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"This article distills the economic and current significance contained in the political economy of J.R. Commons. It compares descriptions of his three main works that discuss “sovereignty”: A Sociological View of Sovereignty (SVS), Legal Foundations of Capitalism (LFC), and Institutional Economics (IE). Through this comparison, we find that the role of sovereignty in his theory changed dramatically. First, in the period from SVS (1899–1900) to LFC (1924), the theory of sovereignty changes significantly from the standpoint of natural rights, which imply permanence of privileged customs, to “pragmatic philosophy” of the courts, in which laws are relevant to customs at certain times and places. Second, from the manuscripts of IE (1927–1928), sovereignty is defined as comprising part principles, which relate to each other and make up the whole principle, willingness. In other words, Commons views sovereignty as one perspective, which in turn has a high capability of explaining the socioeconomic system. Additional descriptions of IE (1934) derived from its original manuscripts repeatedly emphasize the “power” of economic concerns that are equal to or exceed the power of the state, as well as the importance of the “function” of sovereignty in pragmatic investigations of economic disputes. We distill the economic and current significance of IE. First, the value theory that constructs values institutionally and collectively starts from an analysis of sovereignty and joint evaluations. Second, sovereignty cannot be separated from an analysis of economic transactions. Third, this paper concretely shows elements of a “deliberate space” in which sovereignty and economic interests act in concert"

"ABSTRACTNational governments rely on global performance indicators tomeasure where they stand and to build future strategies. However, no previousstudy has compiled various indices to investigate pathways to governmentperformance. We use fuzzy set analysis to investigate what role each of fivedeterminants of government performance trait competitiveness, change orientedcitizenship behavior, public service motivation, organizational identification,and corruption tolerance play in three representative government performanceindicators Government Effectiveness, Government Efficiency, andThroughput. The results indicate that government performance as measuredby these three indicators is commonly tied to strongly public service motivatedemployees. These three indicators are distinguished from one another withregard to the number of factors that contribute to the construction of sufficientconfigurations, the role of innovation inclined factors, and the role of corruptiontolerance."

"Marketing plays an important role in determining an enterprise’s success. Inappropriate marketing strategy can lead to various risks, especially for SMEs that have not prepared their risk management. This research aims to identify and specify marketing strategy priorities in the production of potato chips, and to decide anticipationary action in determining risk mitigation. The research is a case study of XYZ company. The method used for risk analysis was Fuzzy FMEA, and that used to specify the strategic priorities was ANP. The results indicate that the most potential risks in potato chip marketing are promotion risk, which is caused by inappropriate steps with regard to promotion targets, and the absence of a brand image. The primary strategy in market risk mitigation is to improve sub-strategy promotion, which increases the effectiveness of promotion facilities and infrastructure, complies with the development of information and communication media, and maintains service quality in the sub-criteria of building and maintaining good relations with customers."