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"There are many conditions that could be determined as valid defenses in court decisions. Some have been specified in the Indonesian Criminal Code but others appear from legal practices. In the verdict number 583/Pid.B/2010/PN Jkt Sel., panel judges concluded that the accused was nonpunishable due to the existence of valid defenses related to legal justice, moral justice, and social justice. This article scrutinize those reasons of the valid defense and comes to the conclusion that judges failed to support their arguments. The author refer to "error jurist" as a more appropriate rationale that should be established in the judges' arguments."

"This paper presents an application of the DKMQ24 element for error estimation using error estimator Z2 and various recovery methods such as Averaging (AVR), Projection (PROJ) and Superconvergent Patch Recovery (SPR). The stresses found by using these recovery methods were compared to the reference solution. It was found that the AVR and SPR methods gave better results than PROJ method."

"The relation between state and civil society in the national land development rules is the relation oriented toward prosperity based on fair and justice in society according to the constitution article 33 (3) 1945...."

"Pada tanggal 25 Januari 2022 pemerintah Indonesia bersama dengan Singapura menyetujui kesepakatan penyesuaian Flight Information Region (FIR) Indonesia-Singapura yang di ratifikasi melalui Peraturan Presiden No 109 Tahun 2023. Adanya perjanjian realignment FIR penting untuk dikaji terutama dilihat melalui pertahanan dan keamanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggambarkan objek yang diteliti berdasarkan fakta di lapangan dengan menggunakan key informan sebagai sumber data dan data sekunder. Pada penelitian ini juga digunakan teori Kedaulatan dari Kranser dan Teori Keamanan Kompleks dari Barry Buzzan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa Indonesia belum sepenuhnya mengelola ruang udara yang semula di delegasikan kepada Singapura khususnya di sebagian sektor A dan B. Tetapi Indonesia tetap memiliki kontrol dan pengawasan melalui Civil-Military Cooperation In Air Traffic Control (CMAC), dimana CMAC tersebut dapat menjadi solusi dalam isu kedaulatan, pertahanan, dan keamanan. Di sisi lain perjanjian tersebut dianggap dapat menabrak UU No 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan yang menyatakan bahwa Indonesia harus sudah melakukan pengelolaan secara penuh selambat-lambatnya pada tahun 2024. Pada penelitian ini juga dihasilkan bahwa Indonesia masih dihadapkan dengan kendala pengambilalihan ruang udara tersebut, diantaranya: (1) kepercayaan; (2) diplomasi.

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On January 25, 2022, the Indonesian government together with Singapore approved the realignment Flight Information Region (FIR) Indonesia-Singapore agreement which was ratified through Presidential Regulation Number 109 Year 2023. The existence of an FIR realignment agreement is important to be reviewed, especially seen through defense and security. This research uses qualitative descriptive methods by describing the object under study based on facts in the field using key informants as data sources and secondary data. In this study also used the theory of sovereignty from Kranser and the theory of security the complex of Barry Buzzan. This research results that Indonesia has not fully managed the airspace originally delegated to Singapore, especially in some sectors A and B. But Indonesia still has control and supervision through Civil-Military Cooperation In Air Traffic Control (CMAC), where the CMAC can be a solution in sovereignty, defense, and security issues. On the other hand, the agreement is considered to be able to violate Law of the Republic Indonesia Number 1 Year 2009 concerning Aviation which states that Indonesia must have carried out full management no later than 2024. In this study, it was also found that Indonesia is still faced with obstacles to the takeover of airspace, including: (1) trust; (2) diplomacy."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kontribusi human error pada kejadian kecelakaan Direktorat Logistik & Ekspor PT Holcim Indonesia, Tbk tahun 2010. Secara khusus penelitian ini menganalisis unsafe acts dan aspek prakondisi yang berkontribusi pada kejadian kecelakaan akibat human error, dengan menggunakan framework Human Factors and Classification System. Metode yang digunakan bersifat kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data primer berupa in depth interview & observasi, serta pengumpulan data sekunder dari hasil investigasi kecelakaan & telaah dokumen perusahaan.Distribusi kejadian kecelakaan juga dilihat berdasarkan jenis kecelakaan, umur, masa kerja pengemudi, waktu dan tempat kejadian. Yang paling signifikan dari unsafe acts berupa skill-based error akibat kelelahan, routine violation pada perilaku pengemudi yang tidak tertib, serta exceptional violation berupa temuan kondisi kendaraan yang tidak standar & tidak adanya pengawas lapangan. Sedangkan yang paling signifikan dari aspek prakondisi berupa kondisi operator akibat keterbatasan fisik pengemudi, dan faktor personel yakni manajemen sumber daya personelnya. Selain itu didapatkan hasil bahwa kecelakaan tahun 2010 paling banyak terjadi di dalam plant.The objective of study is to analyze the contribution of human error in accident at Logistic & Export Directorate Narogong Plant PT Holcim Indonesia, Tbk 2010. Specifically, this study analyzes Unsafe Acts dan Precondition for Unsafe Acts that contribute accidents, using Human Factors and Classification System framework. Using qualitative method, the primary data is collection of in depth interview results & observation, and the secondary data is collection of accident investigation & review comporate documents.

Distribution of accidents are also considered by type of accident, age, experience, time and place of occurrence. The most significant results of unsafe acts are skill-based error due to fatigue, routine violation on driver behavior which is not discipline, and exceptional violation findings at non-standard vehicle condition & lack of field supervisors. While the most significant aspects in precondition for unsafe acts are condition of operator due to the driver?s physical limitations and personnel factor especially in crew resource management condition. In addition, it showed that most of the accidents 2010 occurred in the plant."

"ABSTRAKHuman error merupakan salah satu sifat alami yang dimiliki oleh manusia(human nature) sehingga setiap harinya manusia pasti selalu mengalami error.Namun biasanya konsekuensi dari human error ini biasanya relatif kecil (minor)sehingga sering diabaikan. Namun pada kondisi tertentu human error dapatmenimbulkan konsekuensi yang lebih serius (major), misalnya saja ialah human erroryang terjadi pada chemical process industry, nuclear power, health care, dan tentusaja dalam penerbangan (aviation).Menurut penelitian Alabama & Northwest Florida Filght Standards DistrictOffice, tingkat kesalahan manusia (human error) pada bidang Air Traffic Controlmenduduki persenatase 90%. Selain itu banyak kasus kecelakaan penerbangan yangmenganggap Air Traffic Controller yang bersalah dan menduga sebagai penyebabkecelakaan, tidak ada kontribusi ?Pilot Error? .Desain studi dalam penelitian ini bersifat campuran (mix), di mana didalamnya dilakukan baik pendekatan kualitatif maupun kuantitatif sekaligus. Unitkajian ialah mendapatkan besaran persentase dari masing-masing jenisketidaksesuaian interaksi dalam perspektif ergonomik dan unsur human error .Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif untuk mendapatkan kajian terkait unsur human erroryang terjadi dengan task analysis.Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa kejadian human error di bidang ATCBandar Udara Soekarno-Hatta memang cukup tinggi dengan persentase skill basederror 77,2%, perceptual error 62,3%, decision error 71,1%. Sedangkan untuk hasilketidaksesuaian faktor peralatan (mechanical failure), lingkungan (environment),psikologis (beban kerja mental) masing-masing mencapai 93,9%, 94,7% dan 91,2%.

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ABSTRACTHuman error is one of nature which is owned by a man (human nature) so thatevery day human being must always be in error. But usually the consequence ofhuman error is usually relatively small (minor) so often overlooked. However, incertain conditions of human error can cause more serious consequences (major), suchis human error that occurs on the chemical process industry, nuclear power, healthcare, and of course in aviation (aviation).According to research Alabama & Northwest Florida Filght Standards DistrictOffice, the degree of human error (human error) in the field of Air Traffic Controlpersenatase 90% occupied. In addition, many aviation accident cases are consideredAir Traffic Controllers who are guilty and the suspect as the cause of the accident,there is no contribution "Pilot Error".Design studies in this research are mixed (mix), where it performed well inqualitative and quantitative approaches as well. Unit of study is getting a percentageof the amount of each type of mismatch interaction in perspective ergonomics andhuman error element. Descriptive qualitative approach to obtain relevant studyelements of human error that occurs with task analysis.The study results showed that the incidence of human error in ATC Soekarno-Hatta Airport is quite a high percentage of 77.2% skill based errors, perceptual errors62.3%, 71.1% decision error. As for the discrepancy factor of equipment (mechanicalfailure), environment (environment), psychological (mental workload) respectivelyreached 93.9%, 94.7% and 91.2%.;"