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"Direksi sebagai salah satu organ PT berwenang untuk melakukan tindak pengurusan sesuai dengan maksud dan tujuan PT. Namun adakalanya Direksi melakukan tindak pengurusan di luar kewenangan yang dimilikinya.Skripsi ini mengkaji tentang akibat hukum dan pertanggung jawaban anggota direksi yang melakukan perbuatan hukum yang dilakukan di luar kewenangannya, serta menganalisis putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 55/k/Pdt/2009 yang menetapkan anggota direksi H. Anhar HA.Wahab tidak bersalah atas perbuatan melawan hukum melakukan perjanjian kredit dengan Bank Pembangunan Daerah NTB.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindakan direksi yang dilakukan di luar kewenangannya tidak memiliki akibat hukum terhadap PT kecuali PT meratifikasinya, anggota direksi yang melakukan perbuatan hukum di luar kewenangannya dapat bertanggung jawab secara pribadi dan tanggung renteng, dan putusan MA yang menetapkan Anhar sebagai Direktur Utama PT. Lamere tidak bersalah adalah tepat karena tidak bertentangan dengan ketentuan ADPT dan UUPT. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif yang menggunakan data sekunder sebagai data utamanya.

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Board of Directors as one of the organs Company Limited shall be liable for the management of the Company for the interest of the Company and in accordance with the objectives and purposes of the Company. However sometimes the maintenance of Directors committed outside its authority. This thesis analyse about legal consequences and responsibilities of the directors who act outside the authority of the law, as well as analyze the Supreme Court decision No.55/k/Pdt/2009 which establishes a director PT. Lamere is not guilty of unlawful conduct credit agreement with Bank Pembangunan Daerah NTB.

This research has founded that the directors act committed outside the authority has no legal effect on PT but PT ratified, member of the board of directors who perform legal acts outside the authority to take severally and jointly liability, and a Supreme Court decision that set Anhar as President Director of PT. Lamere not guilty is precisely because it does not conflict with the provisions of Article of Association PT and Company Law. This research is a normative juridical using secondary data as main data."

"Jumlah tenaga kerja informal lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan tenaga kerja formal di Indonesia. Cakupan kepemilikan jaminan kecelakaan kerja masih sangat rendah sedangkan angka kecelakaan kerja masih cenderung tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepemilikan jaminan kecelakaan kerja pada tenaga kerja informal di Indonesia. Variabel yang diamati yaitu, wilayah, umur, jenis kelamin, status pernikahan, status kesehatan, pendidikan, tingkat resiko pekerjaan, lama bekerja, Kepemilikan JKN, rawat jalan dan pendapatan tenaga kerja informal. Data yang digunakan adalah Data Susenas (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) tahun 2017 diolah menggunakan stata dengan uji logit serta dianalisis dengan pendekatan model ekonometri.Hasil penelitian dengan p value <0,05 menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara wilayah, umur, jenis kelamin, status kesehatan, pendidikan, tingkat resiko pekerjaan, Kepemilikan JKN, dan pendapatan tenaga kerja informal terhadap kepemilikan jaminan kecelakaan kerja di Indonesia. Sedangkan variabel umur, status pernikahan, rawat jalan tidak berhubungan secara statistik dengan kepemilikan JKK. Nilai Ods Ratio (OR) tertinggi antara lain variabel pendapatan (OR 6,37), pendidikan tinggi (OR 2,99) dan kepemilikan JKN (OR 2,44) sedangkan yang terendah adalah variabel jenis kelamin (0,71).

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The number of informal workers is more than the formal workforce in Indonesia. The coverage of employment accident insurance coverage is still very low while the work accident rate still tends to be high. This study aims to determine the faktors associated with the ownership of employment accident insurance in informal workers in Indonesia. The variables observed were, area, age, sex, marital status, health status, education, occupational risk level, length of employment, JKN ownership, outpatient care and informal labor income. The data used is Susenas Data (National Socio-Economic Survey) in 2017 processed using statistic with logit test and analyzed by econometric model approach.The results of the study with p value <0.05 indicate the relationship between region, age, sex, health status, education, level of occupational risk, JKN ownership, and informal labor income towards job security insurance ownership in Indonesia. While the variables of age, marital status, outpatient care were not statistically related to JKK ownership. The highest Ods Ratio (OR) scores included income variables (OR 6.37), higher education (OR 2.99) and JKN ownership (OR 2.44) while the lowest was the sex variable (0.71)."

"Pelayanan dan produk hukum yang dihasilkan oleh seorang notaris tidak dapat dilepaskan dari kelancaran dan kepastian hukum usaha/bisnis yang dilakukan oleh para pelaku usaha. Fungsi dan peran notaris dalam kegiatan usaha/bisnis terutama berkaitan dengan perseroan terbatas dapat dikatakan semakin meluas, demikian pula dengan tanggung jawabnya. Sehubungan dengan tanggung jawab tersebut, terdapat perbedaan pandangan di kalangan notaris mengenai apakah notaris bertanggungjawab atas kebenaran materiil suatu akta. Pada kenyataannya banyak notaris yang saat ini terjerat kasus yang mewajibkannya untuk turut bertanggung jawab atas kebenaran materiil akta autentik. Salah satu bentuk tanggung jawab yang kerap dikonstruksikan kepada notaris atas akta autentik yang dibuatnya, khususnya akta yang berkaitan dengan perseroan terbatas, adalah dengan menggunakan dalil Perbuatan Melawan Hukum. Tesis ini membahas mengenai bagaimana bentuk tanggung jawab notaris terhadap akta autentik yang dibuatnya, khususnya berkaitan dengan perseroan terbatas, dalam hal dalil Perbuatan Melawan Hukum yang dituntut terhadapnya dapat dibuktikan secara sah di pengadilan dan bagaimana bentuk ganti kerugian yang dapat dibebankan kepada notaris dikaitkan dengan studi kasus yang secara riil terjadi di masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan pendekatan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa notaris dapat dikenakan tanggung jawab secara hukum terhadap akta autentik berkaitan dengan perseroan terbatas dilihat dari sudut pandang Undang-undang Jabatan Notaris, Undang-undang Perseroan Terbatas dan hukum perdata dengan konstruksi Perbuatan Melawan Hukum, sehingga notaris dapat dibebankan ganti kerugian berupa dinyatakan batal demi hukum akta autentik yang dibuatnya.

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Legal services and products which are provided by a notary cannot surely remain distinct or separate from the smoothness and legal certainty of any business conducted by business actors. Notary functions and roles in the business activities, as well as his liabilities, particularly related to the limited liability companies, were revealed to becoming more widespread. Moreover, in relation to notary liabilities, multiple debates come off among the notaries regarding whether a notary should be responsible for every material truth of a deed. In fact, many notaries are currently defeated in loads cases which oblige them to take responsibility for any misconduct against the material truth of their authentic deed. A form of notary liability which is commonly construed to the authentic deed provided by notary, especially any deed related to a limited liability company, is Tort Liability (Perbuatan Melawan Hukum).

This thesis examines the notary liability on the notary' authentic deed, especially with regard to a limited liability company, on a study case in which the Tort (Perbuatan Melawan Hukum) lawsuit was proven in the court of law and regarding the form of indemnity that may be ascribed to a notary in real terms in society. This research is conducted by using qualitative method and descriptive approach.

The results of the research indicate that a notary shall legally be liable to his authentic deeds, particularly relating to the limited liability company, in terms of the Notary Act, Limited Liability Company Law and civil law refer to Tort Liability (Perbuatan Melawan Hukum), then consequently he shall bear charge for damages i.e. the authentic deed he made shall constitute as null and void."

"Tesis ini menganalisis bentuk tanggung jawab anggota Direksi dan anggota Dewan Komisaris atas kerugian Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing dan menganalisis akibat hukum bagi anggota Direksi dan anggota Dewan Komisaris yang telah merugikan Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Batam Nomor:289/Pdt.G/2017/PN Btm. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kasus. Tesis ini menyimpulkan beberapa hal. Pertama, bentuk tanggung jawab anggota Direksi dan anggota Dewan Komisaris atas kerugian Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing (PT PMA) berupa tanggung jawab secara perdata dan/atau secara pidana. Tanggung jawab secara perdata berupa anggota Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris tersebut dihukum bertanggung jawab secara pribadi membayar ganti kerugian materiil berupa sejumlah uang kepada PT PMA yang telah dirugikan. Tanggung jawab secara pidana berupa anggota Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris tersebut dijatuhi sanksi pidana berupa pidana penjara dan/atau pidana denda. Kedua, Akibat hukum bagi anggota Direksi dan anggota Dewan Komisaris yang telah merugikan Perseroan Terbatas Penanaman Modal Asing (PT PMA) dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Batam Nomor:289/Pdt.G/2017/PN Btm yaitu anggota Direksi dan Dewan Komisaris yang terbukti bersalah atau lalai dalam menjalankan tugasnya tersebut dihukum untuk bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas kerugian yang dialami oleh PT PMA dan dihukum untuk secara tanggung renteng membayar ganti kerugian materiil sejumlah USD 78,284.6 kepada PT PMA yang telah dirugikan. Doktrin business judgement rule tidak digunakan dalam Putusan tersebut karena Para Tergugat terbukti bersalah atau lalai dalam menjalankan tugasnya, melanggar anggaran dasar dan Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas serta telah melakukan ultra vires.

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This thesis analyzes the form of responsibility of members of the Board of Directors and members of the Board of Commissioners upon losses of the Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company and analyzes the legal consequences for members of the Board of Directors and members of the Board of Commissioners that to harm the Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company in the Verdict of Batam District Court Number:289/Pdt.G/2017/PN Btm. This research uses a normative juridical research method with a case approach. This thesis concludes several things. First, the form of responsibility of members of the Board of Directors and members of the Board of Commissioners upon losses of the Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company (PT PMA) in the form of civil liability and/or criminal liability. The civil liability in the form of members of the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners punished to be personally responsible to pay material compensation in the form of a sum of money to PT PMA that has been harmed. The criminal responsibility in the form of members of the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners imposed a criminal sanction in the form of imprisonment sanction and/or fines sanction. Second, the legal consequences for members of the Board of Directors and members of the Board of Commissioners that to harm the Foreign Investment Limited Liability Company (PT PMA) in the Verdict of Batam District Court Number: 289/Pdt.G/2017/PN Btm namely the members of the Board of Directors and the Board of Commissioners that are found guilty or negligence in carrying out his duties punished to be personally responsible for losses suffered by PT PMA and punished jointly to pay material compensation in the amount of USD 78,284.6 to PT PMA that has been harmed. The business judgment rule doctrine is not used in the Verdict because the Defendants had been proven guilty or negligent in carrying out their duties, to violate the articles of association and the Limited Liability Company Law and had carried out the ultra vires."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis legalitas keanggotaan Perseroan Terbatas (PT) dalam koperasi, dengan fokus pada Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2113 K/Pid.Sus/2023. Menyelidiki kerangka regulasi yang mengatur koperasi dan PT di Indonesia, penelitian ini mengevaluasi pelanggaran operasional dalam praktik keanggotaan koperasi oleh KSP Indosurya. Tujuan penelitian mencakup pemeriksaan kerangka regulasi, analisis kasus KSP Indosurya, evaluasi kritis Putusan Mahkamah Agung, eksplorasi pembatasan keanggotaan PT, dan penyusunan rekomendasi. Dengan menggunakan metodologi penelitian hukum normatif, penelitian ini difokuskan pada analisis norma hukum yang tercantum dalam undang-undang. Kesimpulan menegaskan kerangka regulasi untuk koperasi dan PT, mengevaluasi Putusan Mahkamah Agung, dan menekankan pembatasan keanggotaan PT berdasarkan hukum koperasi, khususnya melarang PT menjadi anggota koperasi. Rekomendasi disajikan untuk memperkuat pengawasan pemerintah, memberlakukan sanksi pada koperasi yang tidak patuh, meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat tentang operasi koperasi, meningkatkan pemahaman tentang Hukum Koperasi di kalangan penegak hukum, dan memastikan kepatuhan yang teliti terhadap regulasi koperasi selama penerbitan izin oleh Kementerian Koperasi dan Usaha Kecil Menengah.

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This study analyzes the legality of Limited Liability Company (LLC) membership within cooperatives, with a focus on Supreme Court Decision Number 2113 K/Pid.Sus/2023. The research delves into the regulatory framework governing cooperatives and LLCs in Indonesia, assessing operational violations within cooperative membership practices by KSP Indosurya. Research objectives encompass an examination of the regulatory framework, an analysis of the KSP Indosurya case, a critical evaluation of the Supreme Court Decision, an exploration of LLC membership restrictions, and the formulation of recommendations. Employing a normative legal research methodology, the study concentrates on the analysis of legal norms outlined in laws. The conclusion underscores the regulatory framework for cooperatives and LLCs, evaluates the Supreme Court Decision, and emphasizes the LLC membership restriction grounded in cooperative law, specifically prohibiting LLCs from being members of cooperatives. Recommendations are presented to augment government oversight, enforce sanctions on non-compliant cooperatives, enhance public understanding of cooperative operations, elevate comprehension of Cooperative Law among legal enforcers, and ensure scrupulous compliance with cooperative regulations during permit issuance by the Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises. "

"Suatu perseroan terbatas pada dasarnya didirikan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan usaha. Namun di dalam praktik terdapat suatu perseroan terbatas yang disebut PT Kosong karena tidak lagi menjalankan kegiatan usahanya. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, tesis ini membahas dua permasalahan. Pertama, tentang status hukum dari suatu PT X sebagai PT Kosong akibat terjadi ketiadaan Direksi. Kedua, membahas bagaimana tanggung jawab organ PT X dalam hal adanya kewajiban PT X terhadap pihak ke-tiga. Penulisan dalam tesis ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif.Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa PT X sekalipun tidak lagi menjalankan kegiatan usahanya sehingga dapat disebut sebagai PT Kosong, pada dasarnya masih sah sebagai badan hukum sehingga segala hak dan kewajiban sebagai badan hukum masih melekat pada PT X. Status badan hukum suatu perseroan terbatas hanya hilang dalam dilakukan pembubaran. Dalam hal muncul kewajiban terhadap pihak ke-tiga, maka seperti perseroan terbatas pada umumnya, setiap organ akan bertanggung jawab secara terbatas. Namun tanggung jawab terbatas itu dapat hilang apabila organ-organ PT X terbukti tidak menjalankan fungsinya dengan berdasarkan prinsip fiduciary duty.

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Basically a limited liability company established to undertake a business activity. But in practice, there is a limited liability company called inactive limited liability because no longer run their business activities. Based on it, this thesis addresses two issues. Firstly, concerning the legal status of PT X as an inactive limited liability company which caused by the absence of the Board of Directors. Secondly, discusses how is the responsibility PT X?s organs to the third parties. This thesis is written by using normative methods.

The results found that PT X though no longer running its operations so it can be referred as inactive limited liability company, basically still valid as a legal entity so that all rights and obligations as a legal entity is still attached to the PT X. Legal entity status of a limited liability company will only vanish in case of dissolution. In relation with obligation to the third party, then as same as in a general limited liability company, every organ will be responsible on a limited basis. However, the limited liability may be lost if the organs of PT X are proved not to carry out their functions under the principle of fiduciary duty."

"Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas menetapkan 3 (tiga) organ perseroan yaitu Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham, Direksi, dan Dewan Komisaris. Direksi berfungsi pada pokoknya untuk bertanggung jawab penuh atas pengurusan perseroan untuk kepentingan perseroan sedangkan Dewan Komisaris berfungsi melakukan pengawasan umum dan/atau khusus sesuai dengan Anggaran Dasar serta memberi nasihat kepada Direksi. Pada setiap masa akhir jabatannya, Direksi mempertanggung jawabkan pengurusan perseroan dalam Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham, yang memiliki kewenangan yang tidak diberikan kepada Direksi atau Dewan Komisaris dalam batas yang ditentukan Undang-Undang dan/atau Anggaran Dasar perseroan. Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham kemudian memberikan pelunasan dan pembebasan tanggung jawab (acquit et de charge) kepada Direksi jika tindakan kepengurusan perseroan telah tercermin dalam laporan keuangan. Pada tahun 2006, PT Indosat Mega Media sebagai perseroan yang menyediakan jasa internet (Internet Service Provider) menyelenggarakan jasanya melalui jaringan bergerak seluler milik PT Indosat Tbk melalui perjanjian kerjasama broadband. Kerjasama ini telah dipertanggung jawabkan dalam Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham pada tahun 2011 dan telah mendapatkan acquit et de charge kepada Direksi yang diwakili oleh Indar Atmanto selaku Direktur Utama. Kejaksaan Agung sebagai aparat penegak hukum mendakwa Indar Atmanto telah menggunakan frekuensi 2.1 GHz (3G) untuk menyelenggarakan jasa internetnya sehingga mengakibatkan kerugian negara sedangkan telah diketahui Direksi telah mendapatkan acquit et de charge dari Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham. Permasalahan hukum timbul atas pertanyaan sejauh mana acquit et de charge melindungi Direksi secara perdata dan pidana.

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Act No. 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Company establishes three (3) organs of the company i.e. General Meeting of Shareholders, the Board of Directors, and the Board of Commissioners. Board of Directors take full responsibility for the management of the company for the benefit of the company, while the Board of Commissioners for performing general supervision and/or in accordance with the Articles of Association as well as giving advice to the Board of Directors. At the end of their period, the Board of Directors accountable to the shareholder or management in General Meeting of Shareholders, which has special authority which is not granted to the Board of Directors or Board of Commissioners within construed to the Act and/or the Articles of Association of the company. Afterward, General Meeting of Shareholders grant release and discharge of responsibility (acquit et de charge) to the company's Board of Directors if the duty has been reflected in the financial statements.

In 2006, PT Indosat Mega Media as an Internet Service Provider company, provide services through mobile cellular network owned by PT Indosat Tbk through broadband cooperation agreements. This cooperation has been accountable to the General Meeting of Shareholders in 2011 and the Board of Directors, represented by Indar Atmanto as CEO, has gained acquit et de charge. Attorney General as law enforcement officers indicted Indar Atmanto has been using 2.1 GHz frequency (3G) to provide internet services, therefore, resulting state loss while it is known that the Board of Directors has been obtained acquit et de charge from the General Meeting of Shareholders. Legal problem arisen is how acquit et de charge could protect the Board of Directors from the liability of civil lawsuit and the criminal indicment."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai pembebanan tanggung jawab hukum kepada ManajerInvestasi akibat pelanggaran hukum yang dilakukan oleh Anggota Direksi sehinggamenyebabkan Manajer Investasi tersebut dijatuhi sanksi administratif oleh OtoritasJasa Keuangan. Dalam tesis ini akan menggunakan studi kasus pencabutan izin usahaManajer Investasi PT. Eurocapital Peregrine Securities (PT EPS). Terdapat duapertanyaan utama dalam tesis ini, yaitu mengenai kesesuaian putusan OJK mencabutizin PT EPS sebagai Manajer Investasi dengan peraturan di bidang pasar modal danmengenai ketepatan putusan Lembaga Peradilan yang menyatakan pelanggaranAnggota Direksi PT EPS menjadi tanggung jawab pribadi Anggota Direksi dan bukantanggung jawab Manajer Investasi. Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukumnormatif untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu Manajer Investasi dapat dibebankantanggung jawab akibat pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh Anggota Direksimenggunakan Teori Badan Hukum Sebagai Kenyataan Yuridis (juridischeRealiteitsleer). Berdasarkan penelitian, ditemukan Putusan OJK yang mencabut izinPT EPS sebagai Manajer Investasi telah sesuai dengan peraturan di bidang pasarmodal karena dalam UUPM pembebanan tanggung jawab atas pelanggaran yangdilakukan oleh Anggota Direksi Manajer Investasi merupakan beban ManajerInvestasi. Sedangkan Putusan Lembaga Peradilan yang menyatakan pelanggaranAnggota Direksi PT EPS menjadi tanggung jawab pribadi Anggota Direksi sehinggamenyatakan batal pencabutan izin usaha Manajer Investasi atas nama PT EPS adalahkurang tepat. Hal ini dapat karena PT EPS sendiri lemah dalam pengawasankegiatannya. Namun, pembebanan tanggung jawab kepada Manajer Investasi bukanberarti membebaskan tanggung jawab Anggota Direksi atas pelanggaran yangdilakukannnya. Anggota Direksi bertanggung jawab secara pribadi kepada ManajerInvestasi yang telah dirugikannya.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about legal liability assessed to an Investment manager dueto tort committed by its Member of Board of Directors, causing the InvestmentManager administrative sanctions by the Financial Services Authority. This thesiswill use case studies permit revocation Investment Manager PT. EurocapitalPeregrine Securities (PT EPS). There are two main questions in this thesis,regarding the suitability of the FSA's decision to revoke permit PT EPS asInvestment Manager with the capital market regulations and the suitability of theInstitute of Justice ruling stating tort of the member of the Board of Directors(member of BOD) of PT EPS is the liability of the member of BOD in personaland not the liability of Investment Manager. This thesis using normative legalresearch methods to indicate that an Investment Manager can be charged with theliability for tort committed by the member of BOD using the Theory of LegalEntity In fact Juridical (Juridische Realiteitsleer). Based on the research, it wasfound that the FSA verdict revoked the licenses of PT EPS as Investment Managerin accordance with the regulations of the capital market since the impositionUUPM liability for tort committed by the member of BOD of the InvestmentManager an Investment Manager burden. Meanwhile, the Institute of Justiceruling stating tort of member of BOD of PT EPS is the liability of the member ofBOD to declare null and revocation of business licenses on behalf of theInvestment Manager PT EPS is less precise. This could be because PT EPSthemselves weak in monitoring activities. However, the imposition of liability tothe Investment Manager not absolve the liability of member of BOD for his tort.The member of BOD is personally liable to the Investment Manager who has beenharmed., This thesis discusses about legal liability assessed to an Investment manager dueto tort committed by its Member of Board of Directors, causing the InvestmentManager administrative sanctions by the Financial Services Authority. This thesiswill use case studies permit revocation Investment Manager PT. EurocapitalPeregrine Securities (PT EPS). There are two main questions in this thesis,regarding the suitability of the FSA's decision to revoke permit PT EPS asInvestment Manager with the capital market regulations and the suitability of theInstitute of Justice ruling stating tort of the member of the Board of Directors(member of BOD) of PT EPS is the liability of the member of BOD in personaland not the liability of Investment Manager. This thesis using normative legalresearch methods to indicate that an Investment Manager can be charged with theliability for tort committed by the member of BOD using the Theory of LegalEntity In fact Juridical (Juridische Realiteitsleer). Based on the research, it wasfound that the FSA verdict revoked the licenses of PT EPS as Investment Managerin accordance with the regulations of the capital market since the impositionUUPM liability for tort committed by the member of BOD of the InvestmentManager an Investment Manager burden. Meanwhile, the Institute of Justiceruling stating tort of member of BOD of PT EPS is the liability of the member ofBOD to declare null and revocation of business licenses on behalf of theInvestment Manager PT EPS is less precise. This could be because PT EPSthemselves weak in monitoring activities. However, the imposition of liability tothe Investment Manager not absolve the liability of member of BOD for his tort.The member of BOD is personally liable to the Investment Manager who has beenharmed.]"

"Perusahaan penerbangan selaku pengangkut memiliki tanggung jawab terhadap penumpang dikarenakan adanya hubungan kontraktual yang terjadi diantara mereka, yaitu melalui perjanjian pengangkutan yang dituangkan ke dalam tiket. Namun, kadang kala dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya tersebut, perusahaan penerbangan tidak terlepas dari adanya kelalaian-kelalaian, seperti hilang atau musnahnya barang bagasi. Hukum perdata mengenal dua jenis tanggung jawab, yaitu tanggung jawab berdasarkan wanprestasi dan tanggung jawab berdasarkan perbuatan melawan hukum. Dalam penulisan ini, Penulis mencoba menganalisa kasus gugatan perbuatan melawan hukum mengenai hilangnya barang bagasi antara Eunike Mega Apriliany selaku Penggugat melawan PT. Garuda Indonesia selaku Tergugat. Dalam kasus ini, Penggugat menggugat Tergugat dikarenakan barang bagasi Penggugat hilang dan di dalamnya terdapat barang-barang seharga $ 6.862 US. Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Negeri memutus Tergugat bersalah melakukan perbuatan wanprestasi dan menghukum Tergugat untuk membayar ganti rugi $ 3.556 US. Majelis Hakim pada tingkat banding dan kasasi menguatkan putusan Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Negeri. Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Negeri berpendapat bahwa Tergugat telah lalai dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya berdasarkan hubungan kontraktual, oleh karena itu Tergugat telah melakukan perbuatan wanprestasi dan harus membayar ganti rugi kepada Penggugat. Penelitian ini berbentuk penelitian kepustakaan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksplanatoris. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder. Alat pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi dokumen. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif.

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Airlines as a carrier have a responsibility toward passengers due to contractual relationships that occur between them through carriage agreements settled on the ticket. However,in carrying out these duties airlines are sometimes negligent.These negligence include loss or destruction of the passengers’ baggage. Civil law recognizes two types of liabilities, which are responsibility by default and liability under tort. In this paper, the author tries to analyze the case of tort lawsuit regarding the loss of baggage between Eunike Mega Apriliany as Plaintiff against PT. Garuda Indonesia as the Defendant. In this case, the Plaintiff sued the Defendant because the Plaintiff lost her baggage and included items costing $ 6,862 US. Assembly District Court Judge decided that the Defendant was guilty of breach of contract and orderedthe Defendant to pay damages of$ 3,556 US. The judges on appeal and cassation upheld the ruling Council of District Court Judges. The Judges of the District Court found that the Defendant was negligent in performing its obligations under the contractual relationship. Therefore,the Defendant committed a breach of contract and should pay damages to the Plaintiff. This research is explanatory and based on literature studies.The type of data used is secondary data. The data collection tool used is the study of documents. The data analysis methods used are qualitative methods."

"Pengambilan Keputusan Para Pemegang Saham secara Sirkuler harus sesuai dengan prosedur yang diatur dalam Anggaran Dasar perseroan dan Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (UUPT). Dalam pembuatan akta notaris yang isinya dimaksudkan untuk menuangkan hasil keputusan sirkuler tersebut seharusnya berdasarkan keputusan sirkuler yang dibuat sesuai dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya. Notaris yang membuat akta pernyataan keputusan rapat berdasarkan keputusan sirkuler yang isinya tidak sesuai dengan keadaan yang sebenarnya, atau secara aktif turut serta membantu pembuatan keputusan sirkuler tersebut yang mengandung kepalsuan dapat dikenakan sanksi pidana sebagaimana yang terjadi terhadap Notaris IWDW dalam putusan Pengadilan Negeri Denpasar nomor 147/Pid.B/2022/PN Dps juncto Mahkamah Agung nomor 1134 K/Pid/2022. Tesis ini menganalisis implikasi hukum keputusan sirkuler yang cacat hukum terhadap perubahan data Perseroan terbatas dan menganalisis tanggung jawab Notaris atas pembuatan akta pernyataan keputusan rapat yang cacat hukum terkait perubahan data perseroan terbatas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah doktrinal, dengan bentuk penelitian deskriptif analitis menggunakan sumber data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan implikasi hukum keputusan sirkuler yang cacat hukum terhadap perubahan data Perseroan terbatas yaitu keputusan sirkuler mengenai perubahan data perseroan tersebut tidak sah atau batal demi hukum. Tanggung jawab Notaris atas pembuatan akta yang cacat hukum terkait perubahan data perseroan terbatas tersebut dapat dikenakan sanksi pidana karena berperan aktif turut serta dalam pembuatan akta yang tidak sesuai dengan keadaan yang sebenarnya.

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Circular decisions of shareholders must be in accordance with the procedures stipulated in the company's Articles of Association and Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies (UUPT). In making a notarial deed whose contents are intended to express the results of the circular resolution, it should be based on a circular resolution made in accordance with the actual facts. Notaries who make a deed stating the meeting's decision based on a circular decision whose contents are not in accordance with the actual situation, or actively participate in the making of the circular decision which contains falsehood can be subject to criminal sanctions as happened to Notary IWDW in the Denpasar District Court decision number 147/Pid.B/2022/PN Dps juncto Supreme Court number 1134 K/Pid/2022. This thesis analyzes the legal implications of circular decisions that are legally flawed against changes in limited liability company data and analyzes the responsibility of Notaries for making deeds of statement of meeting decisions that are legally flawed related to changes in limited liability company data. The research method used is doctrinal, with an analytical descriptive form of research using secondary data sources. The results of the study concluded that the legal implications of circular decisions that are legally flawed towards changes in limited liability company data are that the circular decision regarding changes in company data is invalid or null and void. Notary's responsibility for making a legally defective deed related to changes in limited liability company data can be subject to criminal sanctions for actively participating in making deeds that are not in accordance with the actual circumstances."