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"Latar Belakang. Pencapaian berat kering merupakan target dari keberhasilan hemodialisis. Viskositas plasma sebagai parameter hemoreologi darah dipengaruhi oleh ultrafiltrasi pada hemodialisis. Dipikirkan viskositas plasma pasca dialisis memiliki nilai diagnostik sebagai petanda pencapaian berat kering.Tujuan. Mengetahui korelasi antara viskositas plasma pasca dialisis dengan nilai ECW, beda reratanya antara kelompok mencapai berat kering dan tidak, serta nilai diagnostiknya sebagai penanda pencapaian berat badan kering pasien hemodialisis kronik.Metode. Studi ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan selama bulan Maret- April 2018. Subyek penelitian adalah pasien hemodialisis dewasa yang menjalani hemodialisis rutin di unit hemodialisis RS Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. Pencapaian berat kering dikategorikan dengan persentase cairan ekstraseluler ECW berdasarkan analisis bioimpedansi BIA. Viskositas plasma dinilai dengan instrumen Mikrokapiler Digital pada sesi hemodialisis yang bersamaan. Dilakukan uji korelasi Spearman antara parameter viskositas plasma pasca dialisis dan nilai ECW. Untuk menilai beda rerata dilakukan uji t tidak berpasangan, dilanjutkan analisis dengan Receiver Operator Curve ROC untuk memperoleh nilai AUC. Berdasarkan nilai cut off yang didapat, dilakukan analisis tabel 2x2 untuk menentukan nilai duga positif dan nilai duga negatif.Hasil. Sejumlah 130 subjek hemodialisis dewasa berusia 19-80 tahun mengikuti studi ini, dengan median usia 52 tahun. Didapatkan korelasi sedang antara ECW dengan viskositas plasma pasca dialisis r=-0,445, p=0,000 . Diperoleh beda nilai bermakna antara kelompok pencapaian berat kering pada parameter viskositas plasma pasca dialisis p=0,000 . Area Under Curve AUC untuk viskositas plasma dan pencapaian berat kering adalah 77,2 , dengan cut off 1,62 mP diperoleh sensitivitas 71,4 , spesifisitas 75,5 , nilai duga positif 80,88, nilai duga negatif 65,41.Simpulan. Viskositas plasma pasca dialisis memiliki hubungan sedang dan berhubungan terbalik dengan ECW sebagai tolok ukur pencapaian berat kering. Terdapat beda rerata bermakna nilai viskositas plasma pasca dialisis pada kelompok yang mencapai berat kering dan yang tidak mencapai. Viskositas plasma pasca dialisis memiliki nilai diagnostik yang cukup baik sebagai penanda pencapaian berat kering pasien hemodialisis kronik. Parameter tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dengan tetap memperhatikan gejala dan tanda klinis pasien hemodialisis kronik Kata kunci. Viskositas, plasma, hemodialisis, berat badan kering, hemorheologi.

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Achievement of dry weight is a target of an effective haemodialysis. Plasma viscosity is a haemorhogical parameter of blood altered by ultrafiltration during haemodialysis. Post dialysis plasma viscosity may have diagnostic value in determining the achievement of dry weight post haemodialysis.Objective. To evaluate post dialysis plasma viscosity correlation with ECW, its mean difference between dry weight achiever and non-achiever, and its diagnostic value in determining dry weight achievement of haemodialysis patients.Methods. A cross sectional study on adult chronic haemodialysis patients from March-April 2018. Subjects of the study are adult chronic haemodialysis patients in Haemodialysis unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Dry weight acheivement was cathegorized using extracellular water ECW percentage based on Bioimpedance analysis BIA. Post dialysis plasma viscosity was measured using Digital Microcapillar instrument on the correlated dialysis session. Spearman correlation test was performed between post dialysis plasma viscosity and ECW. Unpaired t-test was performed to analyze mean difference. Diagnostic test using ROC curve was performed to obtain AUC. Based on the cut off, 2x2 test was performed to produce the PPV and NPV.Result. One hundred and thirty subjects, aged 19-80 years old, with median of 52 years old enrolled for the study. Moderate negative correlations were obtained between ECW and post dialysis plasma viscosity r=-0,445, p=0,000 . Significant difference was obtained between hypervolemic and normovolemic subjects, for the parameter post dialysis plasma viscosity p=0,000 . Area under curve AUC for post dialysis plasma viscosity and dry weight achievement was 77,2 , and with 1,62 cP cut off, obtained 71,4 sensitivity, 75,5 specificity, 80,88 positive predictive value, and 65,41 negative predictive value.Conclusion. Post dialysis plasma viscosity and delta viscosity has moderate negative correlation to ECW as dry weight determinant. Significant post dialysis plasma viscosity difference was identified between subjects achieving dry weight and those were not. Post dialysis plasma viscosity provided considerably good diagnostic value in determining dry weight achievement of haemodialysis patients. This parameter may be applied, in regard of haemodialytic patients rsquo; signs and symptoms Keywords. Viscosity, plasma, haemodialysis, dry weight, haemorheology"

"Kerugian tekanan pada aliran fluida dapat terjadi baik pada aliran dalam maupun aliran luar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk menganalisa aliran fluida didalam saluran tertutup penampang empat persegi dengan ukuran tinggi 60mm dan lebar 40mm, yang didalamnya masing-masing terdapat pipa silinder mulus dan kasar dengan diameter masing-masing 30mm. Fluida yang digunakan adalah air, campuran air + gliserin 5 %, dan campuran air + gliserin 10 %. Dua buah pipa silinder mulus dan kasar tersebut diletakkan melintang bergantian didalam saluran tertutup, pada masing-masing dinding pipa silinder diukur distribusi tekanannya. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa sudut pisah aliran untuk aliran yang melalui pipa silinder melintang kasar lebih besar (120°) dari pada titik pisah aliran yang melalui pipa silinder melintang mulus. Hal ini terjadi pada semua fluida yaitu air, air + gliserin 5 % dan Air + gliserin 10 % pada bilangan Reynolds 4000 sampai dengan 7200.

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Head loss in fluid flow occurs in internal and external flow. This research's aim is to analyze the fluid flow across the cylinder pipe in closed square duct; 60 mm height and 40 mm width, with the 30 mm diameter cylinder pipe placed across this duct. The testing fluids are: water, water + 5% glycerin mixtures, and water + 10% glycerin mixtures. Two kinds of the cylinder pipe: smooth and rough pipe is placed respectively; placed horizontally across the closed square duct. Pressure distribution is measured at each cylinder pipe wall. The comparative result between the smooth and rough pipes showed that, separation angle through rough pipe is bigger (120°) than fluid flow through the smooth pipe. These were occurred with every testing fluid: water, water + 5% glycerin mixtures, and water + 10% glycerin mixtures, in range of Reynolds number between 4000 until 7200."

"Latar Belakang. Stroke iskemik dan gagal jantung merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Keduanya memiliki faktor risiko yang sama sehingga sering muncul bersamaan sebagai komorbid. Keduanya juga dikaitkan dengan gangguan viskositas darah dan luaran fungsional yang lebih buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai perbandingan nilai viskositas darah dan luaran fungsional pasien stroke iskemik subakut dan kronis dengan dan tanpa komorbid gagal jantug.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan desian case control yang dilakukan di klinik rawat jalan Neurologi RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Maret dan April 2023. Analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan sesuai kebutuhan.Hasil. Penelitian ini melibatkan 24 pasien stroke iskemik subakut dan kronis dengan komorbid gagal jantung dan 24 pasien stroke iskemik subakut dan kronis tanpa komorbid gagal jantung. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan rerata pada semua variabel penelitian yang terdiri dari nilai viskositas darah (5,45±0.77poise vs 5,50±0,77poise, p = 0,85); nilai viskositas plasma (1,78±0,31poise vs 1,80±0,32poise, p = 0,87); kadar hematokrit (38,42±4,78% vs 40,43±4,25%, p = 0,13); kadar fibrinogen (401,03±121,18mg/dL vs 346,49±70,07mg/dL); dan nilai mRS (2(0-4) vs 1(0-3), p = 0,37).Kesimpulan. Tidak ada perbedaan rerata nilai viskositas darah, viskostias plasma, kadar hematokrit, kadar fibrinogen, dan nilai mRS yang bermakna secara statistik pada stroke iskemik subakut dan kronis dengan dan tanpa komorbid gagal jantung. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar.

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Background. Ischemic stroke and heart failure are major health problems in the world. Both have the same risk factors so they often appear together as comorbidities. Both are also associated with impaired blood viscosity and worse functional outcomes. This study aims to assess the comparison of blood viscosity values and functional outcomes of subacute and chronic ischemic stroke patients with and without heart failure.

Methods. This study used a case-control design which was conducted at the Neurology outpatient clinic at RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo in March and April 2023. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyzes were carried out as needed.

Result. In this study, there were 24 subacute and chronic ischemic stroke patients with concomitant heart failure and 24 such patients without such a condition. There are no means differences in all of the study variables, which included blood viscosity values (5.45 0.77 poise vs. 5.50 0.77 poise, p = 0.85; plasma viscosity values (1.78 0.31 poise vs. 1.80 0.32 poise, p = 0.87); hematocrit levels (38.42 4.78% vs. 40.43 4.25%, p = 0.13); fibrinogen levels (401.03±121.18mg/dL vs 346.49±70.07mg/dL); and mRS value (2(0-4) vs 1(0-3), p = 0.37).

Conclusion. There were no statistically significant differences in mean blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit levels, fibrinogen levels, and mRS values in subacute and chronic ischemic stroke with and without comorbid heart failure. Further research is needed with a larger sample."

"Viskositas merupakan sebuah nilai ukur resistansi dalam liquid untuk mengalir atau bergeser. Penelitian yang baik terhadap viskositas akan membantu para teknisi dan ilmuwan mengembangkan penelitian di bidangnya masing-masing. Berbagai macam viskometer dengan metode yang berbeda-beda telah dibuat untuk menguji nilai viskositas dari fluida.Viskometer yang dibuat penulis menggunakan dua buah silinder konsentris yang berbeda ukuran dengan ruang diantara kedua silinder tersebut diisi dengan cairan yang akan diuji. Silinder luar atau rotor diputar menggunakan motor DC dengan kecepatan konstan dan torsi yang dihasilkan dari silinder dalam atau stator diukur menggunakan sensor gaya. Pengukuran viskositas dilakukan pada glycerin, oli SAE 15w-40 dan oli SAE 80w-90 dengan memberikan variasi kecepatan putar motor dan temperatur pada cairan. Hasil eksperimen pada temperatur cairan 27oC dan kecepatan putar motor 150.48 RPM menunjukkan nilai viskositas glycerin sebesar (633.93 ± 0.9564) centiPoise, viskositas oli SAE 15W-40 (150.46 ± 0.4022) centiPoise dan viskositas oli SAE 80W-90 (231.36 ± 0.4624) centiPoise. Hasil eksperimen juga menunjukkan hubungan viskositas terhadap temperatur berubah secara eksponensial dan kecepatan putar motor tidak mempengaruhi nilai viskositas cairan.

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Viscosity is a measure of resistance of liquids to flow or shear. A good survey of the viscosity data, its critical evaluation and correlation would help design engineers and scientists in their areas of interest. A wide range of viscometers has already embedded and manufactured to examine of viscosity of any liquids using difference methods. The presented viscometer consists of two concentric cylinders, with the space between the two cylinders filled with liquid being measured. The outer cylinder is driven by an electric motor at a constant speed using a motor DC and the torque on the inner cylinder is measured using a force sensor. Experiment using three difference liquids varied by difference value of motor's angular velocity and liquid's temperature. Experiment results show viscosities of liquids being measured on 27oC and 150.48 RPM of motor‟s angular velocity is (633.93 ± 0.9564) centiPoise for glycerin, (150.46 ± 0.4022) centiPoise for oil SAE 15w-40 and (231.36 ± 0.4624) centiPoise for oil SAE 80W-90. Experiment results show the impact of temperature changes to viscosity changes with exponential relation and show no impact to its angular velocity changes as well."

"Background: Recently, honey has been widely used as a sweetener. Along with the people's awareness to control the intake of calorie, the consumption of lowcalorie sweetener is increasing as well. How much these sweeteners contribute to caries process, however, are still unknown. Objective: To compare the changes of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and low calorie sweetener. Method: Each research subject aged 20-22 years old was asked to consume 150 ml water that contained 17 grams of honey or 2,5 grams of low-calorie sweetener in different day, and waited for 10 minutes before conducting the viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva?s test. Results: The data was analyzed by Wilcoxon test with 0,05 level of significance. The results obtained were the significant decreases in values of viscosity and buffering capacity of saliva before and after consuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener, significant decrease in pH value before and after consuming water containing honey, no significant decrease in pH value before and after consuming water containing low-calorie sweetener. In addition, there were no significant differences in values of viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity between the groups consuming water containing honey and low-calorie sweetener. Conclusion: There were significant differences in viscosity and buffering capacity of saliva before and after onsuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener. Meanwhile, there was significant difference for the pH value before and after consuming water containing honey, while there was no significant difference for the pH value before and after consuming water containing low-calorie sweetener. However, there were no significant differences in viscosity, pH, and buffering capacity of saliva after consuming water containing honey and water containing low-calorie sweetener."

"Mudflow is a type of mass movement with high velocity. It is comprised mainly of silt and clay-sized particles. Mudflow movement behavior involves undrained shear strength and viscosity as part of a resistance force that withstands shear stress as a driving force. Many methods have been developed to determine the value of viscosity. This study used Vallejo and Scovazzo’s modification method to determine the viscosity value, and assumed that mudflow material behaves as a Bingham plastic material. A flume channel was used in this study to measure the displacement and time required for mud to flow in order to obtain the mudflow transportation velocity. The measurement was conducted for four different slope angles and water contents. To compare the samples, Kaolin soil was used for the pilot project and Parakan Muncang soil was used as the natural landslide material in order to obtain the viscosity value throughout this study. This study aims to evaluate the capability of Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method to determine the viscosity value. We found that Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method cannot be used in a single slope angle. This approach requires that the sliding plane angle be adjusted for varying shear stress magnitudes, and that, consequently, different strain rates for each shear stress are obtained. The correlation curve between the shear stress and the strain rate, which corresponds to the Bingham plastic material curve, needs to be governed. The viscosity value was obtained by calculating the gradient of the linear tangent line. Furthermore, Vallejo and Scovazzo’s method is recommended only for tests at a low strain rate level, as a high strain level would cause difficulties in recording string displacement and mud transportation time. However, testing mud at a low strain rate level will obtain a higher value of mud viscosity that is not representative of mudflow viscosity."