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"This book provides a comprehensive collection for experts in the Neuroscience and Biomedical technology fields, outlining various concepts from cognitive neuroscience and dementia to neural technology and rehabilitation--Provided by publisher."

"Prevalensi gejala depresi pada orang dengan demensia ODD berkisar 30-50 . Hal ini menandakan bahwa pada sebagian besar ODD gejala depresi timbul beriringan dengan penurunan kognitif. Beberapa penelitian mengemukakan bahwa gejala depresi pada demensia timbul karena ODD kehilangan kemandirian dalam beraktivitas sehari-hari serta melupakan banyak hal esensial dalam hidup, seperti nama keluarga dan kerabat, terutama pada ODD dengan tingkat pendidikan yang tinggi. Penelitian ini ingin melihat apakah terdapat korelasi antara skor gejala depresi dan skor kognitif global dengan memeriksa 42 ODD menggunakan Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale MADRS untuk menilai skor gejala depresi dan Mini Mental State Examination MMSE untuk menilai skor kognitif global. Pada penelitian ini ODD yang digunakan sebagai subjek penelitian dibatasi, yaitu hanya ODD dengan rentang skor MMSE 17-23 gangguan kognitif ringan dan MADRS.

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T is estimated that 30 50 of people with dementia PWD suffer from significant depression. This fact marks that in most PWD, depression occurs at the same time with cognitive decline. Several researches explain that this happens because PWD cannot run their daily activities independently and forgot many essential things, such as family. It is also known that depression occurs more in highly educated people. Therefore, this research is made with the intention to find the correlation between the depression score and global cognitive score in 42 PWD using Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale MADRS to assess the symptoms of depression and Mini Mental State Examination MMSE to assess te global cognitive score. PWD that are included in this research restricted only they who had MMSE score between 17 and 23 mild cognitive impairment , and MADRS score below 34 no depression, mild depression, and moderate depression . Of 42 subjects, depression occurred in 41 97,6 of 42 subjects and the global cognitive score mean is 19,53. Depression score has a strong correlation with global cognitive score r 0,647, p"

"ABSTRAKGangguan kognitif ringan merupakan gejala awal dari perkembangan penyakit demensia yang dapat dicegah dan diperbaiki. Deteksi MCI menggunakan bantuan informan memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan pemeriksaan langsung ke lansia. Salah satu pemeriksaan berdasarkan informan adalah IQCODE-S. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melakukan adaptasi lintas budaya, uji validitas dan reliabilitas IQCODE-S Bahasa Indonesia.Metode Penelitian. Penelitian dibagi menjadi 2 tahap. Tahap pertama meliputi adaptasi lintas budaya berdasarkan ketentuan World Health Organization WHO , dilanjutkan uji validitas interna, reliabilitas interna dan reliabilitas test-retest pada 30 pasien epilepsi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Tahap kedua adalah uji diagnostik. Hasil IQCODE-S dengan titik potong ge;3,19 dibandingkan dengan pemeriksaan neuropsikologi sebagai baku emas.Hasil. Kuesioner IQCODE-S versi bahasa Indonesia didapatkan melalui proses adaptasi lintas budaya menurut WHO. Hasil uji validitas interna dengan korelasi Spearman didapatkan koefisien korelasi 0,382 hingga 0,778. Uji reliabilitas konsistensi interna dengan Cronbach rsquo;s Alpha 0,854. Perbedaan nilai koefisien korelasi dan Cronbach rsquo;s Alpha antara pemeriksaan pertama dan retest menunjukkan reliabilitas test-retest yang baik. Dari 63 subyek uji diagnostik, proporsi MCI hasil pemeriksaan neuropsikologi sebanyak 87,3 . Dengan titik potong ge;3,19, IQCODE-S memiliki sensitivitas 76,4 dan spesifisitas 87,5 . Kesimpulan. Kuesioner IQCODE-S versi Indonesia terbukti valid dan reliabel sehingga dapat digunakan untuk menapis MCI. Dengan titik potong ge;3,19, IQCODE-S memiliki nilai akurasi yang tinggi tapi belum dapat menjadi alat skrining MCI di komunitas.Kata Kunci. MCI, IQCODE-S versi Indonesia, uji validitas dan reliabilitas, uji diagnostik.

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ABSTRACTMild cognitive impairment MCI is the most early clinical symptom from the progression stage of dementia which this stage can be prevented or fixed. Detection of MCI by using informant based report has many advantages compared with objective screening test. One of informant based tools is Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly short version IQCODE S . The aim of this study is to develop transcultural adaptation, validity and reliability test and diagnostic test with neuropsychological test of the IQCODE S.Method. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase included transcultural adaptation based on World Health Organization WHO standards, followed by internal validity test, internal reliability test and test retest in 30 elderly patients within their informants who fulfill the inclusion criteria. The second phase was diagnostic test, in which, IQCODE S, with cut off point ge 3,19,will be compared with Neuropsychological test as the gold standard examination for diagnosing MCI.Results. The Indonesian version of IQCODE S was obtained by transcultural adaptation based on WHO standards. Internal validity test with Spearman correlation obtained the correlation coefficient 0.38 to 0.778 Internal consistency reliability test with Cronbach rsquo s Alpha was 0.854. The difference of correlation coefficient and Cronbach rsquo s Alpha between the first and the retest showed good test retest reliability. Out of 63 of subjects of diagnostic test, the proportion of MCI using neuropsychological test was 87.3 . With cut off point 3,19, IQCODE S had sensitivity rate of 76,4 and specificity 87,5 .Conclusion. The Indonesian version of the the IQCODE S was proven to be valid and reliable, also was found to be accurate but there should be cut off point determination as screening test so sensitivity could be higher than specificity. Keywords. MCI, IQCODE S Indonesian version, validity and reliability test, diagnostic test. "

"Demensia adalah suatu istilah umum yang menggambarkan penurunan kemampuan mengingat yang cukup parah. Demensia paling umum disebabkan oleh alzheimer yang mana diagnosisnya seringkali sulit dan telat dilakukan. Padahal, pada tahap demensia sangat ringan merupakan tahap yang paling efektif dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, akan menjadi suatu keuntungan yang sangat besar apabila berhasil mendiagnosis pada tahap awal. Pendekatan paling populer untuk melakukan diagnosis pada demensia adalah dengan machine learning yang kemudian diperdalam kembali dengan deep learning. Sudah banyak arsitektur pada deep learning, di mana yang paling terkenal digunakan untuk klasifikasi berbentuk gambar adalah Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Salah satu contoh turunan dari CNN adalah VGG di mana pertama kali diusulkan oleh tim dari Universitas Oxford. Pendekatan dengan arsitektur VGG dilakukan dalam skripsi ini, di mana menggunakan VGG-16 dan VGG-19. Hasil dari skripsi ini berhasil mendeteksi 4 kelas (sangat ringan, ringan, cukup, dan orang normal) dengan capaian akurasi di atas 89% untuk seluruh skenario, bahkan beberapa sampai 99%. Nilai akurasi tertinggi tercatat mencapai 99.68% untuk training dan 99.36% untuk validasi. Tidak hanya akurasi, pada skripsi ini juga akan menganalisis berdasar confusion matrix, presisi, recall, dan F1 Score sehingga bisa lebih mendalam analisis pendeteksiannya untuk tiap kelasnya.

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Dementia is a general term that describes a severe impairment of memory. Dementia is most commonly caused by Alzheimer's and diagnosis is often difficult and late. In fact, the very mild stage of dementia is the most effective stage to do. Therefore, it will be a huge advantage if the diagnosis is successful at an early stage. The most popular approach to diagnosing dementia is machine learning which is then deepened by deep learning. There have been many architectures in deep learning, where the most well-known being used for image classification is the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). One example of a derivative from CNN is VGG which was first proposed by a team from the University of Oxford. Approach to the VGG architecture is carried out in this thesis, which uses VGG-16 and VGG-19. The results of this thesis have successfully detected 4 classes (very light, light, moderate, and normal people) with accuracy above 89% for all scenarios, even some up to 99%. The highest accuracy value was recorded at 99.68% for training and 99.36% for validation. Not only accuracy, but this thesis will also analyze based on confusion matrix, precision, recall, and F1 Score so that the detection analysis can be more in-depth for each class."

"Dejong's The Neurological Examination, 7th edition, offers practitioners and residents of Neurology an in-depth discussion of neurologic exams. Without abandoning classic concepts and science, this definitive source on neurologic examination techniques has been streamlined and updated. The text integrates details of neuroanatomy and clinical diagnosis in an easy-to-read format. Anatomical and exam illustrations help ensure proper technique. Plus, illustrative cases and tables summarize differentials and list clinical findings."

"The neurologic diagnosis : a practical bedside approach is an introductory text that simplifies the often unwieldy method of making a neurologic diagnosis. Medical students are often intimidated by a deluge of data, extensive differential diagnoses, and have no organizational structure to follow. Diagnostic techniques of general medicine are not applicable. Neurology is a unique specialty since it requires the intermediary step of an anatomic diagnosis prior to proffering a differential diagnosis. Yet the required knowledge of neuroanatomy need not be profound for the student who will specialize in any field other than neurology and neurosurgery. This text is directed to medical students and residents who will all be regularly faced with numerous patients who have neurologic symptomatology. Typical one-month neurology rotations out of four years of medical school is clearly inadequate training to make a cogent neurologic diagnosis, especially since subsequent instruction is commonly provided by upper level residents who have the same background and numerous misconceptions. This is not a comprehensive text. The emphasis in this concise and practical title is on establishing a neuroanatomic diagnosis before formulating a differential diagnosis. In addition, treatment is seldom discussed since it is likely to change radically over time. Focused and succinct."

"Penelitian ini membahas aktivitas spesifik katalase dalam mencegah stres oksidatif pada jaringan yang disebabkan oleh kondisi hipoksia hipobarik. Hipoksia hipobarik akut berulang sering dialami oleh para penerbang, terutama ketika harus menjalani prosedur Hypobaric Chamber training yang rutin diadakan dua tahun sekali. Salah satu jaringan yang rentan terhadap stres oksidatif akibat hipoksia adalah jaringan ginjal. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan aktivitas spesifik katalase jaringan ginjal tikus percobaan yang diinduksi hipoksia hipobarik akut yang berulang.Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah desain eksperimental. Sampel jaringan ginjal diambil dari total 25 ekor tikus jantan galur Wistar yang dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan dengan perbedaan frekuensi terhadap perlakuan prosedur Hypobaric chamber dan satu kelompok kontrol. Metode untuk mengukur aktivitas spesifik katalase menggunakan metode Mates et al. (1999) yang telah dimodifikasi oleh Departemen Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler Fakultas kedokteran Universitas Indonesia.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan bermakna aktivitas spesifik katalase semua kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol (p<0.05). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat perubahan berupa peningkatan yang signifikan aktivitas spesifik katalase di jaringan ginjal tikus percobaan yang diinduksi hipoksia hipobarik akut secara berulang dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol.

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This research determines about specific activity of catalase in preventing hypoxiainduced oxidative stress. Besides, one of the most common hypoxia condition which occurs in aviators is hypobaric hypoxia. Hypobaric chamber training which has been a fundamental component of aviation training could induce acute intermittent hypobaric hypoxia. Kidney was known as highly-demand organ of oxygen which makes its susceptible to oxidative injury. This research aims to determine changes in specific activity of catalase in rat?s kidney exposed to acute intermittent hypobaric hypoxia.

The research design used was experimental design. Twenty five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of five animals each. One control group of rats were kept under normobaric oxygen atmosphere. Four experimental group were exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber for some intermittent period of time. Specific activity of catalase was determined using Modified Mates method.

The result shows that all experimental groups are significantly different in comparison with control group. This research concludes that there are significant increases in specific activity of catalase in all experimental groups compared to control group."

"Pendahuluan : Oksigen adalah zat penting yang dibutuhkan oleh sel tubuh untuk dapat bertahan hidup. Saat terjadi hipoksia, otak merupakan organ yang paling rentan terjadinya cidera sel. Kondisi ini membuat ketidakseimbangan antara radikal bebas dan antioksidan yang akan memicu stress oksidatif dan berujung pada kematian sel jika sel tidak mampu beradaptasi. Elektroakupunktur memiliki efektifitas terhadap perbaikan sel dan membantu mitokondria dalam rantai pernafasan. Penelitian ini menilai pengaruh elektroakupunktur terhadap perbaikan sel secara histologi dan kadar antioksidan (SOD) pada otak tikus dengan kondisi hipoksia sistemik.Metode : Penelitian ini adalah uji eksperimental dengan post test design dan kelompok kontrol yang menggunakan hewan coba berjumlah 24 ekor wistar yang dibagi secara acak kedalam kelompok kontrol (n=6), kelompok hipoksia (n=6), kelompok sham (n=6) dan kelompok elektroakupunktur (n=6). Kelompok hipoksia, sham, dan elektroakupunktur mendapat induksi hipoksia dalam hypoxia chamber selama 7 hari berturut-turut. Perlakuan sham dan elektroakupunktur dilakukan pada hari ke 8 selama 7 hari berturut-turut pada titik ST36 dan sehari setelahnya dilakukan penilaian.Hasil : Pada pengukuran histologi tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok kontrol dengan kelompok elektroakupunktur (p=1.000) dan pada penilaian SOD didapatkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok elektroakupunktur dengan kelompok hipoksia (p=0.015).Kesimpulan : elektroakupunktur dapat berperan dalam perbaikan sel secara histologi dan meningkatkan nilai SOD pada sel otak yang mengalami hipoksia.

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ntroduction : Oxygen is an important substance needed by body cell to survive. When hypoxia occurs, brain is the most susceptible to cell injury. This condition creates an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants that will trigger oxidative stress and lead to cell death if cells are unable to adapt. Electroacupuncture is effective for cell repair and helps mitochondria in the respiratory chain. This study assessed the effect of electroacupuncture on histological cell repair and antioxidant leves (SOD) in systemic hypoxia rat brain.

Methods : This study is an experimental test with a post test design and a control group using 24 wistars which were divided randomly into the control group (n=6), hypoxia group (n=6), sham group (n=6) and electroacupuncture group (n=6). The hypoxia, sham, and electroacupuncture groups received hypoxia induction in the hypoxia chamber for 7 consecutive days. Sham and electroacupuncture group were given on the 8th day for 7 consecutive days at the ST36 point and the day after that the assessment was carried out.

Results: On histological measurement, there was no significant difference between the control group and the electroacupuncture group (p=1.000) and on the SOD assessment, there was a significant difference between the electroacupuncture group and the hypoxic group (p=0.015).

Conclusion: electroacupuncture can play a role in histological cell repair and increase SOD values ​​in hypoxic brain cells.

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"The aim of this issue of modern aspects of electrochemistry is to review the latest developments of the surface treatments for biomedical applications in relation to electrochemical science and technology."

"Latar Belakang Anak memiliki lima ranah keterampilan yang perlu dilalui dalam tahap perkembangannya. Dalam pemantauan perkembangan keterampilan anak, perkembangan motorik kasar merupakan ranah keterampilan anak yang dapat diamati secara langsung. Deteksi keterlambatan keterampilan motorik perlu dilakukan agar tata laksana terhadap keterlambatan keterampilan motorik dapat diberikan dengan tepat dan segera. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai peran pemeriksaan neurologis tonus otot dalam mendeteksi keterlambatan motorik kasar bayi usia 6-18 bulan. Metode Desain penelitian ini menggunakan uji diagnostik observasional dengan metode cross-sectional. Sumber data peneitian ini merupakan data primer, yaitu pemeriksaan neurologis tonus otot dan penilaian keterampilan motorik kasar secara langsung di Poliklinik Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak, RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Kiara, Jakarta Pusat pada bulan September–Oktober 2023. Data yang telah diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan tabel 2x2 serta uji bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil Dari 81 subjek, didapatkan sensitivitas terbaik secara berturut-turut adalah lateral propping, traction response, vertical suspension, spasticity, horizontal suspension, scarf sign, resting posture dan popliteal angle, serta hand fisting, dengan sensitivitas secara berturut-turut sebesar 84,31%; 76,47%; 72,55%; 56,86%; 54,90%; 50,98%; 49,02%; 49,02%; dan 39,22%. Adapun spesifisitas terbaik secara berturut-turut adalah resting posture, hand fisting, spasticity, horizontal suspension, dan popliteal angle, vertical suspension, traction response, dan scarf sign, serta lateral propping, dengan spesifisitas secara berturut-turut sebesar 96,67%; 96,67%; 96,67%; 96,67%; 96,67%; 93,33%; 93,33%; 93,33%; dan 90%. Kesimpulan Pemeriksaan lateral propping dan traction response merupakan pemeriksaan neurologis tonus otot yang memiliki hubungan paling signifikan secara statistik dengan perkembangan motorik kasar.

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Introduction Children have five domains of skills that need to be passed in their developmental stages. In monitoring children's skill development, gross motor development is a skill domain that can be observed directly. Detection of motor skill delay needs to be done so that management of motor skill delay can be provided appropriately and immediately. This study discusses the role of neurological examination of muscle tone in detecting gross motor delays in infants aged 6-18 months. Method This research design uses an observational diagnostic test with a cross-sectional method. The source of data for this study is primary data, namely neurological examination of muscle tone and direct gross motor skills assessment at the Polyclinic of the Department of Pediatrics, Cipto Mangunkusumo Kiara National Hospital, Central Jakarta in September–October 2023. The data obtained were then analyzed with 2x2 tables and bivariate and multivariate tests. Results Of the 81 subjects, the best sensitivities were lateral propping, traction response, vertical suspension, spasticity, horizontal suspension, scarf sign, resting posture and popliteal angle, and hand fisting, with sensitivities of 84.31%; 76.47%; 72.55%; 56.86%; 54.90%; 50.98%; 49.02%; 49.02%; and 39.22%, respectively. The best specificities were resting posture, hand fisting, spasticity, horizontal suspension, and popliteal angle, vertical suspension, traction response, and scarf sign, and lateral propping, with specificities of 96.67%; 96.67%; 96.67%; 96.67%; 96.67%; 96.67%; 93.33%; 93.33%; 93.33%; and 90%, respectively. Conclusion The lateral propping and traction response examination is a neurological examination of muscle tone that has the most statistically significant relationship with gross motor development."