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"Kesempatan untuk mendapatkan pendidikan merupakan hak semua orang, termasuk anak tunanetra. Sarana yang digunakan dalam pendidikan bagi anak tunanelra adalah huruf Braille. Diperlukan jari yang kuat dan fleksibel agar anak lebih mudah belajar huruf Braille. khususnya untuk menulis. Akan tetapi lanpa penglihatan. perkembangan motorik anak lunanctra cenderung mengalami keterlambaran. Mendorong anak tunanctra untuk terlibal aklif dalam kegiatan schari-hari dapat membantunya untuk mengcmbangkan kekuazan dan lieksibilitas tangan dan jarinya. Program pengajaran individual ini bertujuan meningkatkan kemampuan psikomotor untuk mendukung mcnulis lauruf Braille pada anak tunanctra total. Program pengajaran individual ini dirancang berdasarkan Model Rumah kemampuan mororik halus yang terbagi menjadi tiga tahap (Bruni. 2006). Tahap perlama adalah stabilitas, koordinasi bilateral, dan sensasi. Tahap kedua adalah keterampilan dalam menggunakan tangan. Tahap ketiga adalah kemampuan untuk melakukan aktivitas sehri-hari, yaitu menggunakan riglet dan stilus untuk menulis. Penguatan yang diberikan adalah penguatan sosial dan penguatan yang data dikonsumsi. Program pengajaran individual dilakukan di rumah subyck setelah pulang sekolah, terdiri dari 10 sesi ditambah l sesi evaluasi. Scsi I - lll meliputi kemampuan di tahap pertama. scsi IV - Vll di tahap kedua, dan sesi Vlll - X di tahap ketiga. Sesi evaluasi diberikan untuk melihat seiauh mana subyck dapat menerapkan kcmampuan psikomotor dalam menulis huruf Braille. scrta melakukan pcnutupan dari program pengajaran individual. Hasilnya adalah terdapat peningkatan kemampuan psikomolor dan bertumbuhnya motivasi menulis dalam diri subyek. meskipun subyek belum mam pu mcnulis mandiri

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The chance to get education is everybocly?s right, including blind children. Aids used for blind children education is Braille alphabet. Strong and flexibel fingers are needed to ease a child in learning Braille alphabet, especially for writing. However, without sights, blind children tend to have delayed motor development. Encouraging blind children to actively engaged in daily activities may help to develop strength and flexibility of their hands and fingers. The purpose of this individualized educational program is to improve psychomotor skills to support writing ability in totally blind children. This individualized educational program is designed based on House Model of fine motor skills, that is divided in three stages {Bruni, 2006). First stage is stability, bilateral coordination, and sensation. Second stage is dexterity. Third stage is the ability to do daily activities, which is to use riglet and stylus to write. Reinforcement given are social reinforcement and consumable reinforcement. Individualized educational program held on subject?s home after school, consist of 10 sessions plus l evaluation session. Session I- III consist of ability in first stage, session IV - VII on second stage, and session VIII - X on the third stage. Evaluation session given to ses how far subject has implemented psychomotor skills in Braille alphabet writing, also to close the individualized education program. Result shows improvement in psychomotor skills and developing self-motivation in writing, although subject hasn't been able to write independently."

"Pada anak tunanctra, informasi yang bersifat taktil dan auditif sangat diandalkan untuk belajar tentang dunia (Hull, dalam Mangunsong, 2009). Oleh karena itu, komunikasi verbal merupakan kemampuan yang perlu dikuasai oleh anak tunanetra, agar dapal dipahami Oleh orang lain dan juga sebaliknya. Program intervensi Affect-Based Language Curriculum diberikan kcpada S, seorang anak tunanetra bcrusia 8 tahun 2 bulan yang belum mampu terlibat dalam pembicaraan dua arah. Program ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi S agar sesuai dengan tahap perkcmbangannya. Hasil intervcnsi menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kemampuan komunikasi S, meskipun tidak pada semua area kcmampuan. Kurangnya keterlibatan keiuarga untuk turut menerapkan program intervensi ini secara berkelanjutan di rumah menjadi salah satu penyebab kurang optimalnya hasil yang dittapai.

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Blind children rely on tactile and auditive infomiation in order to leam about the world (Hull, in Mangunsong, 2009). Thus verbal communication is an important skill that should be mastered by blind children. Affect-Based Language Curriculum is given to S, an 8 years old blind girl, who is not capable of interacting in two-way conversation. The purpose of this intervention program is to improve’s communication skill. Result shows that there is an improvement in S's communication skill, although it is not in all area of skill. The lack of family's involvement to continue the program in home setting is one of the reason why this intervention program did not result as optimal as expected."

"Most students perceive that writing skill is a difficult subject. This problem is shown by the result of their writing test. What they write are not merely the expression of their idea, opinion and interest. The test also shows the lack in the usage of punctuation, spelling, choice of words, and sentence structure. Moreover, the do not know how to compose persuasive paragraph in appropriate structure. Such result means that the students still do not compose paragraph in effective way. A solution suggested for that problem is by implementing what is called 'learning by stage method'. Through this method, students are required to write stage by stage; that is, from spelling stage to paragraph stage and from simple to complex. By implementing this method, significant increase is obtained in every stage of learning. In the third stage, the result reaches 91.18%. It can be concluded that the implementation of 'learning by stage method' contributes to the improvement of the students' skill in composing persuasive paragraph. "

"Research aims to find the influence of strategies used in intermediate kanji learning, i.e. in a more applicative class using kanji, on middle kanji and composition class (sakubun). Research viewed and compared the influence of students' mark in Intermediate Kanji with their mark in Sakubun. The questionnaire used in this research was the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning(SILL) consisting of 50 questions associated with types of strategy to learn kanji. The result obtained using T-test and correlation test was the students' mark in kanji affected their mark in Sakubun The relationship is the higher mark in kanji, the higher mark in Sakubun. As a conclusion, student essay writing ability is affected by the numbers of kanji remembered and used by students."

"Komunikasi pada Anak yang Mengalami Autistic Disorder Anak yang mengalami Autistic Disorder memiliki hambatan dalam tiga ranah utama yaitu, interaksi sosial timbal balik, komunikasi, dan pola tingkah Iaku repelitif (Ginanjar, 200_8). Tanpa kemampuan berkomunikasi yang baik anak autis al-can mudah Bustrasi dan menunjukkan gangguan perilaku karena kebutuhan yang tidak dapat dipenuhi (Mangunsong, 2009). Picture Exchange Communication .Slystam (PECS) rnerupakan salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk mengajarkan cara berkomunikasi yang praktis kepada individu gang memiliki keterbatasan dalam berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan kartu-ka11u bergambar (Bondy & Frost, 2001). Program intervensi dalam tugns akhir ini diberikan pada D, anak laki-Iaki dcngan Autistic Disorder yang berusia 7 tahun. Tujuannya adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi D me-lalui modilikasi perilaku dengan metode Pictu:-e lnlwlzange Cotmuunication System (PECS) sampai fase kedua dari enam fase PECS. I-lasil menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan perbandingan data dasar dan evaluasi, kemampuan komunikasi D dengan menggunakan PECS menunjukkan peningkatan kcberhasilan sebesar 30%. Hasil ini didukung oleh prosedur intervensi yang terstruktur, jelas, dilaksanakan secara intensifl serta pembexian prompt yang membantu pemahaman instruksi. Kcndala pelaksanaan program antara lain, pilihan benda yang digunakan dalam intervensi, keadaan ruangan, kondisi D yang belum pcrnah mendapatkan intervensi, serta usia D. Sccara keseluruhan, dapat dikatakan bahwa program intervensi ini cukup efektif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi D.

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Children with Autistic Disorder have deficits in three major domains, which are social interaction reciprocity, communication, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior (Ginanjar, 2008). Without fine communication skills, autistic children may easily frustrated and then show disturbing behavior because their needs are not understood (Mangunsong, 2009). Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is an alternative method using picture cards to teach a practical way to communicate for individuals with speech and language limitations (Bondy & Frost, 2001).

Intervention program in this final project is given to D, a 7 years old child with Autistic Disorder. The purpose is to improve D’s communication skills by behavior mcdilication using Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) method up to the second phase from total six phase. Results shows that based on the comparision between baseline and evaluation data, D’s communication skills using PECS indicates 30% increase of success. Supportive factors of this result were clear and structured intervention procedure, carried out intensively, and additional prompt to aid instruction understandings Unfortunately, choices of items used in the intervention, room settings, D’s age and not ever received any intervention before became the hindrance factors. Overall, this intervention program is quite effective to improve D’s communication skills."

"Anak penyandang keterbelakangan mental sedang dapat dilatih membaca kata-kata yang merupakan petunjuk atau tanda-tanda di lingkungan kehidupannya. Membaca mempakan kegiatan menginterpretasikan huruf-huru£ Membaca diawali dengan penguasaan keterampilan pra-membaca dan pengenalan hmuil Untuk melatih meningkatkan kemampuan xnembaca pada anak penyandang keterbelakangan mental sedaug digunakan program pengajaran individual (PPI) dengan teknik Applied Behavior Anabfsls (ABA). PPI ini diberikan secara bertahap kepada A, seorang penyandang keterbelakangan mental sedang berusia 10 tahun 6 bulan yang belum bisa membaca. Tahapan intervensi yang terdapat dalam program adalah pertemuan pertama hingga ketiga: pengenalan ukuran, berat, letak, arab, bentuk, wama dan pemasangau obyek-obyek yang sama, pertemuan keempat hingga keenam: pengenalan humf vokal. Program ini akan dilanjutkan oleh orang tua subyek. Evaluasi program dilakukan setiap akhir tahap. Kesimpulan program intervensi ini adalah terdapat peningkatan kemampuan keterampilan pra-membaca pengenalan huruf vokal untuk anak yang mengalami keterbelakaoan mental sedang melalui teknik ABA.

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Children withmoderate mental remrdation cotddbenainedtoreadwordsand signs in their environment. Reading is a meaningful interpretation printed dan written verbal symbols. Early reading started with mastering of pre-reading skills and an introduction to identiiication of alphabets. The intervention program was based on Individualized Education Program (IEP) which would be used in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). This program is given to A, an ID years old boy with moderate mental retardation, who is not capable of reading, The aim of the intervention program was to help A improve his pre-reading skills. These programmes consisted of two sessions with two stages. One of early sessions were baseline sessions and the rest were interventions sessions. Interventions were given through stages. The intervention stages in this programme were stage one: the introduction of concepts pre-reading included size, weight, position, direction, shape, colour and matching the same objects. Stage two introduced identification of vowels. Additional intervention was given to a parent. Evaluations were given at the end of every stage. Overall, the conclusion showed improvement in pre-reading skills, in the recognition of vowels with ABA method."