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"ABSTRAK

Rekomendasi kecukupan zat gizi untuk ibu menyusui 2500kkal/hari lebih tinggi dibandingkan ibu hamil 2200kkal/hari. Penelitian di Jakarta dan Depok menunjukkan konsumsi energi laktasi lebih rendah (1959,8kkal/hari) dibandingkan saat hamil (2241,0kkal/hari). Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui Hubungan Karakteristik Individu, Durasi ASI Predominan, Konsumsi Ibu saat Hamil dengan Konsumsi Ibu saat Laktasi di UPTD Puskesmas Margajaya Kota Bekasi tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain cross sectional, pengumpulan data primer dengan kuesioner dan lembar food frequency and amount questionnaire(FAQ). Penghitungan sampel menggunakan rumus uji hipotesis beda 2 proporsi dengan jumlah sampel 60 ibu. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pendidikan (p=0,387), pekerjaan (p=0,464), paritas (p=1,000), durasi ASI Predominan (p=0,789), konsumsi saat hamil (p=0,384) dengan penurunan konsumsi saat laktasi. Selain itu hasil menunjukkan ada hubungan antara umur (p=0,021) dengan penurunan konsumsi saat laktasi. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan bahwa perlu untuk melakukan penyuluhan kepada ibu hamil dan laktasi tentang pentingnya mengkonsumsi makanan bergizi sesuai kebutuhannya.

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ABSTRACT

Nutrient intakes adequacy recommendations for lactating mother 2500kcal/day higher than pregnant mother 2200kcal/day. Research at Jakarta and Depok showed that energy consumption during lactation lower (1959,8kcal/day) than during pregnancy (2241,0kcal/day). The purpose of this study was to determine the Relationship Between Individual Characteritic Duration of Predominant Breastfeeding, Pregnant Mother Consumption with Lactating Mother Consumption at UPTD Puskesmas Margajaya Bekasi City in 2014. This research used crosssectional design, sampling was collected through primary data collection by questionnaire and food frequency and amount questionnaire (FAQ). Sampling was calculated by hypothesis test different 2 proportion, 60 mothers. Results of this study showed that there was no significant relationship between education (p=0,387), employment (p=0,464), parity (p=1,000), predominant breastfeeding duration (0,789), pregnancy consumption (p=0,384) with decreasing of lactating consumption. Additionally, the result show relationship between age (p=0,021) with decreasing lactating consumption. Counseling is recommended to pregnant mother and lactating mother about the important to consume nutricous food as the recommendations of nutrient intakes adequacy.

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"[ABSTRAKInformasi mengenai adanya semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire(SFFQ) yang valid untuk mengukur asupan PUFA pada anak di Indonesia masihminim. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkanSFFQ dan menguji validitas dan reliabilitas dari SFFQ tersebut untuk mengukurasupan PUFA pada anak di Indonesia usia 6-23 bulan.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan desain cross sectional di dua kelurahanwilayah Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini melibatkan 89 anak yang dipilih secaramultistage random sampling. Anak-anak tersebut dilakukan pengukuran intakemelalui SFFQ dan wawancara recall selama 3 hari tidak berturut-turut. Beberapaanak (n=35) telah dipilih untuk dilakukan pengukuran plasma lipid dalam darah.Formulir SFFQ terdiri dari 78 item makanan yang disusun dari tabel komposisibahan makanan luar Indonesia. SFFQ tersebut kemudian divalidasi denganwawancara recall dan plasma lipid dalam darah. Pelaksanaan SFFQ dilakukan duakali dengan rentang 4 minggu terpisah untuk mengetahui reliabilitasnya. Relatifvaliditas dan realibilitas dari SFFQ disimpulkan dari hasil analisa Bland-Altman.Uji korelasi parsial yang telah dikontrol dengan status gizi dan usia anakdilakukan untuk mengukur absolut validitas dari SFFQ.Kecocokan yang baik ditemukan antara hasil SFFQ dan wawancara recall untukDHA, EPA, DPA dan AA akan tetapi tidak untuk total n-3, n-6, ALA dan LA.Lebih jauh, SFFQ menunjukkan korelasi yang moderat dengan plasma lipid dalamdarah untuk n-6 dan LA (r: 0.40; p=0.025 and r:0.42 p=0.018, secara berurutan).Hasil analisa Bland-Altman menunjukkan 95% kecocokan antara hasil SFFQpertama dan pengulangan SFFQ untuk semua asam lemak esensial. Secarakeseluruhan, SFFQ yang dikembangkan relatif valid untuk mengukur asupanPUFA kecuali untuk total n-3, n-6, ALA dan LA. SFFQ juga reliable untukmengetahui asupan PUFA pada anak.

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ABSTRACTThe information on the existing validated semi-quantitative food frequencyquestionnaire (SFFQ) to capture the intakes of PUFA for Indonesian children islacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the validity and reproducibilityof developed SFFQ for assessing poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake forIndonesian children aged 6-23 months.A cross sectional study was conducted in two sub-districts of East Jakartainvolving 89 healthy children selected by multistage random sampling. Thesechildren were assessed by SFFQ and 3-day non consecutive 24-h recall. Somechildren (n=35) were randomly selected for plasma assessment (PA). The SFFQconsist of 78 food items which were constructed from the non-Indonesian foodcomposition database. It was validated against dietary recall and PA. Repeatedadministration of SFFQ (4-week apart) was conducted to assess thereproducibility of SFFQ. The relative validity and reproducibility of SFFQ weredetermined by Bland-Altman analysis. The adjusted correlation for childrennutritional status and age was performed to assess absolute validity of SFFQ.Good agreement was found between SFFQ and dietary recall for DHA, EPA,DPA, and AA, but not for total n-3, n-6, ALA and LA. Moreover, SFFQ showedmoderate correlations with plasma n-6 LCPUFA and LA (r: 0.40; p=0.025 andr:0.42 p=0.018, respectively). A 95% level of Bland-Altman agreement wasclearly observed between first SFFQ and repeated SFFQ for all essential fattyacids. In conclusion, the SFFQ was relatively valid to assess usual PUFA intakeexcept for total n-3, n-6, ALA and LA and reproducible to estimate PUFA intakeof children, The information on the existing validated semi-quantitative food frequencyquestionnaire (SFFQ) to capture the intakes of PUFA for Indonesian children islacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the validity and reproducibilityof developed SFFQ for assessing poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake forIndonesian children aged 6-23 months.A cross sectional study was conducted in two sub-districts of East Jakartainvolving 89 healthy children selected by multistage random sampling. Thesechildren were assessed by SFFQ and 3-day non consecutive 24-h recall. Somechildren (n=35) were randomly selected for plasma assessment (PA). The SFFQconsist of 78 food items which were constructed from the non-Indonesian foodcomposition database. It was validated against dietary recall and PA. Repeatedadministration of SFFQ (4-week apart) was conducted to assess thereproducibility of SFFQ. The relative validity and reproducibility of SFFQ weredetermined by Bland-Altman analysis. The adjusted correlation for childrennutritional status and age was performed to assess absolute validity of SFFQ.Good agreement was found between SFFQ and dietary recall for DHA, EPA,DPA, and AA, but not for total n-3, n-6, ALA and LA. Moreover, SFFQ showedmoderate correlations with plasma n-6 LCPUFA and LA (r: 0.40; p=0.025 andr:0.42 p=0.018, respectively). A 95% level of Bland-Altman agreement wasclearly observed between first SFFQ and repeated SFFQ for all essential fattyacids. In conclusion, the SFFQ was relatively valid to assess usual PUFA intakeexcept for total n-3, n-6, ALA and LA and reproducible to estimate PUFA intakeof children]"

"Despite recommendation for higher energy intake during lactation than during pregnancy, researches at Jakarta andDepok showed that energy consumption during lactation was lower than during pregnancy. The purpose of this study isto investigate the association between individual characteristics and energy consumption during lactation, and to assessthe relationship between energy consumption during lactation to duration of breastfeeding among 60 mothers in theworking area of PuskesmasMargajayaBekasi City in 2014. This research used a cross-sectional design; data wascollected through primary data collection by questionnaire and Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire.Analysis was conducted using chi-square technique. The study found that mothers of sufficient age (>27 years old),multiparous, and had low (<2,100 kcal/day) energy intake during pregnancy had significant higher risk to low energyconsumption during lactation. Mothers with low energy consumption during lactation had 4 times higher risk of shortduration of breastfeeding. It is recommended to provide information on the importance of higher energy intake duringlactation due to the higher need to support breastmilk production and also to shift forward the nutrition recommendationregarding additional energy intake during lactation period from month 6 to month 4 due to higher energy requirementthat commences when lactating mothers enter the fourth month of lactation.Konsumsi Energi Saat Laktasi dan Durasi Menyusui di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Margajaya Kota BekasiTahun 2014. Kendati rekomendasi angka kecukupan gizi menunjukkan lebih tingginya kebutuhan energy ibu saatlaktasi dibandingkan saat hamil namun penelitian di Jakarta dan Depok menunjukkan konsumsi energy ibu laktasi justrulebih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi energi ibu laktasiserta hubungan antara konsumsi energy ibu laktasi dengan durasi menyusui di Puskesmas Margajaya Kota Bekasi tahun2014. Penelitian dilakukan secara cross sectional terhadap 60 orang ibu menggunakan kuesioner termasuk SemiquantitativeFood Frequency Questionnaire. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara umur ibu, paritas, dan konsumsi energy ibu hamil dengan konsumsienergi ibu menyusui. Ibu cukup umur (>27 tahun), multipara dan konsumsi energy hamil rendah (<2.100 Kal/hari)berisiko untuk memiliki konsumsi energy laktasi yang rendah. Selain itu, ditemukan hubungan bermakna antarakonsumsi energy ibu laktasi dengan durasi menyusui. Ibu yang konsumsi energinya saat laktasi rendah berpeluang 4kali lebih besar untuk memiliki durasi menyusui yang singkat. Direkomendasikan perlunya informasi kepada ibutentang pentingnya konsumsi energi saat laktasi karena kebutuhannya yang tinggi untuk mendukung produksiASI.Disarankan juga agar peningkatan rekomendasi angka kecukupan energi untuk ibu laktasi bulan ke 6-12 dimajukanmenjadi bulan ke-4 mengingat kebutuhan gizi memasuki bulan ke-4 tersebut sudah sangat besar."

"Weight cycling adalah siklus berulang penurunan berat badan dengan sengaja melalui diet yang diikuti dengan kenaikan berat badan kembali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan terhadap kejadian weight cycling pada mahasiswi S1 Reguler Angkatan 2014 Rumpun Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Universitas Indonesia Tahun 2015. Variabel yang diteliti adalah keseimbangan asupan saat diet, frekuensi makan, aktivitas olahraga, dukungan sosial, dan eating self-efficacy. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah systematic random sampling yang melibatkan 130 orang mahasiswi S1 Reguler Angkatan 2014 Rumpun Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Univeritas Indonesia yang berusia 16-20 tahun pada April-Mei 2015. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengisian kuesioner secara mandiri dan wawancara semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 40,8% responden mengalami weight cycling dan sebanyak 73,6% weight cycler mengalami weight cycling tingkat ringan. Uji chi square menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kejadian weight cycling dengan keseimbangan asupan saat diet (OR=4,013), frekuensi makan (OR=2,938), aktivitas olahraga (OR=4,243 dan OR=3,250), dan dukungan sosial (OR=3,866). Hasil uji regresi logistik ganda model prediksi menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas olahraga, terutama kelompok responden kurang aktif berolahraga (OR=6,597) merupakan faktor dominan terhadap kejadian weight cycling pada mahasiswi S1 Reguler Angkatan 2014 Rumpun Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Universitas Indonesia Tahun 2015.

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Weight cycling is repeated cycle of intentionally losing weight through diet behavior that followed by gaining weight. This study aims to determine the dominant factor of the incidence of weight cycling among female college students of Social Science and Humanities Program Batch 2014, University of Indonesia in 2015. Variables that examined in this study are intake balance when dieting, eating frequecy, exercise activities, social support, and eating self-efficacy. This research is a quantitative study that used cross sectional study design. This study used systematic random sampling method with sample size of 130 female college students of Social Science and Humanities Program Batch 2014, University of Indonesia in 2015 whose age are 16-20 years old. This study conducted in April-May 2015. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire and interview of semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire.This study showed 40,8% female college students experience weight cycling and 73,6% are mild weight cyclers. Chi-square analysis showed significant relation between weight cycling incidence and intake balance when dieting (OR=4,013), eating frequency (OR=2,938), exercise activities (OR=4,243 and OR=3,250), and social support (OR=3,866). Regression binary logistic analysis of prediction model showed exercise activities, especially in less active categories (OR=6,597) as dominant factor to weight cycling incidence among female college students of Social Science and Humanities Program Batch 2014, University of Indonesia in 2015."

"Konsumsi Energi Saat Laktasi dan Durasi Menyusui di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Margajaya Kota Bekasi Tahun 2014. Kendati rekomendasi angka kecukupan gizi menunjukkan lebih tingginya kebutuhan energy ibu saat laktasi dibandingkan saat hamil namun penelitian di Jakarta dan Depok menunjukkan konsumsi energy ibu laktasi justru lebih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi energi ibu laktasi serta hubungan antara konsumsi energy ibu laktasi dengan durasi menyusui di Puskesmas Margajaya Kota Bekasi tahun 2014. Penelitian dilakukan secara cross sectional terhadap 60 orang ibu menggunakan kuesioner termasuk Semi- quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara umur ibu, paritas, dan konsumsi energy ibu hamil dengan konsumsi energi ibu menyusui. Ibu cukup umur (>27 tahun), multipara dan konsumsi energy hamil rendah (<2.100 Kal/hari) berisiko untuk memiliki konsumsi energy laktasi yang rendah. Selain itu, ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara konsumsi energy ibu laktasi dengan durasi menyusui. Ibu yang konsumsi energinya saat laktasi rendah berpeluang 4 kali lebih besar untuk memiliki durasi menyusui yang singkat. Direkomendasikan perlunya informasi kepada ibu tentang pentingnya konsumsi energi saat laktasi karena kebutuhannya yang tinggi untuk mendukung produksi ASI.Disarankan juga agar peningkatan rekomendasi angka kecukupan energi untuk ibu laktasi bulan ke 6-12 dimajukan menjadi bulan ke-4 mengingat kebutuhan gizi memasuki bulan ke-4 tersebut sudah sangat besar.;Despite recommendation for higher energy intake during lactation than during pregnancy, researches at Jakarta and Depok showed that energy consumption during lactation was lower than during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between individual characteristics and energy consumption during lactation, and to assess the relationship between energy consumption during lactation to duration of breastfeeding among 60 mothers in the working area of PuskesmasMargajayaBekasi City in 2014. This research used a cross-sectional design; data was collected through primary data collection by questionnaire and Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analysis was conducted using chi-square technique. The study found that mothers of sufficient age (>27 years old), multiparous, and had low (<2,100 kcal/day) energy intake during pregnancy had significant higher risk to low energy consumption during lactation. Mothers with low energy consumption during lactation had 4 times higher risk of short duration of breastfeeding. It is recommended to provide information on the importance of higher energy intake during lactation due to the higher need to support breastmilk production and also to shift forward the nutrition recommendation regarding additional energy intake during lactation period from month 6 to month 4 due to higher energy requirement that commences when lactating mothers enter the fourth month of lactation.

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Despite recommendation for higher energy intake during lactation than during pregnancy, researches at Jakarta and Depok showed that energy consumption during lactation was lower than during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between individual characteristics and energy consumption during lactation, and to assess the relationship between energy consumption during lactation to duration of breastfeeding among 60 mothers in the working area of PuskesmasMargajayaBekasi City in 2014. This research used a cross-sectional design; data was collected through primary data collection by questionnaire and Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Analysis was conducted using chi-square technique. The study found that mothers of sufficient age (>27 years old), multiparous, and had low (<2,100 kcal/day) energy intake during pregnancy had significant higher risk to low energy consumption during lactation. Mothers with low energy consumption during lactation had 4 times higher risk of short duration of breastfeeding. It is recommended to provide information on the importance of higher energy intake during lactation due to the higher need to support breastmilk production and also to shift forward the nutrition recommendation regarding additional energy intake during lactation period from month 6 to month 4 due to higher energy requirement that commences when lactating mothers enter the fourth month of lactation."

"Minuman ringan berpemanis merupakan minuman ringan dalam kemasan yang menambahkan pemanis sebagai salah satu bahan atau kandungan dalam minuman. Belakangan ini minuman ringan yang mengandung pemanis berkontribusi sebanyak 9,2% terhadap total asupan energi masyarakat Amerika. Penelitian yang dilakukan Park et al (2011) terhadap remaja di Amerika menunjukkan bahwa 64,9% remaja mengonsumsi minuman ringan berpemanis ≥ 1 kali/hari. Selain itu, penelitian yang dilakukan Nurfitriani (2011) terhadap sejumlah mahasiswa menunjukkan bahwa 56% responden mengonsumsi 1-4 botol minuman berpemanis dalam satu minggu. Menurut Gabungan Asosiasi Perusahaan Makanan Minuman Indonesia (GAPMMI), penjualan minuman ringan berpemanis mengalami kenaikan mencapai Rp 605 triliun pada 2010 yang sebelumnya hanya Rp 383 triliun pada 2007. Tingginya konsumsi minuman ringan berpemanis ini mungkin disebabkan oleh banyak faktor seperti tingkat pengetahuan gizi, sikap, pengaruh teman sebaya, keluarga, media massa, dan faktor lainnya. Penulis melalui penelitian ini ingin mengetahui gambaran konsumsi minuman ringan berpemanis dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya pada siswa/i SMA Negeri 1 Bekasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross sectional, mengambil sebanyak 102 siswa kelas X dan XI sebagai responden penelitian dengan menggunakan metode quota sampling. Setiap responden diminta untuk mengisi sendiri (self-administered) kuesioner yang tersedia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 65,7% responden sering mengonsumsi minuman ringan berpemanis yaitu sebanyak ≥ 30 kali perbulan. Hasil uji statistik dengan nilai p value = 0,038 (p < 0,05) menunjukkan bahwa sikap terhadap minuman ringan berpemanis berhubungan dengan konsumsi minuman ringan berpemanis pada remaja. Adanya upaya edukasi terkait kesehatan dan gizi yang dilakukan pihak sekolah perlu diadakan guna meningkatkan kesadaran siswa dalam memilih makanan minuman yang lebih sehat dan bergizi.

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Sugar sweetened beverages is a beverage that contain the sweeteners as an ingredients in beverages. Currently, sugar sweetened beverages has contributed as much as 9.2% of total energy intake of American society. Research conducted Park et al (2011) of adolescents in the United States showed that 64.9% of adolescents consume sugar sweetened beverages ≥ 1 time/day. In addition, research conducted Nurfitriani (2011) toward a number of students showed that 56% of respondents consume sugar sweetened beverages as much as 1-4 bottles a week.

According to the data from Gabungan Asosiasi Perusahaan Makanan Minuman Indonesia (GAPMMI), sugar sweetened beverages sales increased to Rp 605 trillion in 2010, which was previously only Rp 383 trillion in 2007. The high consumption of sugar sweetened beverages may be caused by many factors such as level of nutrition knowledge, attitudes, peer influence, family, mass media, and other factors. Through the study authors wanted to know the description of sugar sweetened beverages consumption and factors that influence its consumption toward students of SMAN 1 Bekasi.

This study is a quantitative study with cross-sectional design, using 102 people from tenth and eleventh grade student as survey respondents taken by quota sampling method. Each respondent asked to fill the questionnaire by selfadministered way.

The results showed that 65.7% of respondents frequently consume sugar sweetened beverages as many as ≥ 30 times per month. Based on the result of statistic test (p value = 0,038) showed that attitude toward sugar sweetened beverages seems have a relation of sugar sweetened beverages consumption in adolescents. The educational effort related health and nutrition issue is needed to be held by the schools teachers to raise awareness of the students in choosing nutritious foods and beverages."

"Berdasarkan survei survei awal yang dilakukan oleh peneliti menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 56% siswa SMA di salah satu sekolah swasta di Tangerang menggunakan suplemen makanan. Angka ini ternyata lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan prevalensi penggunaan suplemen makanan di dunia (31%). Dari hal tersebut, peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui proporsi penggunaan suplemen makanan pada siswa SMA serta menilai hubungan antara status kesehatan dan faktor lainnya dengan konsumsi suplemen makanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional yang dilakukan pada bulan April di SMA Islamic Village Tangerang. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 135 responden yang dipilih secara systematic random sampling. Konsumsi suplemen makanan merupakan variabel terikat dalam penelitian ini. Sedangkan variabel bebas terdiri dari status gizi (Indeks Massa Tubuh), riwayat si, riwayat penyakit kronis, jenis kelamin, pengetahuan gizi, asupan karbohidrat, asupan protein, konsumsi sayur, konsumsi buah, praktek konsumsi suplemen orang tua, keterpaparan media promosi, dan pengaruh teman sebaya. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan meliputi kuesioner, form FFQ-SQ, timbangan seca, microtoise, dan food model. Penelitian ini melibatkan analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat berupa uji chi square. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan proporsi pengguna suplemen makanan pada siswa SMA Islamic Village Tangerang Tahun 2012 sebesar 53,3%. Selain itu, terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat penyakit kronis, praktek konsumsi suplemen orang tua, keterpaparan media massa, dan pengaruh teman sebaya dengan konsumsi suplemen makanan. Hubungan yang bermakna antara riwayat penyakit kronis dengan konsumsi suplemen makanan (p value = 0,020) sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Rock (2007). Hubungan yang bermakna antara praktek konsumsi suplemen orang tua dengan konsumsi suplemen makanan (p value = 0,000) juga didukung dengan penelitian Ramadani (2005). Adanya hubungan antara keterpaparan media promosi dengan konsumsi suplemen makanan (p value = 0,000) juga sejalan dengan penelitian Putri (2004). Sedangkan hubungan yang bermakna antara pengaruh teman sebaya dengan konsumsi suplemen makanan (p value = 0,000) didukung oleh penelitian O’Dea (2003). Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa terdapat hubungan antara riwayat penyakit kronis dengan faktor lingkungan sosial dengan konsumsi suplemen makanan. Selain itu, diperoleh saran bagi pihak siswa dan orang tua agar lebih selektif dalam memilih produk suplemen makanan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhannya, serta bagi pihak sekolah dan pihak pemerintah (dinas kesehatan dan pendidikan Kabupaten Tangerang) agar lebih mensosialisasikan informasi terkait gizi kepada masyarakat.

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There has been 56% of private high school students in Tangerang using food supplement based on the early survey that has been made. It was higher than the number of food supplement users in the world (31%) so that the researcher was interested to find out the proportion of the food supplement users in senior high students and also to evaluate the association between health status and the other factors with food supplement consumption.

This study used a cross sectional design study. It was held in April 2012 at Islamic Village Tangerang Senior High. There were 135 respondents which was selected by systematic random sampling. The food supplement consumption was a dependent variable of this study, meanwhile the body mass index, infectious disease history, chronic disease history, gender, nutrition knowledges, carbohydrate intake, protein intake, vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, supplement consumption by parents, media exposure, and also peers influences were independent variable. Questionnaire, FFQ-SQ form, seca scale, microtoise, and food model were used as the instruments of this study. This study used two kind of analysis, there were univariate analysis and bivariate analysis which was chi square test.

The result of this study was showed that there were 53,3% food supplement users among Islamic Village Tangerang students in 2012. Besides, there were a significant assocation between chronic disease history, supplement consumption by parents, media exposure, and also peers influences with food supplement consumption. A significant association between a chronic disease history and food supplements consumption (p value = 0.020) was in line with research by Rock (2007). A significant association between supplement consumption by parents with food supplements consumption (p value = 0.000) are also supported Ramadani's research in 2005. An association between media exposure with the food supplements consumption (p value = 0.000) also in line with research by Putri (2004). While a significant association between peers influences with the food supplements consumption (p value = 0.000) supported by O'Dea’s research in 2003.

In conclusion, this study showed that there are a significant association between chronic disease history and social environment influences with food supplements consumption. Besides, it was obtained the suggestions for the students also the parents to be more selective in choosing food supplements product that suit their needs and for the school and government to socialize nutrition information to society, especially for high school students."

"Pola konsumsi merupakan kumpulan makanan yang terdiri dari jenis dan jumlah makanan per orang per hari dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Penelitian secara lokal dan internasional menunjukkan bahwa pola konsumsi tidak sehat yang dilakukan saat remaja akan meningkatkan risiko penyakit tidak menular di masa dewasa. Adapun faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi pola konsumsi pada remaja terdiri atas usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan ibu, jumlah anggota keluarga, pendapatan orang tua dan lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan proporsi pola konsumsi selama pandemi COVID-19 pada 165 remaja di DKI Jakarta Tahun 2021 berdasarkan faktor-faktor tersebut dengan menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional serta metode snowball sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar remaja tidak mengalami perubahan pola konsumsi selama pandemi COVID-19 (37,6%). Berdasarkan analisis uji chi-square, ditemukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara pola konsumsi selama pandemi COVID-19 pada remaja di DKI berdasarkan jenis kelamin (P-value = 0,037) dan pendapatan orang tua (P-value = 0,023).

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A consumption pattern is a collection of food consisting of the type and amount of food per person per day in a certain period. Local and international research shows that unhealthy consumption patterns during adolescence will increase the risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. The factors that can affect consumption patterns in adolescents consist of age, gender, mother's education, number of family members, parents' income, and others. This study aims to determine the difference in the proportion of consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in 165 adolescents in DKI Jakarta in 2021 based on these factors by using a cross-sectional study design and snowball sampling method. The results showed that most teenagers did not experience changes in consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic (37.6%). Based on the chi-square test analysis, it was found that there was a significant difference between consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents in DKI Jakarta based on gender (P-value = 0.037) and parents' income (P-value = 0.014)."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai hubungan karakteristik individu, perilaku, konsumsi makanan dan faktor lainnya dengan status gizi pada karyawan PT. Phyto Kemo Agung Farma tahun 2012. Desain penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah melalui penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan desain studi cross sectional yang dilakukan pada tanggal 16 - 20 April 2012 di PT. Phyto Kemo Agung Farma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 9 orang karyawan memiliki status gizi kurang, 62 orang karyawan memiliki status gizi normal, dan 29 orang lainnya memiliki status gizi lebih. Melalui uji statistik didapatkan hasil bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis kelamin, umur, tingkat pendidikan, status pernikahan, dan kebiasaan merokok dengan status gizi pada karyawan. Diharapkan karyawan dapat diberikan pengetahuan mengenai makanan yang bergizi sehingga diharapakan dapat mempertahankan status gizi yang optimal serta meningkatkan produktivitas kerja.

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This thesis discusses the relationship of individual characteristics, behavior, food consumption and other factors with the nutritional status of PT. Phyto Kemo Agung Farma in 2012. The research design used in this study is through quantitative research using cross sectional study design, conducted on 16th - 20th April 2012.

The results showed that nine employees were undernutrition, 62 employees were normal nutrition, and 29 other were overnutrition. There was significant association between sex, age, educational level, marital status, and smoking habits with nutritional status of employees. Employees are expected to be given the knowledge of nutritious food that is expected to maintain an optimal nutritional status and improve work productivity."

"Individu dalam usia dewasa muda mulai mengembangkan gaya hidup mandiri, termasuk mengatur makanan yang dikonsumsi. Perubahan yang disebabkan oleh pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan perubahan gaya hidup, termasuk pola konsumsi. Pola konsumsi yang tidak sesuai dengan Pedoman Gizi Seimbang dapat meningkatkan risiko kejadian penyakit tidak menular. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pola konsumsi saat dan setelah pandemi COVID-19 berdasarkan faktor individu dan sosioekonomi pada mahasiswa S1 Universitas Indonesia tahun 2023. Proses pengambilan data dalam penelitian dilakukan secara daring pada bulan April-Juni 2023. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dengan sampel mahasiswa UI yang didapatkan berdasarkan metode purposive sampling hingga mencapai 218 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden penelitian mengalami perubahan pola konsumsi setelah pandemi COVID-19 (71,1%), khususnya perubahan ke pola konsumsi sehat (37,2%). Analisis asupan zat gizi dengan uji Wilcoxon menyatakan asupan zat gizi yang terbukti secara signifikan berbeda hanya konsumsi air putih (p-value = < 0,001). Hasil uji chi-square dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan antar variabel dan menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan pada pola konsumsi saat dan setelah pandemi COVID-19 berdasarkan status tinggal setelah pandemi (p-value = 0,012), perubahan tingkat stres (p-value = 0,002), dan tingkat pengetahuan gizi (p-value = < 0,001).

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Young adults start to adopt an independent lifestyle, including controlling the food consumed. Changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have led to lifestyle changes, including consumption patterns. Consumption patterns that are against with Pedoman Gizi Seimbang can increase the risk of developing non-communicable diseases. This study aims to determine differences in consumption patterns during and after the COVID-19 pandemic based on individual and socioeconomic factors among undergraduate students at Universitas Indonesia in 2023. The data collection was conducted online in April-June 2023. This study used a cross-sectional study design with a sample of UI students based on purposive sampling method up to 218 respondents. The results showed that most of the respondents experienced changes in their consumption patterns after the COVID-19 pandemic (71.1%), especially the change to healthy consumption patterns (37.2%). Analysis of nutrient intake using the Wilcoxon test revealed that water intake was significantly different (p-value = < 0.001). Chi-square test findings were used to determine the association between variables and show significant differences in consumption patterns during and after the COVID-19 pandemic based on living arrangements after the pandemic (p-value = 0.012), changes in stress levels (p-value = 0.002), and level of nutrition knowledge (p-value = < 0.001)."