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"Quarks are the main constituents of protons and neutrons and hence are important building blocks of all the matter that surrounds us. However, quarks have the intriguing property that they never appear as isolated single particles but only in bound states. This phenomenon is called confinement and has been a central research topic of elementary particle physics for the last few decades. In order to find the mechanism that forbids the existence of free quarks many approaches and ideas are being followed, but by now it has become clear that they are not mutually exclusive but illuminate the problem from different perspectives. Two such confinement scenarios are investigated in this thesis. Firstly, the importance of Abelian field components for the low-energy regime is corroborated, thus supporting the dual superconductor picture of confinement and secondly, the influence of the Gribov horizon on non-perturbative solutions is studied."

"This book is both a course book and a monograph. The first chapter briefly introduces the history, background and technology of EPM. In the second chapter, the concept of transport phenomena is concisely introduced and in the third chapter the essential part of magnetohydrodynamics is transcribed and readers are shown that the concept of transport phenomena does not only apply to heat, mass and momentum, but also magnetic field. The fourth chapter describes electromagnetic processing of electrically conductive materials such as electromagnetic levitation, mixing, brake, and etc., which are caused by the Lorentz force. The fifth chapter treats magnetic processing of organic and non-organic materials such as magnetic levitation, crystal orientation, structural alignment and etc., which are induced by the magnetization force. This part is a new academic field named magneto-science, which focuses on the development of super-conducting magnets."

"The growth of the Yogyakarta Urban Area (YUA) has led to an increasing of the microclimate, characterized by elevated temperatures. One of the efforts to decrease temperature is by establishing the development of Green Open Space (GOS). According to Law Number 26/2007 about Spatial Planning, a minimum of 30% of the total area must be designated as green open space. IKONOS satellite images taken in 2009 showed that GOS represented 43.36% of the total area for YUA. However, there are still areas which are characterized by high temperatures (more than 36.5o C). By applying Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis with an overlay technique among three factors such as canopy, building and population density, the priority zone for GOS development was identified. Based on the analysis, 38.82% of the area was designated as low priority for GOS development, 32.38% as middle priority, and 28.80% as very high priority to be developed as GOS. The land conversion is bigger and has high potency on private sector. GOS development needs to be established in the public sector, such as the creation of urban parks. Community empowerment strategies, application of incentive - disincentive mechanisms, and efforts towards GOS productivity improvement can encourage implementation."