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"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini didasari kerangka berfikir bahwapendidikan dasar merupakan aspek penting yang fundamentalbagi' 5etiap individu. Melalui pendidikan dasar inilahdi1etakan kerangka landasan daya nalar, sikap, danketrampilan subyek didik untuk mampu melanjutkan studi padatahap yang lebih tinggi ataupun terjun mengembangkanketrampilan di masyarakat. Demikian urgennya perananpendidikan dasar maka untuk menunjang keberhasilannyadiperlukan guru-guru pendidikan dasar yang berbobot dalamarti mampu menyelenggarakan prose; belajar MEDQSJBF YBWQbermutu, sehingga mampu mengembangkan semua potensi yangdimi1iki siswa.Untuk mencetak guru pendidikan dasar yang bermutu makapemerintah membuka program D II PGSD sebagai peningkatandari SPE. Paningkatan kualifikasi guru-guru sekolah dasarini mutlak perlu sejalan dengan meningkatkan fungsipendidikan dasar yang bukan lagi sekedar pendidikan yangterminal sesudah 6 tahun, melainkan merupakan bagian yangteritegrasi dengan pendidikan dasar 9 tahun. Hal ini cukupjelas dinyatakan dalam U.U. Pendidikan Nasional No: 2 Tahun1989. Untuk merealisasikan tujuan itu maka IKIP ditugasimencetak tenaga guru Sekolah Dasar melalui PVDQVBW D I1PGSD. Setelah program ini berlangsung sekitar 3 tahunpeneliti mencoba melihat bagaimana kualitas produk PGSD ini.Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 135 mahasiawa PGSDyang sudah menempuh praktek pangalaman lapangan (PPL)sebagai puncak pambekalan teori dan praktek keguruan diPGSD. Hasil panelitian yang ditemukan adalah sebagaiberlkut.1.Peserta PESD memiliki Tingkat Asplrasi yang cukup tinggiuntak mangadi guru. Tingkat Aspirasi ini mamilikihubungan yang positif dengan Sikap gerhadap profesi gurudan Panguasaan prestasi profesi keguruan.2. Paaerta PGSD memiliki Sikap yang pmsitif tarhadap Profesiguru, dan hal ini memiliki hubungan yang positif terhadapPanguasaanvprestasi prnfesi keguruan.3. Proses belajar mangajar yang dikembangkan di PGSDmamiliki tingkat Kebarmaknaan yang ralatif tinggi.Tingkat Habarmaknaan proses belajar mengajar di PGSD inimemiliki hubungan yang positif dengan Penguasaan prestasiprcfesi kaguruan. Kebermaknaan prose; belajar mengajarini merupakan prediktor yang paling tapat untukmempredikai varian Fenguasaan prestasi profesi keguruan.Bardasarkan haeil temuan seperti tersabut di atasmakadapat diajukan saran-saran sebagai barikut. Partama,walauaun sumbangannya kacil keberadaan tingkat aspirasimerupakan faktor yang harus diperhatikan dalam kepribadiancalon mahasiswa FGSD. Kadua, Ferlu diupayakan usaha yanglebih sarius untuk dapat lebih meningkatkan kebermaknaanproses belajar mengajar di PGSD.Kiranya juga perlu dilakukan penelitian tahap lanjutdangan memperluas jumlah sampel, manggunakan metodapengumpulan data dan analisis data yang labih canggihsaningga bisa diambil suatu generalisasi yang lebih bisa dipertanggung jawabkan. Hiranya juga perlu mamanfaatkan hasil penelitian sederhana ini sebagai bahan masukan dalam upaya meningkatkan mutu lulusan program DII PGSD"

"ABSTRAKTindakan pemasangan NGT adalah suatu tindakan memasukan sebuah selang melalui hidung melewati nasofaring dan esofagus menuju ke dalam lambung. Tujuan pemasangan NGT adalah untuk dekompresi , feeding , kompresi , dan lavage. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui ketepatan posisi NGT adalah : metode aspirasi, auskultasi, dan memasukkan ujung NGT ke dalam kom berisi air. Kesalahan posisi NGT dapat menimbulkan komplikasi dan tujuan pemasangan NGT tidak tercapai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan ketepatan posisi NGT menggunakan metode aspirasi, auskultasi, dan merendam ujung NGT dengan konfirmasi rontgen di UGD RS Dr Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan pre-experiment designs dengan pendekatan Postest Only Design. Jumlah sampel penelitian adalah 60 orang, yang dibagi menjadi 20 orang diobservasi dengan metode auskultasi, 20 orang dengan auskultasi, dan 20 orang dengan merendam ujung NGT. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan consecutive sampling. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah Fisher’Exact Test dilanjutkan dengan uji Toucher. Hasil analisis menunjukan tidak berbeda bermakna antara metode aspirasi dengan konfirmasi rontgen (p = 0,073 dan p Toucher = 0.664), tidak berbeda bermakna antara metode auskultasi dengan konfirmasi rontgen (p = 0, 681 dan p Toucher = 0,307), dan tidak berbeda bermakna antara metode merendam ujung NGT (p = 404 dan p Toucher = 0,125). Simpulan penelitian ini adalah tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna ketepatan posisi NGT dengan metode aspirasi, auskultasi, dan merendam ujung selang NGT ke dalam air dengan konfirmasi rontgen, hal ini berarti tidak ada metode yang paling tepat dalam menentukan ketepatan posisi NGT. Saran peneliti adalah dalam protap pemasangan NGT untuk mengetahui ketepatan posisi NGT digunakan ketiga metode ini, tes pH dan rontgen dilakukan bila perlu saja, untuk praktisi perlu dilakukan pelatihan dalam tindakan pemasangan NGT, perlu dilakukan penelitian selanjutnya, perlu dilakukan sosialisasi hasil peneitian ini untuk mendapatkan masukan dan perbaikan.

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ABSTRACTNGT insertion is an intervention by inserting a tube via nasal, passing through nasofaring and esophagus into the stomach. The purposes of NGT insertion are to decompress the stomach, feeding, compression, and lavage. Methods which are used to confirming NGT placement are aspiration method, auscultation method, and put distal end of NGT into a glass of water. Another sophisticated method to confirming NGT placement are pH test and radiology method. The aim of this study is to explain confirmation of NGT proper placement using aspiration method, auscultation method, and put distal end of NGT into water and then compared with radiology confirmation at emergency ward Dr Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung. Pre-experimental with post test only design or The one shot case study was used in this study. Total samples was 60 patients, selected by consecutive sampling technic. The subjects was divided into three groups : 20 patients were using aspiration method, 20 patients were using auscultation method, and 20 patients were using put distal end of NGT method. Statictic analysis used in this study was Fisher’s Exact Test, continued by Toucher test. The result showed that there were no significantly differences between aspiration method compared with radiology confirmation (p=0,073 and p Toucher=0,664), between auscultation method compared with radiology confirmation (p=0,681 and p Toucher=0,307), and between put distal end of NGT into water method compared with radiology confirmation (p=0,404 and p Toucher=0,125). The conclusion of this research is no significantly differences of NGT placement using aspiration, auscultation, and put distal end of NGT method compared with radiology confirmation. This meant that there was no method which is the best in corfirming NGT placement. Suggestions : proper NGT placement using this three methods are included in standard NGT insertion procedure, pH test and radiology confirmation are used only when needed, for practitioners it is important to make a training about intervention of NGT insertion, need more further research to be done, and make a publication of this research or to be socialized to motivate further research."

"[ABSTRAK Latar Belakang Masalah saluran napas yaitu pneumonia aspirasi merupakan masalah utama berkaitan dengan kualitas hidup morbiditas dan mortalitas pada anak palsi serebral PS Faktor yang berperan terhadap timbulnya pneumonia aspirasi antara lain adalah kelemahan otot napas gangguan koordinasi menelan refluks gastro esofagus status gizi dan imunitas yang kurang baik Namun hingga kini belum ada data seberapa besar insidens pneumonia aspirasi pada anak dengan PS di Indonesia dan faktor risiko yang berhubungan Tujuan Mengetahui insidens pneumonia aspirasi pada anak dengan PS dan hubungan faktor risiko dengan kejadian pneumonia aspirasi Metode Penelitian ini adalah studi kohort prospektif untuk menilai insidens pneumonia aspirasi dan studi potong lintang untuk menilai faktor risiko pneumonia aspirasi Penelitian ini dilakukan di Ruang Rawat Inap dan Klinik Neurologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangukusumo Waktu rekrutmen penelitian 1 Maret 31 Maret 2015 Waktu pengamatan tanggal 1 April 30 September 2015 Terhadap subyek dilakukan anamnesis termasuk penilaian faktor risiko dengan Dysphagia Disorder Survey pemeriksaan fisis dan R ntgen toraks sebagai data awal selanjutnya subyek diamati selama 6 bulan untuk mengevaluasi adanya pneumonia aspirasi Hubungan bivariat antara kejadian aspirasi dan faktor risiko dilakukan dengan uji Fisher dan Mann Whitney sedangkan analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan regresi logistik Hasil Total subjek penelitian adalah 40 anak dengan PS Dua subjek mengalami drop out karena meninggal dunia dan dua subjek loss to follow up sehingga terdapat 36 pasien yang berhasil diamati hingga enam bulan Sebanyak 8 dari 36 22 2 pasien pada penelitian ini mengalami kejadian aspirasi baik silent aspiration 5 5 maupun pneumonia aspirasi secara klinis 19 4 Derajat beratnya PS berhubungan dengan pneumonia dan silent aspiration p 0 040 sedangkan pneumonia dan silent aspiration tidak berhubungan dengan gangguan koordinasi menelan p 0 2 dan status gizi p 0 107 Simpulan Insidens pneumonia aspirasi pada anak PS adalah 22 2 dengan derajat beratnya PS sebagai faktor risiko terjadinya PS ABSTRACT Background Respiratory problems such as aspiration pneumonia are major morbidities and mortalities in children with cerebral palsy and play major role in the quality of life of these children Several risk factors may contribute to these problems including respiratory muscle weakness dysphagia gastro esophageal reflux disease nutrition and immune problem Nevertheless there are still no data on the incidence and risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy in Indonesia Aim To determine the incidence and risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy Method Incidence of pneumonia was studied prospectively and the prevalence of the risk factors was studied as cross sectional Subjects were recruited from March 1st ndash 31st 2015 through Neurology Clinic and Pediatric Ward Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital At baseline we evaluate history physical examination risk factors using Dysphagia Disorder Survey and chest X ray to evaluate the incidence of silent aspiration Subjects were followed up for six months to determine the incidence of aspiration pneumonia Analysis of the risk factors contributing to aspiration pneumonia were tested using Fisher rsquo s exact test and Mann Whitney Multivariate analysis was tested using logistic regression Result A total of 40 children with cerebral palsy were recruited Two subjects died during follow up and two subjects were loss to follow up giving a total of 36 subjects who completed the study Eight out of 36 subjects 22 2 had one or more episodes of aspiration consisting of silent aspiration 5 5 and clinically diagnosed aspiration pneumonia 19 4 Gross motor function was statistically signifant as risk factor of aspiration pneumonia p 0 040 while dysphagia p 0 2 and nutritional status p 0 107 were not associated with pneumonia and silent aspiration Conclusion Incidence of aspiration pneumonia and silent aspiration in children with cerebral palsy is 22 2 with gross motor function as a risk factor ;Background Respiratory problems such as aspiration pneumonia are major morbidities and mortalities in children with cerebral palsy and play major role in the quality of life of these children Several risk factors may contribute to these problems including respiratory muscle weakness dysphagia gastro esophageal reflux disease nutrition and immune problem Nevertheless there are still no data on the incidence and risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy in Indonesia Aim To determine the incidence and risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy Method Incidence of pneumonia was studied prospectively and the prevalence of the risk factors was studied as cross sectional Subjects were recruited from March 1st ndash 31st 2015 through Neurology Clinic and Pediatric Ward Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital At baseline we evaluate history physical examination risk factors using Dysphagia Disorder Survey and chest X ray to evaluate the incidence of silent aspiration Subjects were followed up for six months to determine the incidence of aspiration pneumonia Analysis of the risk factors contributing to aspiration pneumonia were tested using Fisher rsquo s exact test and Mann Whitney Multivariate analysis was tested using logistic regression Result A total of 40 children with cerebral palsy were recruited Two subjects died during follow up and two subjects were loss to follow up giving a total of 36 subjects who completed the study Eight out of 36 subjects 22 2 had one or more episodes of aspiration consisting of silent aspiration 5 5 and clinically diagnosed aspiration pneumonia 19 4 Gross motor function was statistically signifant as risk factor of aspiration pneumonia p 0 040 while dysphagia p 0 2 and nutritional status p 0 107 were not associated with pneumonia and silent aspiration Conclusion Incidence of aspiration pneumonia and silent aspiration in children with cerebral palsy is 22 2 with gross motor function as a risk factor ;Background Respiratory problems such as aspiration pneumonia are major morbidities and mortalities in children with cerebral palsy and play major role in the quality of life of these children Several risk factors may contribute to these problems including respiratory muscle weakness dysphagia gastro esophageal reflux disease nutrition and immune problem Nevertheless there are still no data on the incidence and risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy in Indonesia Aim To determine the incidence and risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy Method Incidence of pneumonia was studied prospectively and the prevalence of the risk factors was studied as cross sectional Subjects were recruited from March 1st ndash 31st 2015 through Neurology Clinic and Pediatric Ward Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital At baseline we evaluate history physical examination risk factors using Dysphagia Disorder Survey and chest X ray to evaluate the incidence of silent aspiration Subjects were followed up for six months to determine the incidence of aspiration pneumonia Analysis of the risk factors contributing to aspiration pneumonia were tested using Fisher rsquo s exact test and Mann Whitney Multivariate analysis was tested using logistic regression Result A total of 40 children with cerebral palsy were recruited Two subjects died during follow up and two subjects were loss to follow up giving a total of 36 subjects who completed the study Eight out of 36 subjects 22 2 had one or more episodes of aspiration consisting of silent aspiration 5 5 and clinically diagnosed aspiration pneumonia 19 4 Gross motor function was statistically signifant as risk factor of aspiration pneumonia p 0 040 while dysphagia p 0 2 and nutritional status p 0 107 were not associated with pneumonia and silent aspiration Conclusion Incidence of aspiration pneumonia and silent aspiration in children with cerebral palsy is 22 2 with gross motor function as a risk factor , Background Respiratory problems such as aspiration pneumonia are major morbidities and mortalities in children with cerebral palsy and play major role in the quality of life of these children Several risk factors may contribute to these problems including respiratory muscle weakness dysphagia gastro esophageal reflux disease nutrition and immune problem Nevertheless there are still no data on the incidence and risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy in Indonesia Aim To determine the incidence and risk factors of aspiration pneumonia in children with cerebral palsy Method Incidence of pneumonia was studied prospectively and the prevalence of the risk factors was studied as cross sectional Subjects were recruited from March 1st ndash 31st 2015 through Neurology Clinic and Pediatric Ward Cipto Mangukusumo Hospital At baseline we evaluate history physical examination risk factors using Dysphagia Disorder Survey and chest X ray to evaluate the incidence of silent aspiration Subjects were followed up for six months to determine the incidence of aspiration pneumonia Analysis of the risk factors contributing to aspiration pneumonia were tested using Fisher rsquo s exact test and Mann Whitney Multivariate analysis was tested using logistic regression Result A total of 40 children with cerebral palsy were recruited Two subjects died during follow up and two subjects were loss to follow up giving a total of 36 subjects who completed the study Eight out of 36 subjects 22 2 had one or more episodes of aspiration consisting of silent aspiration 5 5 and clinically diagnosed aspiration pneumonia 19 4 Gross motor function was statistically signifant as risk factor of aspiration pneumonia p 0 040 while dysphagia p 0 2 and nutritional status p 0 107 were not associated with pneumonia and silent aspiration Conclusion Incidence of aspiration pneumonia and silent aspiration in children with cerebral palsy is 22 2 with gross motor function as a risk factor ]"