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"ABSTRAKPerkembangan terkini pada berbagai penelitian manajemen stratejik menyoroti semakin meningkatnya ketidakpastian pada lingkungan tugas (task environment) yang mengakibatkan keunggulan posisi (positional advantage) perusahaan tergerus semakin cepat dari waktu ke waktu. Hal ini mengakibatkan perusahaan-perusahaan harus menghadapi strategi paradox (strategy paradox) yang menuntut mereka untuk melakukan pengambilan komitmen strategis (strategic commitment) secara cepat dan akurat ditengah-tengah tingginya ketidakpastian strategis (strategic uncertainty). Penelitian ini hendak menganalisa konfigurasi berbagai perusahaan yang mampu mempertahankan keunggulan posisi dan kinerjanya ditengah-tengah tingginya ketidakpastian strategis pada lingkungan tugasnya. Kuesioner disebarkan kepada tim manajemen puncak dari 122 bank di Indonesia. Berbeda dari penelitian serupa yang dilakukan oleh Hamsal dan Agung (2007) yang menemukan bahwa persepsi akan ketidakpastian lingkungan (perceived environmental uncertainty) berkorelasi signifikan dan positif terhadap fleksibilitas strategi (strategic flexibility), penelitian ini menemukan bahwa persepsi akan ketidakpastian lingkungan tidak lagi memiliki korelasi secara signifikan dengan strategi perbankan di Indonesia. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa untuk meningkatkan dan mempertahankan kinerjanya, perbankan perlu memprioritaskan segala usaha dan sumber dayanya untuk mempertahankan fleksibilitas strategi sebelum mengalokasikannya untuk membangun keunggulan posisi dan mempertahankan konsistensi strategi (strategic consistency). Sejalan dengan itu, apabila fokus perbankan adalah membangun dan mempertahankan keunggulan posisinya, maka segala usaha dan sumber daya harus diprioritaskan untuk membangun fleksibilitas strategi. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kinerja perbankan akan maksimal apabila perbankan mampu mendayagunakan fleksibilitas strateginya untuk membangun keunggulan posisi di dalam industri, dan lebih lanjut, mampu mempertahankannya dengan konsistensi strategi yang tinggi.

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ABSTRACTRecently, researches on strategic management have been concerned with the increasingly uncertain, yet becoming more important, task environment that erodes firms? positional advantage more rapidly every day. As a result, firms are facing paradox of strategy, which demands rapid, yet accurate, strategic commitment in the present of strategic uncertainty. This research addresses questions regarding how organizations are best configured in facing environment with highly strategic uncertainty, while maintaining their positional advantage and high performance. Questionnaires were distributed to 122 top management teams of Indonesian commercial banks. In contrast with earlier research by Hamsal and Agung (2007) who found that perceived environmental uncertainty has a positive, significant correlation to Indonesian banks? strategic flexibility, this research found that environmental uncertainty does not has any significant correlation to Indonesian banks? strategy. Further this research also identify that in order to increase their performance, Indonesian banks should allocate most of their efforts and resources on increasing their Strategic Flexibility before they put any efforts and resources on creating Positional Advantage and maintaining Strategic Consistency. In addition, if any of the Indonesian banks have an intention on increasing their position in the industry, they should also allocate most of their efforts and resources on being strategically flexible. Further, when their SF has already become a distinctive PA, Indonesian banks should begin to maintain consistency in their strategy as the highest value of performance can be achieved when their PA is maintained by a strong basis of SC."

"Tesis ini dilatarbelakangi penerbitan Arsitektur Perbankan Indonesia (API) oleh Bank Indonesia dalam rangka penataan kembali industri perbankan setelah krisis moneter tahun 1997. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam Tesis ini adalah bagaimana pengaruh kebijakan API terhadap struktur, tingkat persaingan dan kinerja industri perbankan Indonesia sebelum dan sesudah berlakunya kebijakan API. Tujuan Tesis ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk struktur, pengaruh kebijakan API terhadap tingkat persaingan industri perbankan dan menganalisis dampak penerapan kebijakan API bagi kinerja perbankan Indonesia dengan periode penelitian tahun 2001 - 2008. Untuk mengukur tingkat persaingan dan bentuk struktur dalam industri perbankan Indonesia digunakan model Panzar-Rosse. Model ini memberikan indikator persaingan yang dikenal sebagai statistik H yang menyediakan penilaian kuantitatif dari persaingan dalam pasar. Statistik H didapatkan dari jumlah elastisitas revenue terhadap harga faktor-faktor produksi berdasarkan reduced form persamaan pendapatan bank. Persyaratan dalam metode Panzar-Rosse adalah sampel observasi harus mewakili ekuilibrium long run untuk mengukur tingkat kestabilan, mengingat model ini menggunakan pendekatan statis. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa setelah diterbitkan kebijakan API oleh Bank Indonesia, maka struktur perbankan Indonesia berbentuk monopoli atau oligopoli kolusif. Bentuk struktur tersebut mencerminkan adanya perbedaan tingkat persaingan bank umum pada periode sebelum dan sesudah API diterbitkan. Dengan diberlakukannya kebijakan API, kondisi perbankan nasional tidak menjadi lebih stabil dibandingkan sebelum API diterbitkan. Namun ketidakstabilan ini tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja bank umum, sehingga setelah kebijakan API diterbitkan kinerja bank umum mengalami peningkatan.

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The background of this Thesis was the issuance of the Indonesian Banking Architecture (API) by Bank Indonesia in the framework of restructuring the banking industry after the financial crisis in 1997. The main concern of this thesis was the impact of the Indonesian Banking Architecture policy toward structure, the level of competition and performance of the Indonesian banking industry before and after the promulgated of API. The purpose of this Thesis is to identify the shape of the structure, to measure the impact of promulgated of API policy toward the level of competition of the banking industry and to analyze the impact of API?s implementation toward performance of banking industry with year study period from 2001 to 2008. To measure the level of competition and the shape of the structure of Indonesian banking industry used Panzar-Rosse model. This model provides an indicator of competition, known as H statistic that provides a quantitative assessment of competition in the market.

H statistics obtained from the amount of revenue to price elasticity factors of production based on the reduced form bank revenue equations. The terms of the Panzar-Rosse method is to sample observation should be representative of long run equilibrium to measure the level of stability, since this model uses a static approach. On the basis of test result, it is concluded that after the Indonesia Banking Architecture policy issued by Bank Indonesia, the structure of Indonesian banking industry is monopoly or collusive oligopoly. This structure reflects the different levels of competition for commercial banks in the period before and after the implementation of API. The condition of banking industry do not become more stable than before the published of API. However this instability does not affect toward performance of banking industry, so performance of banking industry have increased."

"ABSTRACTRecently, research on paradoxical strategies has been considered critical in winning in the competitive dynamic landscape, characterized by uncertainty and rapid changes in the business environment. Such environmental uncertainties require firm to apply paradoxical strategies; combining strategic flexibility and strategic consistency (Parnell, 1994). This study addresses three main questions: what is the effect of strategic flexibility on firm's performance; what is the contingent effect of perceived environmental uncertainty on the relationship between paradoxical strategies and firm's performance. Questionnaires were distributed to 131 CEOs or members of top management team of Indonesian commercial banks (including sharia banks); and the 59 returned responses were analyzed to test hypotheses. The results indicate that strategic flexibility has positive effect on bank's performance, while strategic consistency does not have significant effects o bank's performance. In terms of combining these two paradoxical strategies, the results of this study confirm that the effect of strategic flexibility on bank's performance depends on strategic consistency and environmental uncertainty."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh faktor spesifik-bank terhadap kinerja bank konvensional dan bank syariah di Indonesia pada saat pandemi Covid-19. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah regresi panel data dengan model estimasi fixed effect model atau ordinary least square (OLS). Faktor spesifik-bank yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah diversifikasi pendapatan, kualitas aset, kapitalisasi, dan efisiensi operasional. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa faktor spesifik-bank secara signifikan mempengaruhi kinerja sektor perbankan. Diversifikasi pendapatan, kapitalisasi, kualitas aset, dan efisiensi operasional berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap bank konvensional. Di sisi lain, kualitas aset berpengaruh negatif dan efisiensi operasional berpengaruh positif terhadap kinerja bank syariah. Diversifikasi pendapatan hanya berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ROE, namun tidak signifikan mempengaruhi ROA. Sementara, kapitalisasi tidak signifikan mempengaruhi kinerja bank syariah.

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This study aims to examine the influence of bank-specific factors on the performance of conventional banks and Islamic banks in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used is panel data regression with a fixed effect model or ordinary least square (OLS) estimation model. The bank-specific factors used in the study are income diversification, asset quality, capitalization, and operational efficiency. The results of the study found that bank-specific factors significantly affect the performance of the banking sector. Income diversification, capitalization, asset quality, and operational efficiency have a negative and significant effect on conventional banks. On the other hand, asset quality has a negative effect and operational efficiency has a positive effect on the performance of Islamic banks. Income diversification only has a positive and significant effect on ROE, but does not significantly affect ROA. Meanwhile, capitalization does not significantly affect the performance of Islamic banks."

"Dibukanya perbankan Indonesia kepada asing selepas Krisis Finansial 1998 berujung pada berbagai akuisisi dan merger bank-bank domestik dengan/oleh institusi-institusi asing. Mengikuti Taboada (2011), studi ini melihat apakah perubahan kepemilikan asing dalam sistem perbankan mempengaruhi efisiensi alokasi modal, yaitu pemberian lebih banyak kredit ke industri-industri nilai tambah tinggi dan lebih sedikit kredit ke industri nilai tambah rendah. Studi ini juga melihat karakteristik industri-industri yang mendapatkan lebih banyak kredit seiring bertambahnya kepemilikan asing di industri perbankan. Selain itu, studi ini juga mempelajari apakah meningkatnya kepemilikan asing berakibat pada berfokusnya industri perbankan kepada sektor konsumtif. Dengan metode panel pertumbuhan kredit ke sembilan sektor industri dari 2004Q1-2010Q4, studi ini menemukan bahwa penetrasi asing di perbankan Indonesia berakibat pada: a) efisiensi alokasi modal yang lebih baik; b) lebih banyak kredit kepada sektor-sektor pertumbuhan tinggi-porsi PDB rendah dan lebih sedikit kredit kepada sektor-sektor pertumbuhan rendah-porsi PDB tinggi; c) tidak ada perbedaan pertumbuhan kredit yang signifikan antara sektor konsumsi dan sektor produktif.

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The opening of the Indonesian banking system to foreign penetration following the 1998 financial crisis have led to a series of takeovers and mergers of domestic banks by/with foreign institutions. Following Taboada (2011), we study attempts to find if changes in foreign ownership in the Indonesian banking system affects the efficiency of capital allocation, that is increasing the loans the banking system makes to higher value added industries and decreasing them to lower value added industries. We also look for the characteristics of the industries that foreign penetration on the banking system leads more credit growth towards, and also whether of not it leads to more consumer credit.

This study uses panel estimation of credit growth towards industries towards nine economic sectors plus consumer loans from 2004Q1-2010Q4. We find that foreign bank penetration in Indonesia leads to: a) better capital allocation; b) more credit growth towards high-growth-low-share industries and less credit growth towards low-growthhigh share industries; c) no significant difference on consumer credit growth compared to other industries."

"Studi ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh perkembangan teknologi melalui dua perspektif, yaitu outside fintech dan bank fintech, terhadap kinerja perbankan di Indonesia pada periode 2017 hingga 2021. Outside fintech digambarkan melalui jumlah perusahaan fintech, sedangkan bank fintech digambarkan melalui adopsi teknologi yang diproksi dengan tingkat penetrasi internet, jumlah pelanggan mobile cellular, jumlah pelanggan fixed broadband, dan tingkat penetrasi Anjungan Tunai Mandiri (ATM). Sampel penelitian adalah 47 bank umum yang tercatat di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi panel dinamis Generalized Method of Moments two step system. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa jumlah perusahaan fintech berpengaruh signifikan negatif terhadap kinerja perbankan dan mampu memprediksi kinerja perbankan secara signifikan negatif. Pengaruh ini ditemukan berbeda untuk bank kecil dan besar serta untuk bank lama dan baru. Namun, pengaruh ini tidak berbeda untuk bank negara dan swasta. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa adopsi teknologi yang diproksi dengan jumlah pelanggan mobile cellular berpengaruh signifikan positif pada kinerja perbankan. Sementara tingkat penetrasi internet, jumlah pelanggan fixed broadband, dan tingkat penetrasi ATM berpengaruh signifikan negatif pada kinerja perbankan. Uji robustness dilakukan dengan mengontrol dampak krisis keuangan akibat pandemi COVID-19 dan penggunaan metode estimasi yang berbeda. Hasilnya menunjukkan konsistensi bahwa fintech berpengaruh signifikan negatif pada kinerja perbankan.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of technological development through two perspectives, which are outside fintech and bank fintech, on banking performance in Indonesia for the period 2017 to 2021. Outside fintech is described by the number of fintech firms, whereas bank fintech is described by technology adoption proxied by internet penetration rate, mobile cellular subscriptions, fixed broadband subscriptions, and Automated Teller Machines (ATM) penetration rate. This study uses a sample of 47 banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method being used is dynamic panel regression Generalized Method of Moments two step system. This study finds that the number of fintech firms negatively and significantly affects and predicts bank performance. This effect is different for small banks and large banks, also for old banks and new banks. However, it is not different for state-owned banks and private banks. This study also finds that technology adoption proxied by mobile cellular subscriptions has a significant positive effect on bank performance, while internet penetration rate, fixed broadband subscriptions, and ATM penetration rate have a significant negative effect. The robustness test was carried out by controlling for the impact of the financial crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and using different estimation methods. The results show the consistency that fintech has a significant negative effect on banking performance.

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"Krisis moneter tahun 1997/1998 benar-benar menghancurkan hampir semua sektor yang menghidupkan negara Indonesia khususnya sektor perbankan. Krisis yang semula terjadi di sektor keuangan-perbankan ini kemudian melebar menjadi krisis industri yang berkepanjangan yang dampaknya masih terasa hingga saat ini.Pemerintah melalui Bank Indonesia dituntut bersikap cepat dan tepat dalam mengambil kebijakan terkait krisis moneter tersebut. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat dampak dari kebijakan pemerintah terhadap perkembangan industri pada sektor perbankan melalui metode simulasi. Adapun kebijakan pemerintah yang dijadikan objek penelitian ialah nilai tukar, jumlah uang beredar dan belanja negara.Model nantinya diharapkan dapat menjadi medium untuk menganalisa kebijakan pemerintah

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Monetery crisis in 1997/1998 has been elliminating almost all sector especially banking sector in Indonesia. Crisis that in beginning seemed only occur in banking sector, unfortunately became a sistemic crisis involving industry that gave a long lasting impact to us till now.The government through Bank of Indonesia was forced to be responsively take a steering wheel to save crisis. The purpose of this study is to analyze effect of government policy on banking sector to industry development using simulation methods. The policies that become the object of this study are exchange value, money supply and government expenses. The model is expected to be a tool to analyze government policy on banking sector using simulation scenarios applied."

"Since year 1997 up to 1999, 64 banks in Indonesia have been liquidated/closed by Central Bank and numbers of bank have followed banking re-capitalization program or under control of Indonesian Banking Restructuring Agency/OKRA. It brings Indonesia into a big economic problem because Bank's role in Indonesian economy was very important. Indonesia becomes a country which has a big burden and very hard to recover from the crisis. That is the reason that the author intends to explore more precisely the condition of Indonesian Banking.This research is designed to make a model that can be used to predict Bank Failure with case study in Indonesian Banking 1997 - 1999. This research purpose is to differentiate good bank and failure bank, so the result of this research will contribute to banking knowledge in Indonesia and will help the Indonesian to select a good bank.This research uses Multiple Logistic Regression Model as a methodology with more than 2 (two) independent variables. The model had been chosen since the type of dependent variable is binary (Good bank or Failure bank) and allows us to use 'dummy data' that can not be possible in conventional model.The numbers of data sample in this research were 144 banks : 81 failure banks and 63 good bank. Data used in the model was the last published financial statement before the bank failure. The dependent variable is failure/good bank and there are 16 independent variables related to Capital, Asset Quality, Earning/ Profitability, Liquidity and Efficiency.The model was tested by determination coefficient Cox & Snell R Squared and Nagelkerke R Squared. The test shows that the model is significant (0.6 & 0.8). it means that independent variable used in the model has significant correlation to dependent variable. Kolmogorov Smimov Test shows that the model be able to differentiate failure bank and good bank. Hosmer & Lemeshow Test proves that the prediction of the model is fit with the actual data. The above tests summarize that the model can be used to predict and differentiate between failure bank and good bank."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas Sertifikat Bank Indonesia Syariah (SBIS) terhadap pengendalian likuiditas industri perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis industri dan ekonometri. Analisa industri dilakukan untuk melihat hubungan/kaitan antara volume SBIS dengan uang beredar, pembiayaan/financing dan suku bunga deposito. Analisis ekonometri dilakukan untuk melihat model manajemen likuiditas untuk operasi moneter syariah. Pertama diteliti variabel yang menentukan peran bank sentral dalam mengelola likuiditas dengan menggunakan model konvensional. Selanjutnya ditetapkan variabel yang akan di uji dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik industri perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Dari model yang dihasilkan menunjukkan bahwa volume SBIS dipengaruhi oleh uang beredar, DPK dan lag volume SBIS. Untuk lebih meningkatkan efektifitas SBIS dalam pengendalian likuiditas di industri perbankan syariah juga disarankan agar bank sentral mengeluarkan instrumen investasi moneter syariah selain instrumen moneter yang ada saat ini.

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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Bank Indonesia Sharia Certificate (SBIS) to Manage Liquidity in Sharia Banking Industry in Indonesia. The research was conducted by using statistical and econometric analysis. The statistical analysis to see the relationship between the volume of SBIS with money supply, financing and deposit rates. Econometric analysis carried out to see model of liquidity management for Islamic monetary operations.

First, searched the variable that determine the role of central banks in managing liquidity by using the conventional model. Next, determined variables which will be tested by considering the characteristics of Islamic banking industry in Indonesia. From the model showed that the volume of SBIS influenced by money supply, deposits and lag SBIS volume. To further improve the effectiveness of sharia banking industry liquidity also suggested that the central bank to issue a monetary investment instruments other than Islamic monetary instruments that exist today."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah terdapat pengaruh antara variabel makro ekonomi yaitu GDP, Inflasi, dan tingkat suku bunga SBI terhadap return indeks saham, ROA rata-rata, dan ROE rata-rata sektor perbankan, serta pengaruh variabel karakteristik bank seperti total aset, rasio CAR, dan rasio manajemen aset terhadap profitabilitas sektor perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Uji hipotesis dari penelitian ini menggunakan regresi linear berganda dengan periode observasi triwulan dari tahun 2002-2011 untuk model 1, serta tahunan dari tahun 2007-2011 untuk model 2 terhadap 25 perusahaan sektor perbankan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek.Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa untuk model 1, variabel makro ekonomi secara parsial tidak mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap return indeks saham, namun variabel SBI dan inflasi secara parsial mempunyai pengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pergerakan nilai ROA rata-rata dan ROE rata-rata sektor perbankan, Untuk model 2, hanya variabel total aset secara parsial mempunyai pengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas perusahaan sektor perbankan.

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This research aim to prove if there is any effect from the change of macro economic variables, such as GDP, Inflation, and interest rate on banking index return, average ROA and average ROE. And also to prove the change of bank spesific, such as total asset, CAR, and asset management to the profitability of banking sector listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange. Hypothesis of this research is tested using multiple regression linear with quarterly observation periode during year 2002-2011 for model 1, and annually observation period during year 2007-2011 for model 2, towards 25 banking sector listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange.

From the research, we concluded that for model 1, all of these macro economic variables partially does not have a significant effect on banking index return, but SBI and inflation variables does have a significant effect on average ROA and average ROE. For model 2, only total asset variables that partially have a significant effect on profitability of banking sector."