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"Dalam skripsi ini, peneliti bertujuan mencari perhitungan dan membuat perbandingan stopping power penetrasi proyektil dengan target yang berupa elektron dan inti atom. Eksitasi dari elektron target merupakan kontribusi yang diperhitungkan untuk berkurangnya energi proyektil. Perhitungan rumus dilakukan dari Bethe Stopping Power dengan aproksimasi Born hingga perturbasi orde kedua, biasa disebut efek Barkas. Pada aproksimasi Born pertama, inti atom tidak berperan begitu besar dalam menghasilkan energi stopping power. Sedangkan elektron menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan.

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In this thesis, the researcher intends to measure and compare the stopping power of penetration between projectile and the targets which are electrons and nuclei. The contribution to the energy loss of the projectile is solely due to excitation of the target electrons. The calculation is derived from Bethe’s stopping power using the Born approximation up to the second order perturbation, commonly known as the Barkas effect. In the first Born approximation, it is showed that nuclei does not really participate in resulting stopping power energy. On the other hand, electrons shows big significant result."

"ABSTRAKParameter isoskalar SNM dan parameter isovektor PNM dari berbagai nilai radiusnukleon serta efek fitting pada prediksi daerah medium density dan low densityPNM, dengan menggunakan nilai b = 0:0005 dan b = 0:01 serta radius nukleon0, 0.66 fm, 0.76 fm, 0.83 fm, dan 0.99 fm telah berhasil diperoleh. Parameterisoskalar hasil fit menghasilkan nilai yang cocok dengan perhitungan DBHFuntuk semua radius nukleon yang digunakan, kecuali untuk radius 0.99 fm yangtidak memenuhi prediksi EOS SNM, menurut hasil eksperimen tumbukan ionberat. Sementara itu, efek fitting untuk parameter-parameter di luar daerah fittingwindow tidak sesuai dengan jangkauan eksperimen dari Danielewicz, dkk. Halini kemungkinan diakibatkan oleh keterbatasan jangkauan parameter, nilai b, danradius nukleon yang digunakan.

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ABSTRAKThe isoscalar parameter of SNM and isovector parameter of PNM from variousnucleon size as well as the effects of fitting on medium density and low densityprediction area of PNM have been investigated. To this end, we have chosen cutoffparameter b = 0:0005 and b = 0:01, with the nucleon radius of 0, 0.66, 0.76,0.83, and 0.99 fm. The obtained isoscalar parameters lead to a good agreement withthe result of the DBHF calculation for all nucleon radii used, except for rN = 0:99fm, which does not fulfill the SNM EOS prediction based on the results of heavyion collision. On the other hands, the effect of fitting by means of the parametersoutside the upper and lower bounds does not agree with the experimental result ofDanielwicz et al. It is suspected that this could happen due to the limitation of theparameter range, b, as well as the nucleon radius us"

"Dalam paper ini, peneliti fokus pada stopping power elektronik untuk proton dan antiproton dengan target Silikon. Eksitasi dari elektron target merupakan kontribusi yang diperhitungkan untuk berkurangnya energi proyektil. Perhitungan rumus dilakukan dari Bethe Stopping Power dengan aproksimasi Born hingga perturbasi orde kedua, biasa disebut efek Barkas. Tumbukan antara proyektil dan target dimodelkan elastis dan inelastis, juga inelastis dan elastis. Rentang energi pada paper ini dari ≈ 100 keV sampai 3 MeV

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In this paper, the researcher focuses on the electronic stopping power of protons and antiprotons in a Silicon target. The contribution to the energy loss of the projectile is solely due to excitation of the target electrons. The calculation is derived from Bethe’s stopping power using the Born approximation up to the second order perturbation, commonly known as the Barkas effect. The collision of the target and the projectile is modeled to be elastic and inelastic, also inelastic and elastic. The energy range in this work is between ≈ 100 keV up to 3 MeV."

"Produksi D meson sebagai fungsi multiplisitas partikel bermuatan telah diukur menggunakan ALICE detektor di LHC. Pengukuran ini dilakukan menggunakan data tumbukan proton-proton pada energi pusat massa 13 TeV yang direkam oleh ALICE detektor pada periode pengambilan data tahun 2016. D meson direkonstruksi melalui produk peluruhan hadroniknya pada empat interval pT dari 2 GeV/c sampai 24 GeV/c dengan ?

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D meson production as a function of charged particle multiplicity in proton proton collisions have been measured using ALICE detector at the LHC. This measurement was performed using proton proton collisions data at center of mass energy 13 TeV recorded by ALICE during the 2016 data taking periods. D meson were reconstructed through its hadronic decay product in four pT intervals ranged from 2 GeV c to 24 GeV c with "

"Telah dilakukan usaha pengurangan kontaminasi elektron dan foton energi rendah pada berkas radiasi gamma pesawat teleterapi cobalt 60 FCC-8000F Shinva milik Rumah Sakit Persahabatan. Pengurangan kontaminan dilakukan dengan menambahkan filter efektif, yaitu tembaga 0,4 mm tepat di muka kolimator. Diperoleh peningkatan kedalaman maksimum dari dmaks 3,5 mm menjadi 5 mm untuk lapangan radiasi 10x10 cm2, 2 mm menjadi 5 mm pada lapangan radiasi 30x30 cm2. Untuk lapangan radiasi terkecil (4x4 cm2) tanpa filter, dmaks dapat mencapai 5 mm. Telah dicoba juga filter aluminium, dan diperoleh dmaks 4,5 mm dengan filter efektif efektif 1 mm. Namun penggunaan filter aluminium tidak memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibanding dengan filter tembaga.

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Contaminate reduction of electron and photon low energy of cobalt 60 gamma radiation from FCC-8000F Shinva teletherapy unit has been performed at Persahabatan Hospital. By using the effective 0,4 mm copper filter at the end of collimator, the maximum depth (dmax) can be raised from 3.5 mm to 5 mm for 10x10 cm2 field size, 2 mm to 5 mm for 30x30 cm2 field size. At the smallest field size,(4x4 cm2) dmax was already 5 mm without filter. Besides copper filter, aluminium filter was also used in this work. It was found 1 mm aluminium as an effective filter. However copper was better than aluminium for filtering contamination of cobalt 60 gamma radiation beam."

"ABSTRACTPenelitian ini mengajukan model penggunaan representasi spin-3/2 murni pada fisika partikel. Untuk memformulasikan representasi spin-3/2 murni secara kovarian digunakan representasi antisimetrik tensor spinor dan penelitian ini menggunakan hamburan dengan resonans delta sebagai contoh. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penggunaan Lagrangian interaksi yang konvensional menimbulkan masalah amplitudo transisi tidak dapat menjelaskan fenomena resonansi. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut, Lagrangian interaksi dimodifikasi dengan menambahkan ketergantungan pada momentum. Seperti halnya interaksi pada model Rarita-Schwinger, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa fenomena resonans nukleon dapat diperoleh dari formulasi spin-3/2 murni hanya jika faktor bentuk hadronik diperhitungkan pada interaksinya.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis proposes the use of pure spin 3/2 representation in particle physics. To formulate the representation in a covariant form one uses the antisymmetric tensor spinor representation and one considers the delta resonance contribution to the elastic scattering as an example. One finds that the use of conventional gauge invariant interaction Lagrangian leads to a problem the obtained scattering amplitude does not exhibit a resonance behavior. To overcome this problem one may modify the interaction by adding a momentum dependence. As in the case of Rarita Schwinger one finds that a perfect resonance description could be obtained in the pure spin 3/2 formulation only if the hadronic form factors were considered in the interactions."

"his textbook brings together nuclear and particle physics, presenting a balanced overview of both fields as well as the interplay between the two. The theoretical as well as the experimental foundations are covered, providing students with a deep understanding of the subject. In-chapter exercises ranging from basic experimental to sophisticated theoretical questions provide an important tool for students to solidify their knowledge. Suitable for upper undergraduate courses in nuclear and particle physics as well as more advanced courses, the book includes road maps guiding instructors on tailoring the content to their course. Online resources including color figures, tables, and a solutions manual complete the teaching package. This textbook will be essential for students preparing for further study or a career in the field who require a solid grasp of both nuclear and particle physics"

"The book provides theoretical and phenomenological insights on the structure of matter, presenting concepts and features of elementary particle physics and fundamental aspects of nuclear physics.Starting with the basics (nomenclature, classification, acceleration techniques, detection of elementary particles), the properties of fundamental interactions (electromagnetic, weak and strong) are introduced with a mathematical formalism suited to undergraduate students. Some experimental results (the discovery of neutral currents and of the W± and Z0 bosons. The quark structure observed using deep inelastic scattering experiments) show the necessity of an evolution of the formalism. This motivates a more detailed description of the weak and strong interactions, of the Standard Model of the microcosm with its experimental tests, and of the Higgs mechanism. The open problems in the Standard Model of the microcosm and macrocosm are presented at the end of the book. For example, the CP violation currently measured does not explain the matter -antimatter asymmetry of the observable universe. The neutrino oscillations and the estimated amount of cosmological dark matter seem to require new physics beyond the standard model. A list of other introductory texts, work reviews and some specialized publications is reported in the bibliography."