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"One of the perennial themes in philosophy is the problem of our access to the world around us; do our perceptual systems bring us into contact with the world as it is or does perception depend upon our individual conceptual frameworks? This volume of new essays examines reference as it relates to perception, action and realism, and the questions which arise if there is no neutral perspective or independent way to know the world. The essays discuss the nature of referring, concentrating on the way perceptual reference links us with the observable world, and go on to examine the implications of theories of perceptual reference for realism and the way in which scientific theories refer and thus connect us with the world. They will be of interest to a wide range of readers in philosophy of psychology, cognitive science and action theory.Machine generated contents note: 1. Reference, perception, and realism Athanassios Raftopoulos and Peter Machamer; 2. Towards an (improved) interdisciplinary investigation of demonstrative reference Amanda Brovold and Rick Grush; 3. Visual demonstratives Mohan Matthen; 4. Losing grip on the world: from illusion to sense-data Derek Brown; 5. Perceiving the intended model John Campbell; 6. Individuation, reference, and sortal terms Jonathan Lowe; 7. Action, perception, and reference Peter Machamer and Lisa Osbeck; 8. Personal and semantic reference Gerald Vision; 9. Reference from a behaviorist point of view Don Howard; 10. Causal-descriptivism and the reference of theoretical terms Stathis Psillos; 11. Scientific representation, denotation, and explanatory power Demetris Portides; 12. Referring to localized cognitive operations in parts of dynamically active brains William Bechtel."

"Ontoteologi adalah musuh tradisional dari filsafat modern. Setiap filsafat muncul sebagai respon atasnya. Dalam disertasi ini, pemikiran Quentin Meillassoux yang adalah pelopor aliran realisme spekulatif menjadi obyek studi untuk direfleksikan kapasitasnya dalam menghalau metafisika ontoteologis. Ditunjukkan bahwa dalam seluruh prosedur pemikirannya mdash;postulasi problem, perumusan prinsip ontologis dan formulasi prosedur filsafat mdash;Meillassoux justru melakukan pengulangan ontoteologi ini dalam bentuknya yang disebut di sini sebagai ontoantropologi. Manusia anthropos , dalam filsafat Meillassoux, menjadi jangkar bagi ontologi itu sendiri. Dengan menggunakan psikoanalisis Jacques Lacan, disertasi ini memberikan kritik terhadap ontoantropologi Meillassoux. Pembahasan terbagi dalam tiga bagian besar. Pertama adalah pemaparan kondisi-kondisi institusional, sosial dan historis yang mana filsafat Meillassoux mengambil tempat. Bagian kedua merefleksikan postulasi ranah realitas obyektif, yang keberadaannya absolut dari pikiran manusia. Bagian ketiga mengevaluasi prinsip ontologis yang diformulasikan Meillassoux untuk memikirkan tentang realitas obyektif dan absolut ini. Selain refleksi kritis, penulis juga menawarkan sketsa kemungkinan solusi terhadap setiap manifestasi problem ontoantropologis Meillassoux. Akhirnya, disertasi ini berargumen bahwa problem ontoantropologis hanya bisa dipecahkan saat manusia-filsafat mengafirmasi kemungkinan bahwa kemanusiaannya berpotensi membatasi kapasitas filsafat dalam mengakses yang absolut, ketimbang mengabaikannya begitu saja sebagaimana yang dilakukan Meillassoux.

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Ontotheology is a traditional adversary of modern philosophy. Every brand new philosophy rises up as a response against it. In this dissertation, the thought of Quentin Meillassoux, a pioneer of recent new speculative realist, becomes the object of study to be reflected upon its capacity in overcoming ontotheological metaphysics. It is shown that in every of his thought procedure mdash postulation of problem, formulation of ontological principle, designation of philosophical procedure mdash Meillassoux is precisely repeating ontotheology in the guise of what to be called as ontoanthropology. Human anthropos , in Meillassoux philosophy, becomes the anchor for the ontology itself. By employing Jacques Lacan rsquo s psychoanaysis, this dissertation offers a critique of Meillassoux rsquo s ontoanthropology. The discussion is divided into three. The first describes institutional, social, and historical conditions under which Meillassoux rsquo s philosophy is taking place. The second part reflects on the postulation of the realm of objective reality, whose presence is absolute to human rsquo s mind. The third part evaluates the ontological principle formulated by Meillassoux to think about the objective and absolute reality. Besides a critical reflection, the author also offer a sketch of possibility of solution for every manifestation of Meillassoux rsquo s ontoanthropological problem. Finally, the dissertation argues that the problem of ontoanthropology can only be solved when the man of philosophy affirm the possibility that his humanity has the potential to limit philosophy rsquo s capacity in accessing the absolute, instead of just foreclosing it as Meillassoux does."

"Peran hakim dalam pengaplikasian hukum di masyarakat sangatlah berpengaruh. Hakim sebagai penegak hukum diharapkan dapat membawa hukum kedalam ranah yang lebih efektif dan efisien melalui putusannya. Peran hakim dalam pengaplikasian hukum di masyarakat sangatlah berpengaruh. Hakim sebagai penegak hukum diharapkan dapat membawa hukum kedalam ranah yang lebih efektif dan efisien melalui putusannya. Serta hakim harus dapat menjaga kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap pengadilan guna untuk menciptakan kondisi yang stabil. Akan tetapi, jika kedudukan hakim dalam pengadilan tidak memiliki kebebasan dan kemandirian dalam menginterpretasikan atau menafsirkan kasus hukum maka yang terjadi adalah hukum akan berjalan kurang efisien dan efektif. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukannya suatu pemikiran baru mengenai kedudukan hakim dalam pengadilan untuk menjadi lebih bebas dan mandiri, sebagai suatu solusi atas lambatnya perkembangan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berakibat pada keefisienan dan keefektifan hukum. Sehingga penelitian ini menawarkan pemikiran aliran realisme hukum sebagai bentuk respon atas keterlambatan perkembangan peraturan perundang-undangan, dan ketidakefesienan dan keefektifan hukum. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis kritis konseptual sebagai metode utamanya dengan pembacaan buku-buku atau teks-teks yang berkaitan dengan aliran realisme hukum. Melalui pembacaan teks-teks tersebut, aliran realisme hukum akan dikaji dan dikritisi kembali dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedudukan hakim memang miliki pengaruh besar terhadap perkembangan hukum, keefektifan dan keefesienan serta nilai putusan yang terbuka dan adil

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The role of the judge in the application of law in the community is very influential. Judges as law enforcers are expected to bring the law into a more effective and efficient domain through their decisions. The role of the judge in the application of law in the community is very influential. Judges as law enforcers are expected to bring the law into a more effective and efficient domain through their decisions. And judges must be able to maintain public trust in the court in order to create stable conditions. However, if the judge 39 s position in the court does not have freedom in interpreting legal cases, what happens is that the law will run less efficiently and effectively. Therefore, a new thought is needed about the position of judges in the courts to become more free and independent, as a solution to the slow development of legislation that results in the efficiency and effectiveness of the law. So that this research offers the thought of the legal realism as a form of response to delays in the development of laws and regulations, and inefficiencies and ineffectiveness of the law. The method used is conceptual critical analysis as the main method with reading books or texts relating to the legal realism. Through reading these texts, the legal realism will be reviewed and criticized again and it can be concluded that the position of judges does have a major influence on the development of the law, effectiveness and efficiency and the value of decisions that are open and fair. "

"Structural realism has rapidly gained in popularity in recent years, but it has splintered into many distinct denominations, often underpinned by diverse motivations. There is, no monolithic position known as ?structural realism,? but there is a general convergence on the idea that a central role is to be played by relational aspects over object-based aspects of ontology. What becomes of causality in a world without fundamental objects? In this book, the foremost authorities on structural realism attempt to answer this and related questions, ?what is structure?? and ?what is an object?? Also featured are the most recent advances in structural realism, including the intersection of mathematical structuralism and structural realism, and the latest treatments of laws and modality in the context of structural realism. "

"Skripsi ini merupakan upaya penyingkapan permasalahan yang terjadi di dunia terkait penggunaan teknologi di era kontemporer sekaligus kritik terhadap penggunaan teknologi yang dilakukan. Kehidupan manusia tentunya tidak terlepas dari peredaran dan pengaruh teknologi. Teknologi di era kontemporer menunjukkan wujudnya yang lain dengan menjadi nature dalam kehidupan manusia. Nature tersebut bermanifestasi menjadi sebuah sistem sosial dimana manusia hidup dan berkembang. Proses kehidupan inilah yang menjadi persoalan ketika manusia tidak dapat lepas dari teknologi karena berada dalam jaringan yang tercipta. Faktor-faktor yang mendukung terjadinya keadaan ini adalah karakter dari teknologi, yakni, otomatisme, totalisasi, kesatuan, dan universalitas, dan karakter tersebut tidak disadari oleh manusia dengan menganggap teknologi hanya sekedar alat (korelasinisme), tidak memiliki being, sehingga menciptakan berbagai fenomena seperti, ekosistem digital, komputasi sosial yang berujung pada dinamika kemanusiaan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis berupaya menganalisis faktor substantif dari teknologi dan sudut pandang yang digunakan manusia dalam melihat teknologi. Melalui analisis tersebut, penulis bertujuan untuk menghindari degradasi rasionalitas pada manusia akibat pengaruh penggunaan teknologi dan sudut pandang yang digunakan. Bahwasanya, sebagai jawaban dari persoalan tersebut manusia perlu menggunakan sudut pandang baru dalam menggunakan teknologi, yakni sudut pandang Realisme Spekulatif.

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This thesis is an effort to disclosure issues raised in the world related to the use of technology in the contemporary era as well as criticism of its use. Human life must not be separated from the circulation and influence of technology. Technology in the contemporary era showed his form to another by being in the nature of human life. This Nature is manifest as a social system in which people live and thrive. Process of life that is the problem when people can not be separated from the technology because it is in the network are created. Factors that contribute to this situation is the character of technology, namely, automatism, totalization, unity, and universality, and these characters are not recognized by humans with regard technology just a tool (Correlationism), does not have being, thus creating a variety of phenomena such as , digital ecosystem, social computation in the dynamics that led to humanity. Based on this, the author attempts to analyze the factors of substantive technological and human point of view used in viewing technology. Through this analysis, the author aims to avoid degradation due to the influence of human rationality in the use of technology and use points of view. Behold, as the answer to the problems of human need to use a new perspective in the use of technology, namely Speculative Realism.;This thesis is an effort to disclosure issues raised in the world related to the use of technology in the contemporary era as well as criticism of its use. Human life must not be separated from the circulation and influence of technology. Technology in the contemporary era showed his form to another by being in the nature of human life. This Nature is manifest as a social system in which people live and thrive. Process of life that is the problem when people can not be separated from the technology because it is in the network are created. Factors that contribute to this situation is the character of technology, namely, automatism, totalization, unity, and universality, and these characters are not recognized by humans with regard technology just a tool (Correlationism), does not have being, thus creating a variety of phenomena such as , digital ecosystem, social computation in the dynamics that led to humanity. Based on this, the author attempts to analyze the factors of substantive technological and human point of view used in viewing technology. Through this analysis, the author aims to avoid degradation due to the influence of human rationality in the use of technology and use points of view. Behold, as the answer to the problems of human need to use a new perspective in the use of technology, namely Speculative Realism."

"Tulisan ini merupakan suatu studi tentang kemungkinan realitas di luar relasi antar manusia sebagai subjek utama selama peradaban filsafat dengan mempertimbangkan independensi objek yang tidak bisa direduksi sebatas kualitasnya atau komponen penyusunnya. Kajian tersebut dilakukan dengan menerangkan bahwa posisi filsafat sejak awal hingga saat ini telah mereduksi realitas dan bahkan mereduksi dirinya sendiri. Filsafat postmodernisme yang selalu berfokus pada sisi holistik serta kontingensi makna bahasa tidak lebih dari cara kerja studi sains yang hanya berfokus pada sel dan atom. Object Oriented Philosophy sebagai salah satu pemikiran baru mencoba menunjukkan potensi filsafat untuk melihat realitas yang lebih luas mampu dilakukan dengan memahami bahwa segala sesuatu tidak selalu bergantung pada subjek manusia. Secara lebih teknis, metode dalam kajian ini adalah analisis kritis terhadap beberapa literatur terkait serta menggunakan distingsi konseptual dan refutasi untuk menunjukkan signifikansi pernyataan tesis. Hasil kajian ini bisa memperluas pemahaman terhadap apa itu realitas dan mengapa hal tersebut bersifat independen berdasarkan prinsip anti-reduktif, khususnya di dalam filsafat.

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This paper is a study about the possibility of reality outside human relations which used to be the main subject in philosophical studies by considering the independence of objects that cannot be reduced to its qualities or its constituent components. It explains that the position of philosophy since the beginning to the present has reduced reality and even reduced philosophy itself. Postmodernism philosophy only focuses on the holistic side and the contingency meaning of language is nothing more than the workings of science studies that only focus on cells and atoms. Object Oriented Philosophy as one of the new thought shows the potential of philosophy to see a broader reality can be done by understanding that everything does not always depend on human subjects. In technical term, the method used in this study is a critical analysis of some related literature, conceptual distinction and refutational to show the significance of the thesis statement. The results of this study could broaden our understanding on what is reality and why reality should be independent according to anti-reductive principle, especially in philosophy."