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"Sekitar 180 juta kasus trikomoniasis terjadi di seluruh dunia setiap tahun. Sepertiga populasi wanita mengalami vaginosis bakteri.Akuisisi trikomoniasis diperkirakan meningkatkan kecenderungan terjadinya vaginosis bakteri.Wanita perkerja seks komersial (PSK) dengan prevalensi yang cukup bermakna di Indonesia merupakan kelompok yang sangat rentan menderita infeksi menular seksual. Faktor-faktor seperti usia, tingkat pendidikan, jenis kontrasepsi, dan frekuensi hubungan seksual diperkirakan dapat menjadi faktor predisposisi trikomoniasis dan vaginosis bakteri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan hubungan trikomoniasis dan vaginosis bakteri serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional menggunakan data sekunder dari penelitian sebelumnya pada wanita PSK di Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 48,30% wanita PSK berusia 16-20 tahun, 29,05% menggunakan pil sebagai metode kontrasepsi, 72,07% berpendidikan SMP, dan 32,45% melakukan tiga kali hubungan seksual perminggu. Dari uji chi-square ditemukan adanya hubungan bermakna antara trikomoniasis dan vaginosis bakteri. Terdapat hubungan antara trikomoniasis dan vaginosis bakteri dengan usia, jenis kontrasepsi, dan frekuensi hubungan seksual. Namun, tidak terdapat hubungan antara trikomoniasis dan vaginosis bakteri dengan tingkat pendidikan. Berdasarkan hasil ini, diharapkan tingkat infeksi menular seksual pada PSK dapat dikurangi dengan pelaksanaan program kesehatan pemerintah dan edukasi pada kelompok usia rentan infeksi mengenai penggunaan jenis kontrasepsi dan frekuensi hubungan seksual yang tepat.

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Approximately 180 millions trichomoniasis cases occur worldwide. One third of women population suffered bacterial vaginosis. It is estimated that trichomoniasis acquisition increases the likelihood of bacterial vaginosis. Commercial sex workes with its significant prevalence in Indonesia is a susceptible population acquiring sexually transmitted disease. Factors like age, education level, contraception method, and sexual intercouse frequency can be predisposing factors to trichomniasis and bacterial vaginosis. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics and association between trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis and its related factors. This study used cross-sectional design using secondary data from previous study in commercial sex workers in Kuningan, West Java.

The result showed a total 48,30% commercial sex workers aged 15-20 years old, 29,05% used pill as contraception method, 72,07% completed junior high school education, and 32,45% did 3 times sexual intercourse perweek. The chi-square test claimed a significant relationship between trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. There was also significant association between trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis with age, contraception method, and sexual intercourse frequency. However, there was no significant relationship between trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis with education level.

Based on this result, it is expected that the number of sexually transmitted diseases in commercial sex workers can be reduced with the implementation of government health programs and education on infection of susceptible age groups regarding the correct use of contraception types and frequency of sexual intercourse."

"Trikomoniasis dan kandidiasis vulvovaginal keduanya memiliki prevalensi yang cukup tinggi. Sebanyak 75% populasi wanita pernah mengalami kandidiasis vulvovaginal setidaknya sekali seumur hidupnya. Kondisi tersebut disebabkan oleh gangguan flora normal pada vagina yang dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor. Di lain pihak, trikomoniasis merupakan Infeksi Menular Seksual (IMS) ketiga terbanyak dengan prevalensinya pada Pekerja Seks Komersial (PSK) di Indonesia cukup tinggi yaitu sebanyak 15,1%. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara trikomoniasis dan kandidiasis vulvovaginal, serta hubungan keduanya dengan usia, kontrasepsi dan tingkat pendidikan pada PSK di Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang dikumpulkan di Puskesmas Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Berdasarkan uji chi-square didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara infeksi trikomoniasis dan kandidiasis vulvovaginal (p=0,009). Faktor usia ditemukan memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan trikomoniasis (p=0,000) tapi tidak memiliki hubungan dengan kandidiasis vulvovaginal (p=0.056). Faktor kontrasepsi berupa kondom tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan trikomoniasis (p=0,18) dan kandidiasis vulvovaginal (p=0,173), begitu juga dengan (Intra Uterine Device) IUD tidak memiliki hubungan bemakna dengan trikomoniasis (p=0,3) dan kandidiasis vulvovaginal (p=0,537). Di lain pihak kontrasepsi hormonal memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kandidiasis vulvovaginal (p=0,017), namun tidak dengan trikomoniasis (p=0,264). Tingkat pendidikan tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan trikomoniasis (p=0,3) maupun kandidiasis vaginalis (p=0,3).

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Vulvovaginal candidiasis and Trichomonas vaginalis infection have a high prevalent among women. Nearly 75% women at least had experienced candidiasis once in their lifetime. As well as trichomoniasis which is globally ranked 3rd among all Sexual Transmitted Diseases. In FWS in Indonesia, the prevalent of STDs is about 64%, which 15,1% of it trichomoniasis . In the other hand, vulvovaginalc andidiasis is endogen infection caused by imbalance in normal vaginal flora. This study aimed to understand the association between trichomoniasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis in FSW also its association with age, education, and contraception method. This study used cross-sectional design with secondary entry about STD among FSW collected in Puskesmas Kuningan, Jawa Barat.

The chi-square test showed that there was a significant association between trichomoniasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis (p=0,009). Age factor also had significant association with trichomoniasis (p=0,000) but not with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Contraceptions such as condoms shows no significant association with vulvovaginal candidiasis (p=0,173) nor trichomoniasis(p=0,18), also Intra Uterine Device (IUD) shows no significant association with vulvovaginal candidiasis (p=0,537) nor trichomoniasis (p=0,3). Hormonal contraception shows a significant association with vulvovaginal candidiasis (p=0,017) but not with trichomoniasis (p=0,264). Education level doesn’t have significant association with vulvovaginal candidiasis (p=0,3) and trichomoniasis (p=0,3)."

"Pekerja seks komersial PSK merupakan masalah global yang terus meningkat setiap tahunnya, termasuk di Indonesia. PSK merupakan kelompok yang memiliki faktor risiko tinggi dalam penularan infeksi menular seksual IMS . Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis potong lintang untuk mengetahui hubungan infeksi Trichomonas vaginalis dengan penggunaan alat kontrasepsi kondom wanita dan IUD pada pekerja seks komersial di Daerah Indramayu, Jawa Barat. Dari 252 PSK, diperoleh 151 subjek positif terinfeksi T. vaginalis dengan proporsi subjek pengguna Intrauterina Device IUD 49 orang 38,8 dan pengguna kondom wanita 102 orang 80,9 . Pada uji chi-squares didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara infeksi Trichomonas vaginalis dengan penggunaan alat kontrasepsi

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Commercial Sex Workers CSW were global burdens and each year continues to increase, include in Indonesia. Commercial Sex Workers were the group that had a high risk of sexual transmitted disease STD . In analytical cross sectional study, this study examined associated between Trichomonas vaginalis infection with contraceptive usage in commercial sex workers in Indramayu, West Java. Among the 252 sex workers enrolled, there were 151 positive infected by Commercial Sex Worker with the proportion of Intrauterina Device IUD usage was 49 commercial sex workers 38,8 and female condom usage was 102 sex workers 80,9 . In Chi Square test, there was a significant associated between Trichomonas vaginalis infection with contraceptive usage in commercial sex workers in Indramayu, West Java."

"IMS (Infeksi Menular Seksual) merupakan kelompok penyakit pada genital yang ditularkan melalui hubungan seksual. Salah satu jenis IMS yang paling sering adalah trikomoniasis vaginalis dan sifilis setelah gonore dan kandidiasis.Infeksi ini dapat terjadi sebagai infeksi tunggal maupun bersamaan dengan IMS lain pada seorang individu. IMS dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti pekerjaan, pendidikan, dan jenis kontrasepsi. Di Indonesia, prostitusi merupakan salah satu jalur penyebaran IMS yang paling dominan dimana 67% PSK (Pekerja Seks Komersial) tercatat terinfeksi IMS. PSK sebagai salah satu komponen didalamnya, memiliki faktor risiko yang tinggi untuk terinfeksi. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara trikomoniasis vaginalis dan sifilis pada PSK serta hubungannya dengan faktor usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan jenis kontrasepsi yang digunakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan data sekunder mengenai IMS pada PSK yang dikumpulkan di Puskesmas Kuningan, Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 50% subjek yang positif trikomoniasis vaginalis juga sifilis. Berdasarkan uji chi-square tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan bermakna antara infeksi trikomoniasis vaginalis dan sifilis (p>0,001). Selain itu, faktor usia ditemukan memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan trikomoniasis vaginalis juga sifilis (p<0,001) sedangkan faktor tingkat pendidikan (p=0,484) dan jenis kontrasepsi (p=0,084) tidak memiliki hubungan yang bermakna. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, wanita usia reproduktif pada berbagai tingkat pendidikan dan jenis kontrasepsi yang digunakan, dapat mengalami trikomoniasis vaginalis dan koinfeksi sifilis.

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STD (Sexual Transmitted Disease)is a group of genital disease which is distributed by sexual course. Trichomoniasis vaginalis (15,1%) and siphylis (8,7%) are the most common kind of STD after gonore and candidiasis. This infection can be manifestated as single infection or combination with another kind of STD in one person. IMS can be influenced by many factors such as age, education, and contraception. In Indonesia, prostitution is the most common way of STD distribution where 67% of FSW (Female Sex Workers) are infected. FSW as an important component of prostitution have high risk to be infected.

Therefore, this study aimed to understand the association between trichomoniasis and siphylis in FSW also its association with age, education, and contraception used. This study used cross-sectional design with secondary entry about STD among FSW collected in Puskesmas Kuningan, Jawa Barat.

The result showed 50% FSW were positif trichomoniasis vaginalis and siphylis. The chi-square test claimed there was nosignificant association between trichomoniasis and siphylis infection (p>0,001). Beside that, age factor had significant association with trichomoniasis also siphylis coinfection but education and contraception didn't have any significant association. Due to results of this study, woman in reproductive age with different education and contraception used, could have trichomoniasis vaginalis and coinfected with siphylis."

"The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is not yet fully understood A genetic predisposition, some environmental factors and microbial flora of the grit are the key factors. The presence of bacteria in the intestinal lumen is a prerequisite for the development of IBD. In animal models, mice incapable of expressing IL, or IL invariably develop a colitis- or Crohn-like inflammation. No inflammation occurs if they grow up in a pathogen free environment or if they are fed with Lactobacillus sp when exposed to environmental bacteria. Thus, the absence of liminal bacteria or a different make-up there of prevents the development of inflammatory bowel disease in this model. Patients with IBD have been found to have a decreased stool excretion Lactobacillus andlor Bifidobacteria. Furthermore, an increased number of bacteria adherents to the mucosa and within the epithelium has been demonstrated in quantitative studies. It appears that these bacteria trigger a strong abnormal mucosal immunological response, leading to intestinal epithelial cell injury mediated by activated T-cells, mononuclear cells and macrophages. If this response can not be down regulated by regulatory T-cells, mononuclear inflammatory cytokines are activated by stimulation of the intracellular transcription factor NF-kB. Recently it was shown that bacterial lipopolysaccharides can activate NF-kB by binding to two specific receptors on the cell membrane (Toll-like receptors [TLR's]) or intracellular receptors (NOD's). New insights of the role of bacteria in IBD became available by identifying susceptibility genes for IBD. Several IBD susceptibility loci were recently identified. The IBD-l locus on chromosome 16 shows positive evidence for linkage in Crohn's disease and IBD-2 locus on chromosome l2 for ulcerative colitis. The evidence for' an association with Crohn's disease at the IBD-I locus have been shown to be attributed to mutations in the CARDI5/NOD2 gene. This gene is exressed in peripheral blood monocytes and in intestinal epithelial cells and serves as a key factor of innate mucosal response to luminal bacteria as an antibacterial factor. The intact intercellular NOD2 protein binds LPS and activates NF-kB. This activation of the NF-kB signalling pathway in response to bacterial components plays a protective role in the mucosal epithelial cells for the host against inviting pathogens and an increased apoptosis of infected cells. There is evidence, that the defective NOD2 protein variants increase the susceptibility to pathogen invasion and a decrease in cellular apoptosis. NF-kB plays a dual role in IBD. On the mucosal epithelial cells, bacterial components bind on NOD2 proteins and protect bacterial invasion. If this barrier mechanism is not intact, the bacterial invasion stimulates via TLR- and NOD2 receptors in immune-active cells (macrophages, T-cells and monocytes) NF-kB and triggers an aberrant inflammatory response leading to tissue damage. These new insights in the pathogenesis in IBD have led to new treatment possibilities including pre- and probiotics. These therapies are aimed at directly modulating the host immune system to suppress intestinal inflammation. This has prompted considerable interest in manipulating the enteric microenvironment as a novel therapeutic strategy Several clinical studies showed promising results rising pre- and probiotics in patients with ulcerative colitis, pouchitis and Crohn's disease. The introduction of genetically engineered probiotic organism to produce and deliver anti-inflammatory cytokines or other biological relevant molecules to the mucosa offers further new potential for the treatment of IBD."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui keanekaragaman bakteri Ktedonobacteria dari sampel tanah hutan di sekitar Geiser Cisolok, Jawa Barat dengan metode culture-dependent dan metode culture-independent. Isolasi bakteri menggunakan medium Reasoner's 2A (10%) dengan penambahan 2% gellan gum, cycloheximide, dan sodium azide. Inkubasi dilakukan pada suhu 30 oC selama 3 minggu. Amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA isolat bakteri menggunakan primer spesifik Ktedonobacteria (primer 161F dan 941R), dan primer universal bakteri (9F dan 1510R). Identitas isolat bakteri diperoleh berdasarkan data full sequence gen 16S rRNA melalui pencarian homologi pada EZBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net). Analisis filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbour Joining, Maximum Evolution, dan Maximum Likelihood. Analisis keanekaragaman bakteri Ktedonobacteria menggunakan Next Generation Sequencing berdasarkan data partial sequence (daerah variabel V1--V3) dari gen 16S rRNA. Analisis data komposisi taksonomi bakteri dan indeks keanekaragaman menggunakan software QIIME2. Empat isolat Ktedonobacteria dengan kode K17-1, K17-2, K42, dan K44 berhasil diperoleh. Analisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa keseluruhan isolat merupakan anggota kelas Ktedonobacteria dan berada dalam satu grup dengan type strain Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T. Namun demikian, persentase homologi sequence gen 16S rRNA keempat isolat menunjukkan nilai yang rendah terhadap type strain Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T, yaitu 97.16 -- 98.02%. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut, keempat isolat yang diperoleh diduga merupakan spesies baru. Hasil analisis dengan software QIIME2 menunjukkan bahwa sampel tanah yang digunakan memiliki nilai indeks keanekaragaman bakteri yang tinggi, dengan nilai sebagai berikut: 6,49 (Shannon-Winner); 0,98 (Simpson); 177 (Chao1); dan 117 (Ace). Filum Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria dan Bacteriodetes, merupakan tiga filum dengan persentase paling besar pada sampel tanah, dengan nilai persentase masing-masing 44%, 25%, dan 9%. Kelas Ktedonobacteria pada filum Chloroflexi memiliki persentase yang sangat rendah, yaitu 1,89%. Namun demikian, analisis filogenetik data amplikon (culture-independent) menunjukkan bahwa Ktedonobacteria yang terdapat pada sampel tanah tersebar dalam 5 grup, yang seluruhnya mengindikasikan taksa baru. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa metode culture-dependent hanya berhasil menemukan satu dari lima grup Ktedonobacteria yang berhasil dideteksi menggunakan metode culture-independent.

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The study aims to determine the diversity of Ktedonobacteria from forest soil samples around the Cisolok Geiser, West Java with culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Bacterial isolation using Reasoner's 2A (10%) medium with 2% gellan gum, cycloheximide, and sodium azide. Incubation was carried out at 30 oC for three weeks. Amplification of 16S rRNA gene of bacterial isolates performed using Ktedonobacteria specific primers (primers 161F and 941R), and universal bacterial primers (9F and 1510R). The identity of bacterial isolates was obtained based on full 16S rRNA gene sequence data through a homology search on EZBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net). The phylogenetic analysis was performed by Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Evolution, and Maximum Likelihood methods. Analysis of Ktedonobacteria diversity using Next-Generation Sequencing based on partial sequence data (variable regions V1 -- V3) of the 16S rRNA gene. Analysis of bacterial taxonomy composition data and diversity index was conducted using QIIME2 software. Four isolates of Ktedonobacteria, namely K17-1, K17-2, K42, and K44, were successfully obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates were members of the class Ktedonobacteria and were in the same group as Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T. However, the percentage of homology of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the four isolates showed a low value on the type strain of Dictyobacter aurantiacus S-27T, which accounted for 97.16 -- 98.02%. Based on these values, the four isolates obtained probably belonged to the new species. The results of the analysis with QIIME2 software showed that the soil samples had high bacterial diversity index values, with the following values: 6,49 (Shannon-Winner); 0,98 (Simpson); 177 (Chao1); and 117 (Ace). Phylum Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes are the three phyla with the largest percentage in soil samples, with percentage values of 44%, 25%, and 9%, respectively. Whereas the class Ktedonobacteria in the phylum Chloroflexi has a very low percentage, which is 1.89%. However, phylogenetic analysis of the amplicon data (culture-independent) showed that Ktedonobacteria found in soil samples distributed into five groups, indicating new taxa. In this study, culture-dependent methods found only one of the five groups of Ktedonobacteria that detected using the culture-independent method."

"Belakangan ini, Trichomonas vaginalis, salah satu etiologi infeksi menular seksual tersering, ditemukan berperan sebagai indikator untuk agen etiologi lainnya, termasuk Chlamydia trachomatis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu apakah terdapat hubungan bermakna antara infeksi Trichomonas vaginalis dengan Chlamydia trachomatis pada pekerja seks komersial di Kuningan, Jawa Barat sehingga pemeriksaan infeksi Trichomonas vaginalis dapat dijadikan sebagai indikator untuk infeksi Chlamydia trachomatis dan faktor-faktor apa sajakah yang berpengaruh terhadap kedua infeksi tersebut. Penelitian dengan desain cross sectional ini dilakukan pada 265 sampel. Dengan uji chi square didapatkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara infeksi Trichomonas vaginalis dengan Chlamydia trachomatis (p=0,213). Maka, dapat dikatakan bahwa infeksi Trichomonas vaginalis tidak dapat dijadikan indikator untuk infeksi Chlamydia trachomatis. Faktor tingkat pendidikan (p=0,161) dan jenis kontrasepsi (p=0,878) ditemukan tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kedua infeksi tersebut. Sebaliknya, dengan faktor usia ditemukan bermakna (p=0,004). Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada PSK dengan tingkat pendidikan dan jenis kontrasepsi apapun kedua infeksi ini dapat terjadi, sedangkan ada kelompok usia tertentu yang lebih rentan untuk terinfeksi.

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Lately, Trichomonas vaginalis, one of the most common sexual transmitted disease etiologic agent, is found as an indicator for the others, including Chlamydia trachomatis. This study aims to understand the relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in commercial sex workers in Kuningan, Jawa BaratsoTrichomonas vaginalis infection examination can be used as an indicator for Chlamydia trachomatis infection and which factors influencing both of the infections. This cross sectionalstudy was being done in 265 samples. With chi square test it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis infections (p=0.213). Hence, Trichomonas vaginalis infection can't be used as an indicator for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Education level (p=0.161) and contraception method (p=0.878) showed no significant relationship with these two infections. In contrast, age factor did (p=0.004). Therefore, in commercial sex workers of any education level and contraception method these two infections can occur, meanwhile there is a specific age group in which these two infections more likely to occur."

"Infeksi Saluran Reproduksi (Reproductive Tract Infections) telah menjadi masalah besar kesehatan Dunia, yang meliputi berbagai penyakit pada organ reproduksi baik infeksi endogen, Infeksi Menular Seksual, ataupun iatrogenik. Angka kejadian penyakit ini semakin meningkat dan menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi, sehingga memerlukan perhatian yang lebih serius. Salah satu kelompok infeksi endogen yang banyak diderita oleh masyarakat adalah kandidiasis vulvovaginal, sedangkan kelompok Infeksi Menular Seksual yang juga banyak diderita adalah gonore. Kelompok masyarakat yang mempunyai resiko tinggi mengalami dan bahkan menularkan penyakit saluran reproduksi ini adalah PSK (Pekerja Seks Komersial), sehingga diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut pada kelompok ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kandidiasis vulvovaginal dengan gonore pada PSK, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari 265 PSK dan diambil di kabupaten Kuningan, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara kandidiasis vulvovaginal dengan gonore (p=0,02). Faktor yang mempengaruhi koinfeksi kandidiasis vulvovaginal dan gonore adalah kontrasepsi hormonal (p=0,014). Sedangkan faktor-faktor lain, yaitu usia (p=0,367), tingkat pendidikan (p=0,223), serta kondom (p=0,193) tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna. Diperlukan adanya edukasi dan promosi kesehatan kepada pada PSK, terutama mengenai penggunaan kontrasepsi yang benar.

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Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) present mayor health problems, which include endogenous infections, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), and also iatrogenic infections. These infections have increased incidence and can cause many complications, therefore we should give more concern about these infection. One of endogenous infections that has high prevalence among people is candidiasis vulvovaginal and one of Sexually Transmitted Infections that also has high prevalence is gonorrhoeae. Female Sex Workers (FSW) has higher risk to suffer and also spread RTI because they have multiple sex-partner.

This study aims to find out relationship between candidiasis vulvovaginal and gonore among FSW and other associated factors. A cross-sectional study was used on a secondary data collected from 265 FSW in Kuningan, Jawa Barat. The result showed that there was significant relationship between candidiasis vulvovaginal and gonorrhoeae (p=0,02). Factor that has significant relationship with coinfection between candidaisis vulvovaginal and gonorrhoeae is hormonal contraception (p=0,014). Whereas other factors including age (p=0,367), educational level (p=0,223), and condom (p=0,193) didn’t have any significant relationship. FSW should get health education and promotion, especially about using contraception. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan faktor risiko vaginosis bakterial pada populasi wanita penjaja seks di Tangerang. Faktor risiko vaginosis bakterial pada WPS penting diketahui untuk dapat menyusun strategi pencegahan terhadap vaginosis bakterial. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan rancangan studi potong lintang. Subyek penelitian adalah wanita penjaja seks di kabupaten Tangerang, provinsi Banten. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi vaginosis bakterial di Tangerang tergolong tinggi (131 dari 189 subyek didiagnosis vaginosis bakterial; 69.31%). Semakin banyak jumlah pasangan, tindakan bilas vagina, dan semakin muda usia wanita penjaja seks meningkatkan risiko vaginosis bakterial.

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This study aim to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and analyze risk factors of bacterial vaginosis in female sex workers in Tangerang. Knowledge about risk factor of bacterial vaginosis in high-risk population is important to formulate prevention strategies against bacterial vaginosis. The study design is analytical cross-sectional study. The study subjects are female sex workers in Tangerang district, Banten province.

Result shows that prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in Tangerang is high (131 out of 189 subjects were diagnosed as bacterial vaginosis; 69.31%). The higher the number of sexual partners, vaginal douching, and the younger the age group of female sexual workers increase the risk of bacterial vaginosis."

"Latar Belakang: Kondisi dekompensata tanpa infeksi bakteri pada pasien sirosis hati dapat meningkatkan kadar prokalsitonin (PCT). Belum ada penelitian yang secara khusus membandingkan kadar PCT berdasarkan kompensasi hati dan ada tidaknya infeksi bakteri. Tujuan: Mengetahui peran PCT dalam membantu menegakkan diagnosis infeksi bakteri pada pasien sirosis hati. Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan terhadap pasien sirosis hati yang berobat jalan dan dirawat inap di RSUPNCM Jakarta dari April sampai Mei 2016. Pada pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan PCT dan penentuan ada tidaknya infeksi bakteri berdasarkan pemeriksaan standar sesuai jenis infeksi yang dicurigai. Dilakukan analisis untuk mengetahui perbedaan rerata kadar PCT pada pasien sirosis hati yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri dan yang terinfeksi bakteri, serta pencarian nilai titik potong PCT untuk mendiagnosis infeksi bakteri pada sirosis hati dekompensata dengan menggunakan receiver operating curve (ROC). Hasil: Didapatkan 55 pasien sirosis hati, pria sebanyak 65,5%, dengan rerata usia 55,34±1,308 tahun. Sebanyak 38 (69,1%) pasien sirosis hati dekompensata yang 22 (57,9%) diantaranya tidak terinfeksi bakteri dan 16 (42,1%) terinfeksi bakteri. Pada pasien yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar PCT yang bermakna antara pasien dekompensata (0,738ng/mL±1,185) dibandingkan dengan 17 pasien kompensata (0,065ng/mL±0,022). Rerata kadar PCT pasien dekompensata yang terinfeksi bakteri (3,607ng/mL±0,643) lebih tinggi bermakna dibandingkan dengan yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri(0,738ng/mL±1,185). Dari kurva ROC, kadar PCT pada pasien sirosis hati dekompensata didapatkan area under curve (AUC) 0,933 (IK 0,853-1,014) untuk diagnosis infeksi bakteri. Nilai titik potong kadar PCT untuk mendiagnosis infeksi bakteri pada pasien sirosis hati dekompensata adalah 2,79ng/mL dengan sensitivitas 87,5% dan spesifisitas 86,4%. Kesimpulan: Pada pasien sirosis hati yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri, kadar PCT pasien dekompensata lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang kompensata. Kadar PCT pasien sirosis hati dekompensata yang terinfeksi bakteri lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri. Sementara nilai titik potong kadar PCT untuk mendiagnosis infeksi bakteri pada pasien sirosis hati dekompensata adalah 2,79ng/mL.

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Background: Liver decompensated without bacterial infection may increase procalcitonin (PCT) level in liver cirrhosis patients. Previous studies did not provide conclusive results about the differences of PCT level due to specific liver compensation and bacterial infection.

Objective: To examine the role of PCT in assisting the diagnosis of bacterial infection in liver cirrhosis patients.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in liver cirrhosis patients who were outpatients and admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta between April and May 2016. Procalcitonin were examined and bacterial infection were identified using standard criteria for each type of infection being suspected. Analysis were performed to determine differences in the level of PCT among liver cirrhosis patients without bacterial infection and with bacterial infection, also to get cut off point of PCT for bacterial infection diagnosis in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients using receiver operating curve (ROC).

Results: There were 55 patients with liver cirrhosis, 65,5% male, with mean of age 55,34±1,308 years. A total of 38 (69,1%) patients had decompensated liver cirrhosis, while 22 (57,9%) of them without bacterial infection and 16 (42,1%) with bacterial infection. In the absence of bacterial infection, there was significant difference between PCT level in decompensated patients (0,738ng/mL±1,185) and 17 compensated patients(0,065ng/mL±0,022). Decompensated patients with bacterial infection (3,607ng/mL±0,643) had significantly higher PCT levels than those without bacterial infection(0,738ng/mL±1,185). From ROC, level of PCT for bacterial infection in decompensated liver cirrhosis was area under curve (AUC) 0,933 (IK 0,853-1,014). Cut off point of PCT for bacterial infection diagnosis in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients was 2,79ng/mL with a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 86,4%.

Conclusion: In the absence of bacterial infection, PCT levels of decompensated patients was higher than compensated ones. Procalcitonin levels of decompensated liver cirrhosis patients with bacterial infection was higher than those without bacterial infection.Cut off point of PCT for bacterial infection diagnosis in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients was 2,79ng/mL."