapatan Operasional. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan model panel heterogen dan metode regresi linier berganda, menggunakan data time series secara bulanan selama periode 10 (sepuluh) tahun yaitu tahun 2004 - 2013. Uji regresi menunjukan pengaruh fee based income dan pendapatan selain bunga terhadap risiko rentabilitas berbeda-beda untuk masing-masing kelompok bank dan periode waktu yang berbeda. Alternatif pendapatan selain bunga seperti fee based income, pada saat krisis, hanya kelompok Bank Campuran dan BPD yang berpengaruh signifikan menekan risiko rentabilitas. Dengan demikian selama krisis, kelompok Bank Asing, Bank Persero dan BUSN Devisa yang dominan kontribusi fee based-nya, ternyata tidak berkontribusi mengurangi risiko rentabilitas. Adapun pada BUSN Non Devisa juga menunjukkan hasil uji hipotesis ditolak.

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Banking data shows that the trend of banking in Indonesia began to look into non interest income rather than interest income, especially fee-based income. This may result in an increase of banks? total revenue and decrease of rentability risk due to various type of profit, which require in-depth review. This research was aimed at studying the influence of non-interest income, in particular fee based income, toward the rentability risk conventional bank in Indonesia.

The research object were all commercial conventional banks, classified based on ownership as per Bank Indonesia classification, and divided into 3 (three) data periods, namely prior to financial crises (2004-2006), during the financial crises (2007-2009), and post financial crises (2010-2013). The factors that were being examined are feebased income, non-interest income, standard deviation of Return on Asset, standard deviation of Return on Equity, and standard deviation of Operational Cost/Operational Revenue. The estimation model was conducted using heterogeneous panel and mulitple regression analysis, and the date that were being utilised are monthly time series data for the period of last ten years (2004-2013).

Regression test showed that the influence of increases in fee based income and non-interest income was different for each category of banks within different time periods. During the crises, non-interest income alternatives, such as fee-based income, only significant in reducing rentability risks on regional banks and banks owned jointly by foreign and domestic parties. Thus, during the period of crises, banks whose fee-based income was dominant, such as foreign-owned banks, government-owned banks and banks conducting foreign-exchange activities, did not experience reduced rentability risk. As for the banks that did not conduct foreign exchange activities, the results of the hypothesis testing is rejected."

"Kondisi perekonomian yang rentan terhadap krisis dan potensi risiko pembiayaan macet, mendorong bank untuk melakukan diversifikasi pendapatan operasional dengan tidak hanya mengandalkan sumber pendapatannya dari usaha pengelolaan dana nasabah. Data statistik perbankan Indonesia tahun 2012 sampai dengan 2016 menunjukkan bahwa porsi non financing income terhadap total pendapatan atau total income bank di Indonesia mengalami tren peningkatan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa lembaga perbankan di Indonesia melakukan diversifikasi atas sumber pendapatannya. Sama halnya dengan bank umum konvensional, pendapatan operasional bank syariah secara umum dikategorikan ke dalam dua sumber yaitu Pendapatan Bagi Hasil financing income dan Pendapatan Operasional Lainnya non financing income yaitu pendapatan berbasis layanan, komisi, fee, dan pendapatan operasional lainnya diluar pendapatan bagi hasil. Penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap bank umum syariah pada tahun 2010 - 2016 menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh Diversifikasi Total Pendapatan Operasional dan Proporsi Non Financing Income pada Total Aset terhadap nilai rentabilitas Return on Asset, Return on Equity, dan Beban Operasional terhadap Pendapatan Operasional secara keseluruhan atau simultan secara signifikan mempengaruhi variabel terikat ROA, ROE, dan BOPO.

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The economic condition which is vulnerable to crises and potential credit risk, prompts banks to diversify operating income by not only relying on their sources of income from customer fund management. Indonesian banking statistics from 2012 to 2016 show that the portion of non financing income compared to total revenue or bank 39 s total income in Indonesia experienced an upward trend. This shows that banking institutions in Indonesia diversify their sources of income. Similar to conventional commercial banks, the operational income of sharia banks is generally categorized into two sources Profit Sharing Income Financing Income and Non Operating Income non financing income , which are service based revenues, commissions, fees, and other non operating income besides profit sharing income.The research conducted on sharia banks in 2010 - 2016 shows that the influence of Diversification of Total Operating Income and Proportion of Non Financing Income on Total Assets to the value of Return on Assets, Return on Equity, and Operating Expenses to Operating Income as a whole or simultaneously significantly Affects the dependent variable ROA, ROE, and BOPO."

"Penelitian ini menganalisa pengaruh tipe kepemilikan bank terhadap Fee Based Income dan risiko kredit bank di Indonesia periode 2004-2011. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi determinan dari Fee Based Income dan dampak Fee Based Income pada risiko kredit Bank Persero, Bank Umum Swasta Nasional (Devisa), dan Bank Asing. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kepemilikan bank berpengaruh terhadap Fee Based Income. Dibandingkan dengan Bank Asing, Bank Persero mendapatkan Fee Based Income yang lebih kecil. Bagi Bank Persero dan Bank Asing, Fee Based Income secara signifikan dapat mengurangi risiko kredit yang diukur melalui Loan Loss Provision. Selain itu, penelitian ini memiliki implikasi untuk perubahan profil risiko bank di emerging market country yang fokus pada Fee Based Income.

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The aims of this research is to analyze impact type of ownership on fee based income and credit risk for Indonesian banks over the period 2004?2011. The purpose of this research is to investigate both the determinants of Fee Based Income and the impact of Fee Based Income on credit risk measures for State Bank, Private National Bank (Foreign Exchange) and Foreign Bank. The finding of this research is type of ownership does matter in the pursuit of Fee Based Income. Relative to Foreign Bank, State Bank earn significantly less fee-income. Fee-based income significantly reduces credit risk, measured by loan loss provision variable, for foreign and state bank. Our research has implications for the changes in the risk profile for banks in emerging market country pursuing non-interest revenue sources."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh diversifikasi pendapatan terhadap profitabilitas dan risiko Bank Umum Konvensional di Indonesia periode 2006-2012 dengan menggunakan data panel. Profitabilitas bank diukur dengan menggunakan return on asset dan risk-adjusted return on asset. Penelitian ini menggunakan FOCUSk, Non Interest Income (NII), Fee, Trade, dan Other sebagai indikator diversifikasi. Dengan sampel 94 bank umum konvensional di Indonesia, penelitian ini menunjukkan diversifikasi pendapatan memiliki pengaruh signifikan pada return on average assets, risk-adjusted returns, dan risiko insolvensi bank.

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This study aims to determine the effect of income diversification on profitability and risk of Commercial Bank in Indonesia during 2006-2012 by using panel data. Profitability of banks is measured by using return on assets and risk-adjusted return on assets. This study uses FOCUSk, Non Interest Income (NII), Fee, Trade, and Other as indicators of diversification. With a sample of 94 conventional commercial banks in Indonesia, this study shows income diversification has a significant effect on return on average assets, risk-adjusted returns, and insolvency risk."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang pengaruh dari koneksi politik terhadap aktifitas risk-taking di bank konvensional Indonesia dengan menggunakan literatur berdasarkan teori resource dependence, agency theory dan beberapa jurnal ilmiah yang juga meneliti tentang aktifitas risk-taking di bank atau di perusahaan. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 99 bank konvensional di Indonesia pada periode tahun 2004-2013. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya koneksi politik pada bank umum swasta nasional, memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap volatilitas pendapatan, memiliki pendapatan atas bunga yang lebih tinggi, memiliki rasio kredit bermasalah yang lebih tinggi dan tingkat stabilitas bank yang lebih rendah dimana dalam penelitian ini diukur menggunakan z-score. Hasil penelitian ini mendukung penelitian sebelumnya, dengan adanya koneksi politik, perusahaan cenderung lebih berani dalam aktifitas risk-taking dan rata-rata bank yang memiliki koneksi politik adalah bank dengan aset yang besar.

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This thesis discussed about the influence of political connection on risk taking activity in conventional bank in Indonesia based and resource dependence theory and previous empirical study that also study about risk taking activity and political connection in a bank or firm. Sample used by this study consist of 99 conventional bank in Indonesia period 2004-2013. The result of this research show that political connection have significant effect on risk taking activity, commercial bank with political connection have a high volatility on return on asset, higher net interest margin, higher non performing loan rasio and lower bank z-score. This research support previous study that political connection have a significant effect on risk taking activity, bank with political connection is more riskier, profitable and bigger than bank with no political connection."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh aktivitas non-interest income terhadap performa bank umum konvensional di Indonesia. Performa diukur menggunakan rasio return on asset dan return on equity bank umum konvensional di Indonesia, baik yang sudah disesuaikan dengan risikonya maupun yang belum. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dinamis sehingga menggunakan Generalized Moment of Method (GMM). Hasil menunjukkan aktivitas non-interest income berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap performa bank yang sudah disesuaikan dengan risikonya, tetapi tidak signifkan terhadap performa bank yang belum disesuaikan dengan risikonya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas non-interest income berpengaruh terhadap risiko performa bank umum konvensional di Indonesia.

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This study aims to find the effect of non-interest income activity to conventional bank performance in Indonesia. Performance is measured by return on asset and return on equity, both adjusted and unadjusted with risk. This study uses dynamic panel data so that Generalized Moment of Method (GMM) is used. The result shows that non-interest income activity has negative and significant effect on risk-adjusted bank performance, but no significant effect on unadjusted-risk performance. This results show that there is an effect between non-interest income activity and Indonesian Conventional Bank risk performance."

"Bank kini tidak hanya fokus pada aktivitas tradisionalnya yang melibatkan peminjam dan pemberi pinjaman, namun juga pada aktivitas terkait dengan pengenaan biaya kepada konsumen atas jasa finansial yang diberikan oleh bank (fee based income). Dengan menggunakan data bank umum yang berasal dari ASEAN 5 periode 2009 - 2013, penelitian ini melihat karakteristik bank dan karakteristik negara yang mempengaruhi fee profitability perbankan.Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik bank yang mempengaruhi fee profitability adalah ukuran aset, non interest expense, net interest income, solvabilitas, dan likuiditas. Sementara karakteristik negara yang mempengaruhi fee profitability bank adalah konsentrasi industri dan volatilitas nilai tukar pada negara terkait.

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In recent years, commercial bank is no longer putting its focus only on traditional activities which involves lender and borrower, but also on non traditional activities by charging fees on customer for the financial services offered. By using commercial bank data in ASEAN 5 for period 2009 - 2013, we examines the influence of bank characteristics and country characteristics towards fee profitability of commercial bank's.

Our findings show that bank characteristics that have influence towards fee profitability are asset size, non interest expense, net interest income, solvability, and liquidity. In addition, country characteristics that have influence towards fee profitability are industry concentration and exchange rate volatility in particular country."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh dari pendapatan non-bunga terhadap profitabilitas dan risk-adjusted profitability bank pada bank yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2009-2015. Pendapatan non-bunga pada penelitian ini dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu pendapatan jasa dan komisi, pendapatan trading dan pendapatan lain-lain. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendapatan non-bunga memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap profitabilitas bank dengan pendapatan jasa dan komisi yang memiliki kontribusi paling besar dibandingkan kelompok pendapatan non-bunga lainnya. Pendapatan non-bunga juga ditemukan meningkatkan riskadjusted profitability pada sampel bank. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa adanya korelasi yang tinggi antara pendapatan non-bunga dengan pendapatan bunga serta komponen penyumbang pendapatan bunga bank yaitu kredit yang disalurkan dan deposito.

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This study analysis the effect of non-interest income on banks?s profitability and risk-adjusted profitability on listed bank during 2009-2015. This study classified non-interest income into three categories: fee-based income, trading income and other income. Non-interest income shows a positif relation on bank's profitability with fee-based income having biggest contribution compared with other category. This study find that non-interest income increase sample bank's risk-adjusted profitability. This study also find a high correlation between non-interest income and interest income and its component: loan and deposit."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari loan at risk (LAR) dan variabel bank spesifik lainnya terhadap rentabilitas bank umum di Indonesia berdasarkan klasifikasi modal inti. Penelitian menggunakan regresi data panel dengan metode fixed effect model dengan parameter pengukuran rentabilitas bank umum diukur berdasarkan rasio return on asset (ROA) dan return on equity (ROE) sedangkan rasio LAR diukur berdasarkan penjumlahan dari portofolio kredit bank umum dengan kualitas bermasalah (non performing loan), dalam perhatian khusus, dan restukturisasi dengan kualitas lancar, selain hal dimaksud variabel bank spesifik lainnya yang digunakan adalah ukuran, leverage, dan permodalan, sementara bank yang diteliti dibagi berdasarkan kelompok bank secara agregatif dan 4 (empat) kelompok bank lainnya berdasarkan modal inti (KBMI) sesuai dengan ketentuan otoritas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan portofolio kredit dengan kualitas LAR secara signifikan memengaruhi rentabilitas bank umum secara negatif baik pada ROA dan ROE serta berlaku pada keseluruhan kelompok bank umum yang diteliti, sementara variabel spesifik lainnya memiliki pengaruh dan tingkat signifikansi yang berbeda. Secara bersama-sama variabel independen pada seluruh model penelitian memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan pada rentabilitas seluruh kelompok bank umum di Indonesia.

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This research aims to investigate the impact of loan-at-risk (LAR) and other specific bank variables on the profitability of commercial banks in Indonesia based on core capital classification. The study utilizes panel data regression with a fixed effect model method. The profitability of commercial banks is measured using the return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) ratios. The LAR ratio is calculated based on the sum of the commercial banks' credit portfolio with problematic quality (non-performing loans), special mentions, and restructuring with current quality. In addition to these, other specific bank variables used in the study include size, leverage, and capital. The banks under study are groups of bank in aggregate and categorized into four groups based on their core capital classification (KBMI) according to regulatory guidelines. The research findings indicate that the credit portfolio quality represented by LAR significantly negatively affects the profitability of commercial banks, both in terms of ROA and ROE, across all groups of commercial banks. Other specific variables show varying levels of influence and significance on the profitability of the studied commercial banks. Altogether, the independent variables in all models of the study have a significant impact on the profitability of all commercial bank groups in Indonesia."

" ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengenai determinan yang mempengaruhi profitabilitas bank komersial di Indonesia, tujuannya ialah untuk mencari tahu dan menganalisa determinan apa saja yang mempengaruhi profitabilitas bank komersial di Indonesia secara signifikan. Variabel yang digunakan Return On Asset, Net Interest Margin, Return On Equity, modal Equity/Total Asset Ratio dan Capital Adequacy Ratio , risiko kredit Non Performing Loans/Total Loans dan Loan Loss Provision/Total Loans , Biaya Operasional/Pendapatan Operasional, Likuiditas, Ukuran Bank, Struktur Kepemilikan, Non Interest Income/Total Asset, Aktivitas non-tradisional, Pertumbuhan PDB dan Inflasi. Di dalam penelitian ini dijelaskan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara determinan dengan profitabilitas bank komersial di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan risiko kredit, ukuran bank dan kepemilikan bank berpengaruh positif pada profitabilitas bank sedangkan efisiensi biaya dan likuiditas sebaliknya.

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ABSTRACT This study of the determinants that affect the profitability of commercial banks in Indonesia, the goal is to find out and analyze the determinants that influence the profitability of commercial banks in Indonesia significantly. Determinant factor tested in this research are, capital Equity Total Asset Ratio and Capital Adequacy Ratio , credit risk Non Performing Loans Total Loans and Loan Loss Provisions Total Loans , Operational Expenditure Operational Income, Liquidity, size of banks, Ownership Structure, Non interest Income Total Asset, Nontraditional Activity, Growth of GDP and Inflation. In this study explained that there is a relationship between the determinant of the profitability of commercial banks in Indonesia. The results of the study shows that credit risk, size of banks and ownership structure have positive influence to bank profitability and as for cost eficiency and liquidity are the opposite."