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"Radiasi sinar ultraviolet dapat memberi efek negatif pada kulit manusia. Salah satu cara untuk melindungi kulit dari bahaya sinar UV adalah dengan menggunakan tabir surya atau produk kosmetik lain yang memiliki kandungan bahan fotoprotektif. Penggunaan produk kosmetik dengan kandungan bahan alam sebagai fotoprotektor juga semakin diminati. Dalam review artikel ini memuat tentang berbagai bahan alam yang memiliki efek fotoprotektif dan mungkin dapat digunakan dalam formulasi sediaan kosmetik. Bahan alam tersebut diantaranya adalah alga coklat, teh hijau, delima, lidah buaya, apel, anggur, kunyit, wortel, walnut, kopi, minyak biji bunga matahari, dan tomat. Bahan alam tersebut memiliki kandungan senyawa yang memiliki potensi sebagai agen fotoprotektif dan memungkinkan untuk digunakan dalam pengembangan formulasi suatu produk kosmetik.

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Ultraviolet radiation can have a negative effect on human skin. One of the way to protect the skin from the dangers of UV rays is to use sunscreen or other cosmetic products that contain photoprotective ingredients. The use of cosmetic products with natural ingredients as photoprotectors is also increasingly in demand. In this review article contains various natural ingredients that have photoprotective effects and may be used in preparation of cosmetic formulations. These natural ingredients include brown algae, green tea, pomegranate, aloe vera, apples, grapes, turmeric, carrots, walnuts, coffee, sunflower seed oil, and tomatoes. These natural ingredients contain compounds that have potential as photoprotective agents and allow them to be used in the development of a cosmetic product formulation."

"The characterization of shield panel of X-ray radiation was carried out. Aim of the characterization is to find the panel in that qualities comply with the reference, so the panel can be used for the folding door of nuclear medical...."

"ABSTRAKIn vivo apoptosis of fibroblast pulp cells by ionizing radiation from radiotherapy of the head and neck area has not yet been demonstrated. The study aimed to show in vivo the effect of a single dose of ionizing radiation on apoptosis of fibroblast pulp cells. The sample group consisted of 24 healthy male Wistar rats that were 3-4 months old and 150- 200 g in weight. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats that were subjected to Cobalt 60 radiation to the head at the levels of 0, 100, 200 or 400 rad. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after radiation exposure, and the lower incivus were taken for histopatological processing. Apoptosis was detected by using the TUNEL Assay method. The apoptotic fibroblast pulp cells were counted under light microscope by multiple observers using the blind test approach. The fraction of apoptotic cells was counted as mean of labial and palatal sides of the teeth below odontogenic and free-cell zone. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way anova. The results showed the percentage of apoptotic of fibroblast pulp cells was 6.4, 23.7, 34.5 and 17.8% after 0, 100, 200 and 400 rad doses, respectively. There were significant differences in the apoptotic percentages between the four groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the highest fraction of apoptotic fibroblast pulp cells was found after a single 200 rad dose, and this fraction decreased after a single dose of 400 rad."

"Sejalan dengan diberlakukannya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 63 tahun 2000 perihal Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Terhadap Pemanfaat Radiasi Pengion serta untuk memenuhi persyaratan lulus Contractor Safety Management System, maka sistem manajemen keselamatan radiasi menjadi penting bagi perusahaan yang memanfaatkan radiasi pengion.Tuntutan implementasi sistem keselamatan menjadi tinggi karena resiko dampak radiasi selain ada yang mempunyai efek langsung ada juga yang mempunyai efek tunda hingga 15 - 25 tahun. Oleh karenanya sistem pantauan pajanan radiasi dan dokumentasinya menjadi sangat penting dan peraturan mensyaratkan dokumentasi wajib disimpang hingga 30 tahun setelah pekerja radiasi berhenti bekerja.Masalah yang terjadi adalah adanya gap yang melebihi toleransi antara hasil bacaan pajanan radiasi alat pantau radiasi individu pendosimeter yang dibaca oleh pekerja radiasi dengan alat pantau radiasi individu filmbadge yang besar pajanannya dievaluasi oleh BATAN sebagai badan yang terakreditasi.Oleh karenanya dilakukan studi evaluasi untuk mengetahui hubungan faktor-faktor human error yaitu rule-based, knowledge-based dan skill-based serta audit sistem manajemen keselamatan radiasi sebagai penyebab terjadinya gap bacaan pajanan radiasi analisa dilakukan di PT RUI terhadap 40 orang pekerja radiasi yang bekerja dengan radiasi selama atau diantara bulan Desember 2002 hingga Pebruari 2003.Hasil analisa diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan kajian dalam program peningkatan keselamatan kerja pada umumnya dan pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan radiasi khususnva.Daftar Bacaan : 37 (1976 - 2003)

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In line with Government Regulation Number 63 year 2000 Concerning Safety and Health on User of Ion Radiation and to meet the requirement of Contractor Safety Management System. Radiation Management system become an essential thing to company who take an advantage from the radiation.

The requirement of implementing safety management increase due to radiation impact beside direct effect it has also delay effect may take 15 to 25 years. That is why the regulation require have to keep the personal radiation exposure data until 30 years after the employee resign.

Problem arise while the gap is happen between gamma dosimeter evaluated by the employee and filmbadge evaluated by BATAN as authorized body, the reading gap of radiation exposure is more than tolerable value

The aim of applied research is to know the correlation of human error factors thru item rule-based, knowledge-based and skill-based, included the implementation of radiation management system audit as cause factors human error to arise radiation reading gap.

The analysis is conducted at PT RUI for 40 employees who work with radiation during or within December 2002 until February 2003.

The result expected to be used as information to set up or to update safety program for continual improvement. especially on occupation radiation sector.

Bibliography: 37 (1976-2003)"

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum. This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation. Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Higari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The M1 plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed. The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the M1 generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400?500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800?1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200?300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants.

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"Radiografer secara umum mempunyai tugas dan tanggung jawab untuk melakukan pemeriksaan pasien secara radiografi meliputi pemeriksaan untuk radiodiagnostik termasuk kedokteran nuklir dan ultrasonografi (USG) dan melakukan tindakan proteksi radiasi dalam mengoperasikan peralatan radiologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprakirakan risiko pajanan radiasi sinar-X pada pekerja radiasi di Departemen Radiologi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Dalam perhitungan prakiraan risiko pajanan radiasi sinar-X, dosis pajanan radiasi sianr-X radiografer diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran film badge. Data pola aktifitas (lama kerja, frekuensi pajanan dan masa kerja) diperoleh berdasarkan hasil wawancara pada 35 radiografer di Departemen Radiologi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo. Berdasarkan perhitungan yang dilakukan, nilai rata-rata Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) lifetime (4,8E-2) dan realtime (1,9E-2). Karena secara teoretis karsinogenisitas tidak mempunyai nilai ambang atau non threshold, maka prakiraan risiko dinyatakan unacceptable (dosis tidak dapat diterima) bila ECR < E4. Kisaran angka E-4 diperoleh dari nilai default karsinogenistas yang digunakan oleh US-EPA (1990). Berdasarkan perhitungan ECR lifetime dan ECR realtime diperoleh gambaran prakiraan risiko efek karsinogenik yang terjadi pada radiografer di Departemen Radiologi RSUPN CM, dinyatakan aceptable pada risiko kanker baik pada ECR lifetime maupun realtime.

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Radiographer in general have a duty and responsibility to audit includes examined patients for radiodiagnostic including nuclear medicine and ultrasonography (USG), and radiation protection in radiology and operating equipment. This study aims to estimated the risk of X-ray radiation exposure to radiographer in the Department of Radiology RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo using Environmental Health Risk Analysis (ARKL). In calculating the estimated risk forecasts ARKL, risk of X-ray radiation exposure dose radiographer obtained from measurements of the film badge. Data patterns of activity (duration of work, frequency of exposure and years of work) obtained based on the results of a survey of 35 radiographers in the Department of Radiology RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Based on the calculations performed, the average value of Excess Cancer lifetime Risk (ELCR) is 4,8E-2 and the value of Excess Real-time Cancer Risk (ERRC) the average is 1,9E-2. Because theoretically carcinogenicity has non-threshold value, then the forecast is declared unacceptable when ECR < E-4. Range of numbers obtained from the E-4, carcinogenicity default values used by the US-EPA (1990). Based on the calculation of the ELCR and ERCR forecasts illustrate the risk of carcinogenic effects that occur in the radiographers in the Department of Radiology RSUPN CM, acceptable on cancer risk both in the ELCR and ERRC."

"Energi merupakan unsur yang selalu berhadapan dengan manusia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang terdiri dari beberapa jenis, seperti energi potensial, energi mekanik, energi kinetik dan lainya. Kalor juga merupakan energi yang sangat dibutuhkan kemampuan untuk memanfaatkan energi ini. Kalor juga memiliki sifat dapat berpindah dari suatu tempat ke tempat lainya, salah satunya adalah radiasi. Radiasi kalor merupakan sumber energi yang sangat baik untuk dimanfaatkan karena sifatnya yang mampu berpindah tanpa adanya perantara. Namun radiasi juga dapat membahayakan jika fluks kalor yang dipaparkan sangat besar yang mampu memicu penyalaan api pada objek yang terpapar.untuk menghindari hal tersebut maka perlu diantisipasi dengan salah satu cara melakukan pemetaan radiasi kalor pada suatu area tersebut. Pemetaan yang dilakukan terdiri dari beberapa faktor seperti jarak, offset, elevasi dan sudut pandang. Tentu saja jika sumber panas berada pada area fluida menyebabkan adanya pengaruh konveksi pada fluks kalor yang terukur. Kalor yang dihasilkan akan mengubah karakteristik udara disekitar objek yang dipaparkan dan akan membentuk sebuah lapisan batas yang memiliki ketebalan sesuai dengan karakteristik aliran kalor.

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Energy is always connected with human life in every day, which is like potential energy, mechanical energy, kinetic energy and others. Heat is also a kind of energy, that rsquo s needed skill and capabilites to use this energy. Heat also has properties that can devolve to others place, one of that is radiation. Heat radiation is a very good energy to be exploited because of the nature characteristics of radiation is being able to move without a medium. However, radiation can also be dangerous if the heat flux is very large which can be triggered ignition fire of the object. To keep those things it is necessary to anticipate, one of them is to make a mapping of radiation in the area. Mapping consists of several factors such as distance, offset, elevation and view factor. Of course, if there is heat in the fluid region it will cause influence of convection in measurable heat flux. The heat produced of the heater will change the properties of air around exposed object and will form a layer that has a thickness according to the heat flow."