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"This book compiles new findings from the work of internationally renowned experts in plant electrophysiology, biophysics, bioelectrochemistry, ion channels, membrane transport, imaging of water transport, photosynthesis, mechanosensors, osmotic motors, sensing and actuation in plants. First volume covers modern methods in plant electrophysiology and cell electrophysiology. Second volume deals with signal transduction and responses in plants."

"This book presents the latest algorithmic developments in the cell-mapping method for the global analysis of nonlinear dynamic systems, global solutions for multi-objective optimization problems, and global solutions for zeros of complex algebraic equations. It also discusses related engineering and scientific applications, including the nonlinear design of structures for better vibration resistance and reliability; multi-objective, structural-acoustic design for sound abatement; optimal multi-objective design of airfoils for better lift; and optimal multi-objective design of linear and nonlinear controls with or without time delay.The first book on the subject to include extensive Matlab and C++ codes, it presents various implementation algorithms of the cell-mapping method, enabling readers to understand how the method works and its programming aspects. A link to the codes on the Springer website will be provided to the readers. "

"Latar Belakang: Inovasi biomaterial dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang dapat bermanfaat untuk pengembangan dalam manajemen defek tulang kritis. Hidroksiapatit dan gelatin sudah dikenal potensinya dalam rekayasa jaringan sedangkan propolis dikenal dengan berbagai khasiatnya sebagai antimikroba dan potensi penyembuhan luka. Penggabungan ketiga bahan ini belum diketahui biokompatibilitasnya terhadap sel eukariot.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sifat biokompatibilitas hidroksiapatit-gelatin-propolis (HA-GEL-P) terhadap sel osteoblas (MG-63).Metode: HA-GEL-P dibuat dalam bentuk elusi dengan konsentrasi propolis 6% dan 10% lalu dipajankan dalam larutan medium kultur yang telah disebari sel MG-63. Viabilitas sel dievaluasi dengan uji MTT pada hari ke 1 dan ke 8 setelah pemajanan, dengan inkubasi 2 jam. Setelah inkubasi, diberikan larutan acidified isopropanol untuk melarutkan kristal formazan yang terbentuk. Absorbansi diukur dengan panjang gelombang 600 nm.Hasil: Uji MTT menunjukkan bahwa viabilitas sel setelah dipajankan dengan HA-GEL-P 6% di atas 90% pada hari ke 1, namun mengalami penurunan yang signifikan pada hari ke 8 dengan viabilitas sel di bawah 50%. Sedangkan, HA-GEL-P 10% menunjukkan viabilitas sel di bawah 50% pada hari ke 1 dan 8.Kesimpulan: HA-GEL-P 6% menunjukkan biokompatibilitas yang baik sedangkan HA-GEL-P 10% menunjukkan sifat toksik. Efek toksik HA-GEL-P tergantung pada konsentrasi dan waktu inkubasi.

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Background: Biomaterial innovation in bone tissue engineering can be useful for developments in the management of critical bone defects. Hydroxyapatite and gelatin are well known for their potential in tissue engineering, while propolis is known for its various antimicrobial and wound healing properties. The combination of these three materials is not yet known for its biocompatibility.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the biocompatibility properties of hydroxyapatite-gelatin-propolis (HA-GEL-P) on osteoblast cells (MG-63).

Methods: HA-GEL-P was prepared in the form of elution with two propolis concentrations (6% dan 10%) and then exposed to a solution of culture medium that had been spread with MG-63 cells. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay on days 1 and 8 after exposure, with 2 hours incubation. After incubation, acidified isopropanol solution was given to dissolve the formed formazan crystals. The absorbance was measured at the wavelength of 600 nm.

Results: The MTT assay showed that the cell viability of HA-GEL-P 6% was above 90% on day 1, but had a significant decrease on day 8 with cell viability below 50%. Meanwhile, HA-GEL-P 10% showed cell viability below 50% on days 1 and 8.

Conclusion: It was suggested that adequate biocompatibility was evident for HA-GEL-P 6%, while HA-GEL-P 10% was toxic. The toxic effect of HA-GEL-P depends on the concentration and duration of incubation."

"Terapi kanker mennggunakan medan listrik telah dikembangkan sebelumnya. Terapi ini bekerja berdasarkan prinsip polarisasi sel kanker yang sedang membelah ketika diberi medan listrik dalam waktu tertentu. Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan uji in-vitro pada sel kanker raji dan sel normal limfosit. Sel ditanam pada 96 microplate kemudian diberi perlakuan input medan listrik dengan variasi frekuensi (250 Hz & 100 kHz), tegangan (20V, 30V, 50V), jenis sinyal (kotak dan sinusoidal) dana lama perlakuan (0 jam, 48 jam, 96 jam dan 144 jam). Setelah sel diberi perlakuan, jumlah sel dihitung menggunakan Hemocytometer untuk morfologi sel dan MTT untuk pewarnaan sel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa medan listrik berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan sel (menginduksi). Pada sel limfosit pengaruh medan listrik dapat terlihat secara signifikan pada jam ke-48. Akan tetapi, pada sel raji pengaruh medan listrik baru dapat terlihat setelah perlakuan 96 jam. Input medan listrik optimal untuk dapat memberi efek letal (cidera) pada sel raji tanpa berpangaruh toxic pada sel normal yaitu medan listrik sinyal kotak 20 volt dengan frekuensi 100 kHz.

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Cancer therapy using electric fields have been developed previously. It works based on polarized division cancer cells when exposed by electric field in a certain time. In this study, raji and lymphocyte cells in-vitro exposed to an external electrical field has been done. Cultured cells on 96 microplate then given electric field treatment with variety input of frequency (250 Hz and 100 kHz), voltage (20 V, 30 V, and 50 V), the signal type (square and sine), and time treatment (0 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours, and 144 hours). Calculation of number cells method using Hemocytometer and MTT for cell morphology and cell staining absorption, respectively. The results show that electric field can induce cells. The influence of an electric field in lymphocyte cells show significant effect after 48-hours treatment, yet raji cells can only be seen after 96-hours treatment. The optimal treatment of the electric field to be able provide lethal effects in raji cells without toxic effect in normal cells is input square signal 20 Volt and 100 kHz."

"Telah dilakukan uji sitotoksik metabolit sekunder kapang endofit 1.2.11 tanaman Brucea javanica (L. ) Merr. Sampel tanaman diambil dari Cianjur, bagian tanaman yang digunakan adalah buah. Uji sitotoksik dilakukan terhadap sel Ruji, NS-l, sel HeLa dan sel Vero. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 24 jam dan 48 jam dengan menghitung sel ludup menggunakan metode tripan biru. Penghitungan l CM dilakukan secara aritmatikal dengan rumus Ricd and Muench. Untuk melihat mekanisme kerja pada proses sitotoksik dilakukan teknik pengecatan DNA menggunakan etidium bromida dan acridine orange. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh lCft) terhadap sel Raji 58,35 fjg/ml, 88,39yg/ml; IC50sel NS-1 162,09 pg/ml, 66,24 p. g/ml; IC^ sel HeLa 361,21 pg/ml, 219,97 pg/ml. IC^sel Vero 1075.18 ug/ml, 656,82 ng/ml. Pengamatan dilakukan dalam waktu 24 jam dan 48 jam. Mekanisme kerja dari metabolit sekunder kapang endofit 1.2. 11 terhadap sel NS-1 cenderung melalui mekanisme apoptosis. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:137-44)

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Cytotoxic assay of secondary metabolite endophytic fungus 1.2.11 from Brucea javanica (L.) Merr has been carried out. Brucea Javanica fruit collected from Cianjur was used in this experiment. Cytotoxic assay was done on Raji, NS-1, HeLa and Vero cells. The observation was done for 24 hours and also for 48 hours. I CM was calculated using the Rich and Muench theory. To observe the working mechanism ofcytotoxic process, DNA staining with etidium bromide and acridine orange was conducted. The cytotoxic assay of endophytic fungi 1.2.11 showed an ICft) of 58.35p.g/ml, 88.39 pg/ml on Raji ceil; 162.09 pg/ml, 66.24 pg/ml on NS cell; 361.21 fjg/ml, 219.97 fjg/ml on HelM cell; and lastly 1075.18 fjg/ml, 656.82 /jg/ml on Vero cell after 24 and 48 hour incubation respectively. The results of this study showed that secondary metabolite of endophytic fungus 1.2.11 has selective cytotoxic effect towards cancer cell and also showed that it might cause apoptosis in NS-1 cell. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:137-44)"

"Electro Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) telah dikembangkan untuk terapi kanker payudara dengan medan elektrostatik dari gelombang sinyal yang berasal dari elektroda kapasitif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perubahan nilai beda potensial dan output gelombang sinyal yang dihsilkan ECCT terhadap pertumbuhan sel kanker dan cidera sel yang menyebabkan kematian sel. Dilakukan eksperimen in vitro menggunakan cell line MCF-7 (kanker payudara manusia) selama 24, 48 dan 72 jam perlakuan. Kemudian dilakukan perhitungan jumlah sel dengan hemocytometer dan pengukuran kapasitansi sel sebelum dan sesudah diberikan perlakuan. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa ECCT standar sinyal kotak 18 Volt dan ECCT non standar sinyal kotak 31.2 Volt dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel dan hasil morfologi sel tampak cidera yang mengindikasi adanya kematian, sedangkan ECCT standar sinyal sinusoidal 18 Volt mampu menginduksi pertumbuhan sel sehingga jumlahnya semakin banyak jika dilihat dari koefisien pertumbuhan yang tinggi. Pengukuran nilai kapasitansi sel menunjukkan korelasi antara banyaknya jumlah sel dengan besarnya nilai kapasitansi yang terukur. Peningkatan nilai kapasitansi dapat menunjukkan penambahan aktifitas kelistrikan sel dan tingkat keganasan dari sel kanker.

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Electro Capacitive Cancer Therapy (ECCT) has been developed for breast cancer therapy that generated electrostatic field from electrical wave in capacitive electrode. The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of potential difference and signal wave output ECCT to cancer cell growth and cell injury that leads to lethal cell. In this study, in vitro experiment use MCF-7 cell line (human breast cancer) during 24, 48 and 72 hours treatment and than measured the number of cell with hemocytometer and value of capacitance after and before treatment. The results showed that potential ECCT square signal wave standard 18 Volt and square signal non-standard 31.2 Volt can inhibit cancer cell growth and cell morphology results seem to indicate the existence of injury deaths. While, from growth coefficient, ECCT sinusoidal signal wave standard 18 Volt can increase of cancer cell growth. Measurement of cell capacitance values showed correlation between the number of cells with the value of the measured capacitance. Increase of capacitance indicate of high activity of cancer cell and showed the malignancy of cancer cell levels."

"Resistensi bakteri terhadap obat-obat antimikroba memerlukan perhatian khusus. Pada studi sebelumnya, siprofloksasin HCl yang terenkapsulasi dalam liposom terbukti meningkatkan aktivitasnya terhadap bakteri Pseudomonas Aeruginosa resisten. Salah satu penyakit infeksi kulit yang disebabkan oleh P. Aeruginosa adalah Pseudomonas folliculitis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat liposom siprofloksasin HCl berukuran 100-200 nm dan menguji adanya peningkatan penetrasi siprofloksasin HCl yang terenkapsulasi di dalam liposom. Liposom dibuat dengan metode hidrasi lapis tipis, yang kemudian dilakukan pengecilan ukuran vesikel menggunakan sonikasi dan ekstrusi bertingkat dengan membran polikarbonat 0,4 μm dua siklus dan 0,1 μm sepuluh siklus.Hasil liposom yang dibuat berbentuk agak sferis berdasarkan uji SEM dan TEM. Pengukuran dengan PSA menunjukkan diameter rata-rata vesikel liposom 109,33±3,26 nm untuk liposom formula 1 dan 195,05±2,47 nm untuk liposom formula 2, yang termasuk ke dalam golongan Large Unillamelar Vesicles (LUV). Efisiensi penjerapan liposom formula 1 dan 2 berturut-turut adalah 49,58±0,83% dan 51,5±0,125%. Liposom yang dibuat teruji bebas dari bakteri Streptococcus.Hasil uji penetrasi dengan metode sel difusi franz menunjukkan peningkatan penetrasi siprofloksasin HCl dalam liposom yang ditunjukkan dengan persentase siprofloksasin HCl yang terpenetrasi dari larutan siprofloksasin HCl, liposom formula 1, liposom formula 2 berturut-turut yaitu 24,94±8,46 %; 25,89±10,79 %; dan 33,33±4,93 %. Nilai fluks antara kontrol, liposom formula 1, dan liposom formula 2 secara berturut-turut yaitu 50,56±18,69; 54,806±23,39; dan 82,83±14,76 ug cm-2 jam-.

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The escalation of bacteria?s resistants to antibiotics is very urgent to be solved. Previous study shows that encapsulation of ciprofloxacin HCl into liposome improves its activity towards resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa can infect our skin and cause Pseudomonas folliculitis. This study was aimed to produce 100-200 nm liposome ciprofloxacin HCl and test it?s permeation through skin membrane using franz diffusion cell method. Liposomes were prepared with thin-film hydration method. To reduce its average size, the liposomes were sonicated in bath sonicator, then extruded passing polycarbonate membrane with their respective pores size which are 0,4 μm for two cycles and 0,1 μm for ten cycles.Morfology evaluation of the liposomes showed a slight sphere shape based on SEM and TEM results. The average diameter size of liposomes were measured using PSA and the result were 109,33±3,26 nm for the 1st formula and 195,05±2,47 nm for the 2nd formula, which were in Large Unillamelar Vesicles (LUV) stage. The first and second formula of liposomes? entrapment efficacy, respectively were 49,58±0,83% and 51,5±0,125%. The liposomes were verified sterile from Streptococcus.The improvement of penetration showed that encapsulation to liposome can enhance penetration through skin membrane. The percentage of ciprofloxacin HCl that penetrated for the control solution, 1st formula liposome, and 2nd formula liposome respectively were 24,94±8,46 %; 25,89±10,79 %; and 33,33±4,93 %. And their flux respectively were 50,56±18,69; 54,806±23,39; and 82,83±14,76 ug cm-2 jam-1."