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"What biological factors make human communication possible? How do we process and understand language?Howdoes brain damage affect these mechanisms, and what can this tell us about how language is organized in the brain? The field of neurolinguistics seeks to answer these questions, which are crucial to linguistics, psychology and speech pathology alike. Drawing on examples from everyday language, this textbook introduces the central topics in neurolinguistics: speech recognition, word and sentence structure, meaning, and discourse – in both ‘normal’ speakers and those withlanguage disorders. It moves on to provide a balanced discussion of key areas of debate such as modularity and the ‘language areas’ of the brain, ‘connectionist’ versus ‘symbolic’ modelling of language processing, and the nature of linguistic and mental representations. Making accessible over half a century of scientific and linguistic research, and containing extensive study questions, it will be welcomed by all those interested in the relationship between language and the brain."

"ABSTRAKTujuan. 1. mengetahui hubungan antara FA yang lebar dengan perkembangan motorikkasar dan bahasa pada anak usia 6-24 bulan, 2. mengetahui hubungan antara fontanelanterior yang lebar dengan perkembangan otak yang abnormal dari pemeriksaan USG kepala,3. mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko yang berperan dalam perkembangan motorik kasar danbahasa pada anak dengan FA lebar.Metode. Desain penelitian adalah kasus kontrol untuk menilai perkembangan motorikkasar dan bahasa menggunakan pemeriksaan Denver II dan perkembangan otak dinilaidengan pemeriksaan USG kepala, pada anak usia 6-24 bulan dengan ukuran FA lebar (≥ 1 SD)sesuai kelompok usia. Kelompok kasus jika perkembangan motorik kasar dan bahasanyaterlambat sedangkan kelompok kontrol jika perkembangan motorik kasar dan bahasanyanormal yang dipasangkan sesuai kelompok usianya, yang berobat ke RSUPN dr. CiptoMangunkusumo antara bulan Desember 2017 sampai dengan Mei 2018. Faktor-faktor risikodianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat.Hasil penelitian. Dari 127 anak dengan FA lebar, 9 anak dieksklusi, sehingga ada 118 anaksebagai subyek penelitian. Pada kelompok kasus maupun kontrol ada 59 subyek, terdiri dari18 anak (usia 6-<9 bulan), 16 anak (usia 9-<12 bulan), 17 anak (usia 12-<18 bulan) dan 8anak (usia 18-<24 bulan). Pada kelompok anak dengan FA lebar (>2SD) lebih banyakditemukan pada kelompok kasus, sebaliknya pada anak dengan FA ≥1 SD ≤ 2SD lebihbanyak ditemukan pada kelompok kontrol. Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan faktorrisiko yang bermakna adalah status gizi kurang, kelahiran prematur, LK abnormal danhasil USG kepala abnormal. Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan anak dengan FA lebarberhubungan bermakna dengan riwayat kelahiran prematur (OR 7,5; IK 95% 1,585-35,913)dan abnormalitas USG kepala (OR 29; IK 95% 3,82-225,37).Simpulan. Anak dengan FA lebar >2 SD lebih banyak ditemukan perkembangan motorikkasar dan bahasa yang terlambat, dan berhubungan bermakna dengan kelahiran prematurdan abnormalitas USG kepala.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Abnormalities in head circumference (HC) and anterior fontanel (AF) size in children may reveal clues to assessment of intrauterine brain growth disorders. Brain growth disorders may lead to clinical manifestations of impaired growth and development of children. Objectives. (1) to determine the relationship between large AF with gross motor and language developmental in children aged 6-24 months, (2) to determine the relationship between large AF with abnormalities of brain growth by cerebral ultrasound, (3) to find the association of risk factors of gross motor and language developmental in children with large AF. Methodes. A case control study was to assess gross motor and language development by using Denver II and brain growth by cerebral ultrasound in children aged 6-24 months with large AF (≥ 1 SD) visiting dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital between December 2017 and May 2018. Case group consisted of gross motor and language developmental delay, control group consisted of similar children but who were normal of gross motor and language development. Both groups were matched according to gender and aged. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were done to identify significant risk factors. Results. Out of 127 large AF children, 9 child who meet exclusion criteria, subject in the study was 118 children. Case groups and control groups were 59 subject; 18 subject (6-<9 months), 16 subject (9-<12 months), 17 subject (12-<18 months) and 8 subject (18-<24 months). Most children of AF >2 SD with gross motor and language development delay were compared to children of AF ≥1 SD- ≤2 SD with normal of gross motor and language development. Bivariate analysis showed that significantly of risk factors were under nutrition, premature, abnormality HC and abnormality cerebral ultrasound. Multivariate analysis showed that significantly prematurity (OR 7,5; IK 95% 1,585-35,913) and abnormality cerebral ultrasound (OR 29; IK 95% 3,82-225,37) in children of large AF with gross motor and language development delay. Conclussions. The most of children of large AF (> 2 SD) were gross motor and language development delay, and significantly with prematurity and abnormality cerebral ultrasound."

"When we speak, we configure the vocal tract which shapes the visible motions of the face and the patterning of the audible speech acoustics. Similarly, we use these visible and audible behaviors to perceive speech. This book showcases a broad range of research investigating how these two types of signals are used in spoken communication, how they interact, and how they can be used to enhance the realistic synthesis and recognition of audible and visible speech. The volume begins by addressing two important questions about human audiovisual performance: how auditory and visual signals combine to access the mental lexicon, and where in the brain this and related processes take place. It then turns to the production and perception of multimodal speech, and how structures are coordinated within and across the two modalities. Finally, the book presents overviews and recent developments in machine-based speech recognition and synthesis of AV speech."