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"Latar Belakang: Belum ada hubungan konsisten antara kadar seng dalam serum dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif pada anak dengan GPPH. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan rerata kadar seng dalam serum pada anak GPPH dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif, tanpa gangguan fungsi eksekutif and anak non GPPH, dan korelasi antara kadar seng dalam serum dengan fungsi eksekutif pada anak GPPH. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi potong-lintang dengan kontrol. Sembilan puluh anak dari dua Sekolah Dasar di Jakarta diambil secara acak sebagai subjek penelitian yang dibagi dalam 30 anak GPPH dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif, 30 anak GPPH tanpa gangguan fungsi eksekutif, dan 30 anak non GPPH. Kadar seng dalam serum diperiksa dengan metode Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrophotometry. Fungsi eksekutif didapatkan melalui pemeriksaan BRIEF versi bahasa Indonesia. Analisis data menggunakan SPPS for Windows versi 20. Hasil: Dari seluruh subjek penelitian, 75% mengalami defisiensi seng. Ditemukan 60% anak GPPH dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif memiliki kadar seng tidak normal. Rerata serum seng pada anak GPPH dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif adalah 59.40 g/dL, pada anak GPPH tanpa gangguan fungsi eksekutif adalah 55.36 g/dL, dan pada anak non GPPH adalah 52.93 g/dL. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna pada rerata serum seng antara tiga kelompok (p = 0.119). Korelasi antara kadar seng pada anak GPPH dengan fungsi eksekutif adalah r=0.128. Kesimpulan: Kadar seng dalam serum tidak berhubungan secara langsung dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif, namun diduga berhubungan dengan gejala klinis GPPH. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mengetahui lebih jelas hubungan antara seng dalam serum dengan fungsi eksekutif pada anak dengan GPPH.

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Background: It was assumed that there might be association between serum zinc level and executive function in children with ADHD. This study aimed to identify mean differences between serum zinc in ADHD children with executive dysfunction, without executive dysfunction, and non ADHD children, and to find correlation between serum zinc level and executive function in children with ADHD.

Method: This was a cross-sectional study with control group. Ninety children from two elementary schools in Jakarta were randomly selected as research subjects. They were categorized into ADHD children with executive dysfunction (n=30), ADHD children without executive dysfunction (n=30), and non ADHD children (n=30). Serum zinc was analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrophotometry method. Executive function was examined using BRIEF-Indonesian version. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 for Windows.

Result: Seventy five percent of research subjects experinced zinc deficiency. Meanwhile, 60% of children with ADHD suffered from zinc deficiency. There was no significant difference in mean serum zinc between ADHD children with executive dysfunction, without executive dysfunction, and non ADHD children (59.40 g/dL vs. 55.36 g/dL vs. 52.93 g/dL, p=0.119). The coefficient correlation between serum zinc level and executive function in ADHD children was 0,128.

Conclusion: Serum zinc level might not associate directly with executive dysfunction, however it might link with clinical symptoms of ADHD. Further study needs to be done in order to obtain a more clear understanding of serum zinc and executive function in children with ADHD."

"Latar Belakang : Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian/ Hiperaktivitas (GPPH) merupakan gangguan psikiatrik yang sering dijumpai dan diduga terkait dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif serta defisiensi mikronutrien salah satunya zat besi (feritin). Feritin diperkirakan terkait dengan fungsi eksekutif pada GPPH dalam aktivitasnya pada sistem dopaminergik. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan antara kadar feritin dalam serum dan fungsi eksekutif pada anak dengan GPPH. Metode : Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang memakai data sekunder, membandingkan rerata kadar feritin dalam serum 22 anak GPPH dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif , 22 anak GPPH tanpa fungsi eksekutif, dan 22 anak Sehat yang berusia 6-12 tahun. Uji Kruskal Wallis digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan yang bermakna diantara ketiga kelompok tersebut dan uji analisis Mann-Whitney digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan bermakna pada kelompok anak GPPH. Penegakkan diagnosis GPPH memakai Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-kid (MINI KID), Gangguan Fungsi Eksekutif ditentukan dengan Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function versi Bahasa Indonesia (BRIEF-BI). Hasil : Nilai rerata feritin dalam serum sebesar 48,4 ng/mL pada kelompok anak GPPH tanpa gangguan fungsi eksekutif, sebesar 43,5 ng/mL pada kelompok anak GPPH dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif, serta sebesar 44,0 ng/mL pada kelompok anak sehat. Dari uji Kruskal Wallis Tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara rerata kadar feritin pada kelompok anak GPPH tanpa gangguan fungsi eksekutif, kelompok anak GPPH dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif, dan kelompok anak sehat (p > 0,05). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang signifikan juga antar kelompok GPPH dengan uji Mann-Whitney (p >0,05). Kesimpulan : Pada penelitian ini tidak didapatkan adanya perbedaan rerata kadar feritin dalam serum antara GPPH dengan gangguan fungsi eksekutif, GPPH tanpa gangguan fungsi eksekutif, dan anak Sehat yang secara statistik signifikan. Diperlukan studi lebih lanjut untuk melihat peran feritin pada aktivitas dopaminergik otak pada anak GPPH.

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Background : Attention Deficit/ Hiperactivity Disorders (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder and associated with impaired executive function as well as one of micronutrient deficiencies such iron (ferritin). It has been suggested that ferritin was associated with executive function in ADHD trough activity on the dopaminergic system.

Objectives : To find the relationship between ferritin serum levels and executive function in children with ADHD.

Methods : This study is cross-sectional using secondary data, comparing the mean levels of ferritin serum in 22 ADHD children with impaired executive function, 22 ADHD children with normal executive functions, and 22 healthy children aged 6-12 years. Kruskal Wallis test was performed to determine significant differences among the three groups and Mann-Whitney test analysis test was performed to determine significant differences between ADHD group. The diagnosis of ADHD was diagnosed by MINI KID, while executive function were assessed with BRIEF-Indonesian version.

Results : Mean values obtained in ferritin serum was 48.4 ng / mL in ADHD children with normal executive function, 43.5 ng / mL in ADHD children with impaired executive function, and 44.0 ng / mL in healthy children . With Kruskal Wallis test analysis, there were no significant differences between ferritin serum levels in the group of ADHD children with normal executive function, ADHD children with impaired executive function, and a group of healthy children (p > 0.05). There were also no significant differences between ADHD group with mann-Whitney test analysis (p >0.05).

Conclusions : In this study, there has been found no statistical significant differences in ferritin serum levels between ADHD with impaired executive function, ADHD with normal executive function, and healthy children. Further study is needed to look at the role of ferritin in dopaminergic activity within the brain of ADHD children."

"ABSTRAKDokter anak merupakan lini pertama penanganan masalah kesehatan pada anakanak.Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian/Hiperaktivitas (GPPH) adalah gangguanperkembangan mental dan perilaku yang sering terjadi pada anak-anak usia sekolahdasar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara pengalamanpraktek dengan tingkat pengetahuan/pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap terhadapGPPH diantara dokter anak di Indonesia. Rancangan studi potong lintang danmetode uji acak sederhana digunakan dalam pemilihan sampel penelitian ini. Datayang didapat adalah hasil dari kuesioner yang telah diuji validitas danreliabilitasnya menggunakan formula Pearson Alpha dan Cronbach’s Alpha. Hasildianalisis dengan uji korelasi spearman menggunakan program SPSS versi 20. Daritotal 109 responden, penelitian ini mengambil 96 responden melalui randomizersesuai formula sampel. Hasil dari 96 responden menunjukan bahwa tingkatpengetahuan/pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap terhadap GPPH berada pada tingkatyang sangat rendah dan rendah (65.6%, 57.3%, dan 76%). Hasil analisis statistikmenunjukan bahwa hanya terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara persepsi denganpengalaman praktek (p<0.05), sehingga terdapat korelasi antara pengalamanpraktek dengan persepsi terhadap GPPH. Kesimpulannya, tingkatpengetahuan/pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap terhadap GPPH adalah sangat rendahdan rendah dikalangan dokter anak, sehingga memerlukan edukasi lebih lanjutterhadap ADHD kepada dokter anak tanpa melihat pengalaman praktek yangdimiliki.

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ABSTRACTPediatricians are the first primary care to seek for children’s healthproblem. Attention – Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common mentaland behavioral developmental disorder in children. In Indonesia, pediatriciansusually do not realize ADHD and effect to its inappropriate management thus leadsto high prevalence of ADHD. The aim of this research is to identify the correlationbetween practice experience and level of knowledge / understanding, perception,and attitude towards ADHD among pediatricians in Indonesia. For the sampleselections, a cross-sectional study design with simple random sampling method wasused in this research. The data that has been acquired from questionnaire isanalyzed with spearman correlation test method using SPSS program 20th version.The result from 96 respondents showed the level of knowledge / understanding,perception, and attitude towards ADHD were in very poor and poor levels (65.6%,57.3%, and 76% respectively). Statistical analysis showed that there were nosignificant differences in between knowledge / understanding and attitude withpractice experience (p>0.05) that imply there are no correlation between practiceexperience and level of knowledge / understanding and attitude towards ADHD. Onthe other hand, there was a significant difference in between perception withpractice experience (p<0.05) that implies there is a correlation between practiceexperience and level of perception towards ADHD. In conclusion, the levels ofknowledge / understanding, perception, and attitude towards ADHD were verypoor and poor on knowledge / understanding, perception, and attitude amongpediatricians in Indonesia, so that a follow-up about ADHD is necessary amongpediatricians without considering their practice experience."

"Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian/Hiperaktivitas (GPPH) memerlukan tatalaksana yang komprehensif yang melibatkan psikolog, psikiater anak dan dokter anak. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat pengetahuan/ pemahaman, perspepsi, dan sikap psikolog di Indonesia, serta hubungannya dengan lama pengalaman praktek mereka. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner melalui google docs kepada para psikolog di Indonesia melalui Himpunan Psikolog Indonesia (HIMPSI). Dari semua kuesioner yang diisi dengan lengkap dipilih secara acak sederhana sebanyak 96 subjek penelitian. Kuesioner yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dibuat khusus untuk menilai tingkat pengetahuan/pemahaman, persepsi dan sikap terhadap GPPH, dan sudah terbukti valid dan sahih. Sebagian besar psikolog yang terlibat dalam penelitian mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan dan pemahaman yang rendah (52.08%), tingkat persepsi yang rendah (51.04%), dan sikap yang rendah (40.63%) terhadap GPPH. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat asosiasi antara lama pengalaman praktek dengan pengetahuan dan pemahaman (p=0.000) serta persepsi (p=0.001). Sebaliknya, tidak ditemukan adanya asosiasi antara lama pengalaman praktek dengan sikap dari psikolog terhadap GPPH (p=0.055). Kesimpulan, mayoritas psikolog memiliki tingkat pengetahuan, pemahaman, persepsi dan sikap yang belum optimal terhadap GPPH. Oleh karena itu, edukasi tentang GPPH sebaiknya terus diberikan kepada mereka untuk mendukung tatalaksana yang lebih komprehensif bagi anak dengan GPPH.

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Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) requires comprehensive management which involves psychologists, pediatric psychiatrists, and pediatricians. Therefore, it is important to identify the level of knowledge, understanding, perception, and attitude of psychologists in Indonesia towards ADHD and their association with the psychologists’ practice experience. This study used cross sectional design, which was conducted by distributing questionnaire via google docs to psychologists through Himpunan Psikolog Indonesia (HIMPSI). From all the completed questionnaires, 96 research subjects were chosen by simple random sampling. The questionnaire used in this study was particularly made to assess the level of knowledge/ understanding, perception, and attitude towards ADHD and it is proven to be valid and reliable. The majority of psychologists had poor level of knowledge/ understanding (52.08%), perception (51.04%), and attitude (40.63%) towards ADHD. The result also showed that there is an association between practice experience and knowledge/ understanding (p=0.000) as well as perception (p=0.001). However, there is no association between practice experience and attitude of psychologists towards ADHD (p-0.055). In conclusion, most psychologists had poor level of knowledge/ understanding, perception and attitude towards ADHD. Thus, education about ADHD should be given constantly to psychologists to support a more comprehensive management for children with ADHD. "

"Gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas (GPPH) adalah gangguan perkembangan saraf yang dapat diidentifikasikan dengan tingkat hiperaktif, impulsivitas dan gangguan permusatan perhatian yang abnormal. Hal tersebut dapat berdampak buruk pada perilaku, emosi, kognitif, akademik, fungsi okupasi, dan fungsi sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari hubungan antara GPPH dengan prestasi akademik, absen, dan faktor-faktor risiko terhadap GPPH. Subjek penelitian anak sekolah dasar negeri yang berada di SDN Menteng 01. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian cross-sectional yang menggunakan kuesioner Conners’ 10 Item Scale yang di bagikan kepada orang tua anak. Terdapat 215 anak (99 laki-laki dan 116 perempuan) yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Terdapat 35 subjek yang dicurigai terdapat GPPH. ADHD memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap prestasi akademik (p = 0.020), namun tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap absen (p = 0.801). Pendapatan keluarga (p = 0.005) dan pendidikan orang tua (0.000) juga mempunyai hubungan signifikan terhadap GPPH pada anak. Umur anak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap prestasi akademik dan absen anak. Terakhir, prestasi akademik memiliki hubungan positif berbanding lurus yang signifikan terhadap absen. GPPH memiliki hubungan yang signifikan terhadap prestasi akademik dan juga memiliki rasio jenis kelamin 2:1 (laki-laki:perempuan).

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Attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can be identified with abnormal levels of hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattentivity, that can negatively affect behavior, emotions, cognitive ability, academic achievement, and occupational and social function. Studies have been done where risk factors such as socioeconomic and parent educational background has an effect on the occurence of ADHD in children. There has also been studies that have found correlation between ADHD and its adverse effects on academic achievement and absenteeism. Studies regarding this matter in Indonesia is still considered limited. Therefore, the aim of this study to explore the correlation between ADHD and its correlation with children’s academic achievement and absenteeism, and how its risk factors correlate with ADHD.

Subjects include primary public school students in SDN Menteng 01 Jakarta. This study is a cross-sectional study which utilises a questionnaires (Conners’ 10-item scale for ADHD screening) that was distributed to parents. There were 215 (99 males and 116 females) subjects which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Thirty five subjects were suspected for ADHD. ADHD had significant negative correlation to academic score (p = 0.020) but is not significant when correlated to absenteeism (p = 0.801). Family income (p = 0.005) and parent education background (p = 0.000) are also significant to ADHD. Age is significantly correlated to academic achievement and absenteeism. Conclusions. There is significant positive correlation between absence and academic achievement. To conclude, ADHD is significantly correlated with academic achievement, with a gender ratio of approxiamtely 2:1."

"Guru Sekolah Dasar berperan sangat penting untuk mendeteksi anak dengan GPPH, oleh karena mereka berhubungan langsung dengan anak didik di dalam kelas dan sekolah pada umumnya. Dengan demikian guru Sekolah Dasar seyogyanya memiliki pengetahuan/pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap terhadap GPPH yang baik agar bisa melakukan deteksi dini kasus tersebut di antara anak didiknya. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran tingkat pengetahuan/pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap terhadap GPPH pada guru Sekolah Dasar di Jakarta serta hubungannya dengan lama pengalaman mengajar di Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan rancang potong lintang. Pengetahuan, pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap terhadap GPPH diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang dibuat khusus untuk penelitian ini, dan terbukti sah dan handal berdasarkan uji validasi dan reliabilitas dengan Cronbach alpha sebesar 0.873 dan Pearson’s r > 0.25. Kuesioner tersebut disebarkan pada 422 guru Sekolah Dasar di Jakarta yang berasal dari 21 sekolah, kemudian dengan uji acak sederhana didapatkan 384 subjek penelitian. Data dianalisa dengan menggunakan program SPSS 20th untuk Mac. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat pengetahuan/pemahaman yang sangat rendah (58.9%), tingkat persepsi yang rendah (56.5%), dan tingkat sikap yang cukup (60.7%). Lama mengajar berhubungan secara signifikan dengan tingkat pengetahuan/pemahaman terhadap GPPH. Dengan demikian, diperlukan peningkatan pengetahuan/pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap terhadap GPPH pada guru Sekolah Dasar melalui program edukasi yang tepat dan pelatihan keterampilan dalam deteksi dini GPPH.

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Elementary School Teachers play a very important detecting children with ADHD, because they deal with students directly in the classroom and in the school generally. Thus elementary school teachers should have a good knowledge/understanding, perception, and attitude towards ADHD so that they can make early detection among their students. The aim of this study is to get an overview about the level of knowledge/understanding, perception, and attitude towards ADHD among elementary school teacher in Jakarta and its relationship with teaching experience in elementary schools. This study uses cross-sectional design. Knowledge, understanding, perception, and attitude towards ADHD are identified using a questionnaire created specifically for this research, and proven valid and reliable based on validation and reliability with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.873 and Pearson's r > 0.25. The questionnaires were distributed to 422 elementary school teachers in Jakarta from 21 schools, then with simple random sampling, 384 research subjects were found. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20th for Mac. The results showed the level of knowledge/understanding is very poor (58.9%), poor level perception (56.5%), and moderate level of attitude (60.7%). Teaching experience is significantly related with the level of knowledge/understanding towards ADHD. Thus, it is necessary to increase the knowledge/understanding, perception, and attitude towards ADHD among elementary school teachers through appropriate educational programs and workshops about early detection of ADHD."

"Pengetahuan / pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap dokter umum yang baik terhadap Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian / Hiperaktivitas (GPPH) merupakan suatu nilai tambah bagi mereka. Hal ini dikarenakan dokter umum yang bekerja pada pusat layanan primer berperan dalam diagnosis dan penanganan awal pasien dengan GPPH. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan / pemahaman, persepsi, dan sikap terhadap GPPH diantara dokter umum di Jakarta, serta hubungannya dengan lama pengalaman praktik mereka. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan potong lintang. Sampel adalah 384 dokter umum di Jakarta yang dipilih dengan metode uji acak sederhana. Data diperoleh dari kuisioner yang sudah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya (Pearson alpha >0.25; Cronbach’s alpha >0.7). Data yang didapat dianalisis dengan piranti lunak SPSS versi 20 untuk Macintosh. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sebagian besar subjek penelitian mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan / pemahaman (54.9%), persepsi (58.1%), dan sikap (60.7%) terhadap GPPH yang rendah dan sangat rendah, dan adanya hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik dengan lama pengalaman praktik. Disimpukan bahwa diperlukan adanya edukasi lebih lanjut mengenai GPPH kepada dokter umum di Jakarta terlepas dari pengalaman praktik yang dimiliki.

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A good knowledge / understanding, perception, and attitude among general practitioners towards Attention – Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is an own privilege. This is because general practitioners who work in primary health care have the role in early diagnosis and management of ADHD patients. This research has the objectives to know the level of knowledge / understanding, perception, and attitude towards ADHD among general practitioners in Jakarta, and to identify the association to their length of practice experience.

This research used cross-sectional design. The samples were 384 general practitioners in Jakarta who were selected through simple random sampling method. Data obtained from questionnaires that have been tested for its validity and reliability (Pearson alpha >0.25; Cronbach’s alpha >0.7), and were analyzed utilizing SPSS software 20th version for Macintosh.

The result showed that majority of the research subjects were have poor and very poor levels of knowledge / understanding (54.9%), perception (58.1%), and attitude (60.7%) towards ADHD, and there was a significant association with the length of practice experience statistically. Overall, further education regarding to ADHD is required to general practitioners in Jakarta regardless of their practice experience."