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"How does a marble manufacturer know that the color will be consistent throughout the products being made? How can you tell if liquid at the bottom of a container is the same consistency as at the top? How does a pellet manufacturer know if the pellets are consistently the same size? How does a chemical manufacturer know if the percent purity in a sample is representative of the whole batch? These and similar questions are answered in A Primer for Sampling Solids, Liquids, and Gases: Based on the Seven Sampling Errors of Pierre Gy. Statisticians are well trained in sampling techniques if the sample is well defined. Examples of such samples include industrial parts in manufacturing, invoices in business processes, and people in surveys. However, what if the sampling unit isn't well defined? What if you are sampling bulk material such as a pile of coal? Author Patricia L. Smith illustrates what to look for in sampling devices and procedures to obtain correct samples from bulk materials. She gives sampling guidelines that can be applied immediately and shows how to analyze protocols to uncover sampling problems. Smith presents the ideas of Pierre Gy in lay terms so that his concepts and principles can be easily grasped and applied. She conveys Gy's intuitive meaning while preserving his original ideas. Synonyms have been used for some technical terms to avoid confusion."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai analisis pengaruh temperatur terhadap perilaku gas karena penguapan minyak isolasi transformator. Pada transformator berpendingin minyak biasanya menghasilkan gas-gas yang mudah terbakar (combustible gas) seperti hidrogen, methane, ethane, ethylane, karbon dioksida, dan karbon monoksida yang dikenal dengan istilah fault gas. Metode pengujian yang digunakan adalah Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) dan konsentrasi gas diukur dengan Gas Chromatograph (GC). Metode pengujian DGA akan mengidentifikasi jenis dan jumlah dari fault gas. Dalam skripsi ini pengujiaan diutamakan pada konsentrasi gas methane karena merupakan gas yang mudah terbakar. Hasil dari uji DGA adalah data konsentrasi berbagai jenis fault gas terutama gas methane yang nantinya akan dianalisis dan diolah untuk memperoleh informasi akan adanya indikasi kegagalan-kegagalan termal dan elektris pada transformator daya. Temperatur optimum minyak trafo yang diujikan yaitu sebesar 115°C. Pada temperatur tersebut, konsentrasi gas methane yang mudah terbakar berada dalam kondisi minimum. Tapi pada temperatur diatas 115°C konsentrasi gas methane kembali mengalami peningkatan. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan kegagalankegagalan termal dan elektris. Sehingga perlu dijaga agar temperatur minyak trafo tidak melebihi temperatur optimum dari minyak trafo tersebut yaitu sebesar 115°C.

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This skripsi deals with the analysis influance temperature on the behaviour of gas due to evaporation of oil isolation transformer. The transformer oil is usually refrigerated produce gas that are flammable (compustible gas) such as hydrogen, ethane, ethylane, carbon dioxide, and carbon manoxide which is known by name fault gases. The test methode used is the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) and the concentration is measured by a Gas Chromatograph (GC). The DGA testing methode will identify the type and the amount of fault gases.

In this skripsi examine take precedence on the concentration of methane gas which is flammable. The result of the test data is the DGA concentration range of fault gases primarily methane gas that will be analyzed and processed to obtain information for indication of failure from electrical and thermal power at the transformer.

The optimum temperature of the transformer oil to be tested is a 1150C. On the temperature, the concentration of methae gas which is flammable under minimum. But on the temperature above 1150C the concentration of methane has increased again. This can lead to failure of thermal and electrical. So that needs to be maintained that the temperature does not exceed the transformer oil temperature optimum of the transformer which is 115°C."

"Berdasarkan penelitian terdahulu, sektor air memegang peranan yang signifikan terhadap emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) dengan 58% dari total emisi GRK sektor air berasal dari penggunaan akhir air. Penelitian mengenai emisi GRK dari sektor air yang telah dilakukan di negara berkembang terbatas pada area yang airnya disediakan oleh instalasi pengolahan air. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan perhitungan terhadap emisi GRK yang diasosiasikan dengan penggunaan akhir air dari area yang menggunakan air tanah sebagai sumber air. Data dikumpulkan dari 100 rumah tangga yang terletak di kecamatan Cinere, Kota Depok, Jawa Barat menggunakan metode sampel acak. Survei kuesioner dan wawancara dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data untuk setiap penggunaan akhir air dan konsumsi energi dari pemakaian peralatan air. Emisi GRK eksisting dihitung berdasarkan data yang terkumpul dan dilakukan perbandingan antara skenario intervensi. Didapatkan hasil yakni rata-rata konsumsi penggunaan akhir sebesar 228,2 liter per orang per hari dengan aktivitas mandi merupakan konsumsi air terbesar. Emisi GRK dari penggunaan akhir air yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,379 kg CO2/orang/hari dengan pemanasan air sebagai sumber utama. Dua skenario intervensi dilakukan untuk menurunkan emisi GRK, skenario pertama dapat mengurangi emisi GRK hingga 1% dan skenario kedua dapat menurunkan emisi GRK hingga sebesar 66%.

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Previous studies showed that the water sector plays a significant role in Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions with household water end-uses contributes 58% of total GHG emissions. Studies on GHG emissions from the water sector in developing countries were limited to areas where the water is supplied by a water treatment plant.

We attempted to calculate GHG emissions associated with household water end-uses from the area that use groundwater as the main water source. Data were collected from 100 households in Cinere District, Depok City, West Java using random sampling technique. Questionnaire surveys and interviews were conducted to obtain the data for each water end-use consumption and energy consumption from water appliances usage. Existing GHG emissions were calculated based on the data collected and comparisons were made between existing GHG emissions and intervention scenarios.

The results showed that the average household water end-uses consumption for the study area was found to be 228,2 litres per capita per day with bathing activity consumed the largest amount of water. GHG emissions associated with household water end-uses was found to be 0,379 kg CO2 capita/day and mainly resulted from water heating. Two intervention scenarios to minimize GHG emissions were evaluated, the first scenario could reduce GHG emissions by 1% and scenario two could reduce GHG emissions up to 66%."