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"ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji hubungan dari pembangunan infrastruktur dengan investasi swasta. Panjang jalan, panjang jaringan listrik, dan distribusi air digunakan sebagai proksi dari pembangunan infrastruktur. Dengan menerapkan Fixed Effect Estimation pada data panel di level provinsi periode tahun 2000-2009, penulis menemukan bahwa pembangunan infrastruktur memiliki hubungan positif dengan jumlah investasi swasta di Indonesia, walaupun korelasi yang signifikan hanya terjadi pada infrastruktur air dan listrik.Selanjuntnya, penulis mendesain composite index untuk mengobservasi relasi infrastruktur secara keseluruhan dengan investasi swasta. Adapun hasilnya juga menunjukan hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara kedua variabel tersebut. Selanjutnya, kesenjangan penyediaan infrastruktur antara Indonesia Bagian Barat dan Timur juga diuji dalam penelitian ini.Hasilnya mengungkapkan bahwa terjadi kesenjangan yang cukup besar pada penyediaan infrastruktur listrik dan penyediaan air di kedua wilayah ini, sehingga menciptakan disparitas jumlah investasi swasta di kedua wilayah. Temuan ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan untuk pemerintah Indonesia agar lebih menerapkan pembangunan infrastruktur yang seimbang untuk semua propinsi di Indonesia sehingga dapat lebih lagi menarik investasi baik domestik maupun asing.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the infrastructure developments and private investment. The road length, electricity, and water distribution are employed as the measurement of the infrastructure. Applying Fixed Effect Estimation to the 2000-2009 periods of panel data of Indonesia country, I found that infrastructure does have positive correlation with the level of private investment even though the significant relations only exist in the water and electricity infrastructure.Moreover, I construct a composite index to observe the relationship between the infrastructures as a whole with private investment. Interestingly, the result demonstrates a statistically significant and positive correlation between those two variables. Furthermore, the gap of infrastructure provision between the west area of Indonesian and the east is examined in this study.The result discloses that there is a sizeable gap of electricity and water provision in both these regions; it yields a disparity of the amount of private investment in both regions. These findings hopefully would reinforce the Indonesia government to develop more a well-balanced infrastructure development in all provinces of Indonesia to attract more domestic investment as well as the foreign investment."

"Karena keterbatasan dana untuk memenuhi permintaan pembangunan sarana dan prasarana, banyak negara telah menerapkan sistem jalan tol. Pada awalnya pembiayaan jalan tol ditanggulangi dengan dana pemerintah, pinjaman bilateral dan multilateral. Permintaan pembangunan terus meningkat dan memalcsa pengikutsertaan sektor swasta - privatisasi.Privatisasi dapat digunakan untuk memindahkan ekonomi ke sektor swasta dan mengurangi peran pemerintah. Privatisasi usaha jalan tol di Indonesia dimulai pertengahan 1980-an. Privatisasi atau "penjualan' proyek-proyek jalan tol kepada sektor swasta kewenangannya ada pada departemen teknis - Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. Pelaksanaanya dilakukan dengan penunjukan langsung, pemilihan terbatas dan pelelangan terbuka. investor harus bekerja sama dengan Jasa Marga sebagai Badan Pengelola jalan tol di lndosesia. Dalam konsep 80T investor membiayai pembangunan jalan tol, mengoperasikan dan setelah habis masa konsesi umumnya diatas 20 tahun, kewenangan atas jalan tol dikembalikan ke pemerintah tanpa kompensasi apapun.Investasi jalan tol perlu dana besar, jangka panjang, dan arus kas pada awalnya defisit, penerimaan dari pendapatan tol dalam rupiah, meningkat terus sejalan dengan peningkatan volume lalu lintas dan kenaikan tarif. Volume lalu lintas suatu saat mencapai tingkat jenuh, sehingga selain biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan diperlukan investasi ulang untuk penambahan lajur. Jenis sumber dana dan nilai waktu daripada uang sangat penting, bisa mengakibatkan suatu proyek tidak layak. Diperlukan profesionalisme untuk dapat mengatasi resiko-resiko, terutama keuangan, agar tidak terjadi kegagalan investasi. Keberhasilan privatisasi memberikan keuntungan bagi pemerintah (jalan tol terbangun), dan masyarakat. (tarif tol dibawah BKBOK). Investor mendapatkan keuntungan bila sampai masa konsesi proyeksi keuangannya tercapai.Konsep BOT adalah suatu alternatif pendanaan. Penerapan BOT perlu dilanjutkan dengan perencanaan dan pengaturan legal serta perhitungan biaya yang akural agar terhindar terjadinya kegagalan. Agar konsesi berhasil baik, masing-masing pihak wajib konsisten, konsekuen dalam menjalani kerjasama sesuai perjanjian yang telah disepakati. Kesulitan-kesulitan banyak timbul dalam proyek BOT dan merupakan tantangan bagi manajemen untuk mengatasinya. Pembangunan jalan tol di perkotaan memerlukan biaya investasi yang jauh lebih besar. Dalam pengadaan dengan penunjukkan langsung, total biaya investasi lebih besar dibanding dengan lelang terbuka karena tidak terjadi persaingan harga. Tingginya biaya investasi membawa akibat panjangnya masa konsesi. Konsesi yang panjang sebenarnya tidak masalah, yang penting pemerintah/Jasa Marga terhindar dari kerugian akibat kegagalan investasi. Dukungan pemerintah sangat diperlukan. Pemerintah perlu siap dengan FS, FED, OE dan TOR yang akurat sebelum dilakukan lelang.Masalahnya adalah bagaimana mengerahkan investasi dana sebegitu besar dalam jangka panjang tanpa mempengaruhi industri bahkan dapat menyediakan prasarana yang diperlukan - jalan tol.

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The condition of limited fund available for the development of infra- structures and public utilities has forced many countries to apply toll road system. Initially, toll road financing was sufficed with the government fund, toll revenue, bilateral and multilateral loans. The increasing demand for toll road development has forced the participation of the private sector - privatization.

Privatization can be used to move the economy to the private sector and reduce the government's role. Toll road privatization in Indonesia was started in mid of 1980s, among others through BOT system. The 'selling' of toil road projects to the private sector is implemented and under the approval of the Ministry of Public Works. It is carried out through direct appointment, limited tender and open Lender. Investments in toll road should be in cooperation with PT Jasa Marga (Persero) which has the right of management of toll roads in Indonesia. In the BOT concept the investors build the road, operate and enjoy the revenue, and upon expiry of the concession the toll road right is revert to the government without any compensation. New toll roads are provided without Government spending.

The investment needs huge fund, long-term period, the cash flow is initially deficit, toll revenue is in cash, in rupiah, and it increases in line with the increase of traffic volume until it reaches saturation. Yet it still increases due to tariff increase. When the road has reached its maximum capacity it needs widening so that in addition to the operation and maintenance expenditures the investor needs to reinvest. Being a long-term investment, the consideration of time .slue of money is important, and is determinative to the viability of the project. It requires professionalism to cope with the financial risks to avoid investment failure. The success of privatization will bring benefits to the government (roads are provided), to the community as the beneficiary (tariff is lower than SVOC), and the investor enjoys the benefit if until the expiry of the concession period the financial projection can be realized.

BOT concept is an alternative of financing. its implementation is worth to be continued with effective planning, accurate financial estimates and computation, and better legal arrangements. To be a sound concessionaire each party in the BOT project should be consistent, observe and adhere to the agreements. Many problems, mostly financial difficulties are challenging the management.

Toll road development in city areas needs much more funds. Project procured through direct appointment is with higher investment cost than through open tender because there is no pricing competition. Higher investment cost claims a longer concession period. Providing that the 130T project becomes viable and safe without bringing loss to the government until the concession is expired, limiting the concession period to, e.g. 30 years is likely not wise. For the success of BOT, the government's desire and supports arc-required and it needs to be completed with PFS, FS, FED, OE and TOR and well-worded tender documents before tender. The remaining question is how to mobilize so huge funds for so long a term from the community without/ hampering industrial development but providing it with transportation facilities they require - TOLL ROADS."

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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) menganalisis struktur sektor industri Manufaktur dalam perekonomian Indonesia; 2) mengidentifikasi sektor kunci pada sector industri Manufaktur; 3) menganalisis dampak investasi pada sektor industri Manufaktur terhadap pembentukan output, nilai tambah, pendapatan rumah tangga, dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Input Output yang dimuktahirkan dengan teknik RAS Tahun 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perubahan efisiensi dimana tahun 2012 cenderung lebih inefisien dibandingkan tahun 2010. Sub sektor industri Makanan, Minuman, dan Tembakau merupakan sektor unggulan karena memiliki nilai yang paling besar dalam tiga kelompok angka pengganda, yaitu angka pengganda output, nilai tambah, dan penciptaan tenaga kerja, sedangkan angka pengganda pendapatan rumah tangga yang tertinggi berada pada industri Produk Semen dan Penggalian Bukan Logam. Berdasarkan analisis sektor kunci, industri Makanan, Minuman, dan Tembakau; industri Produk Pupuk, Kimia, dan Karet; dan industri Peralatan, Mesin, dan Perlengkapan Transportasi merupakan sektor kunci pada industri Manufaktur. Simulasi dampak investasi sektor industri Manufaktur secara total berdampak positif pada perekonomian Indonesia dengan indikator berupa pembentukan pertumbuhan output sebesar 1,78 persen, nilai tambah sebesar 1,61 persen, pendapatan rumah tangga sebesar 1,35 persen, dan penyerapan tenaga kerja sebesar 0,06 persen.

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This study was aimed to:1) analyze the structure of the manufacturing sector;2) identify the key sectors of the manufacturing sector; 3) analyze the impact of the investment on manufacturing sector in terms of output, value added, household income and labor force. The analysis on this research was based on Input Output Table 2010 which had been updated to Input Output Table 2012 by RAS technique. The result of research showed that there was a change in efficiency where 2012 is tend to be more inefficient compared to 2010. The Food, Beverage and Tobacco industry is a dominant industry in manufacturing sector for it has the three biggest multiplier of output, value added, and labor force while The Cement Product and Non Metallic Quarrying industry has the highest value on household multiplier. The key sectors of manufacturing industry are Food, Beverage, and Tobaco industry and Fertilizer, Chemical, and Rubber Product industry as well as Transportation Machinery and Tool industry. The simulation of the impact of investment in the manufacturing sector showed that investment on manufacturing sector had totally pushed Indonesian economy to grow up, indicated by the increasing of output (1,78 percent), the increasing of value added (1,61 percent), the increasing of household income (1,35 percent), and the increasing of labor absorption (0,06 percent)."