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"Resin kompositterus dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan performa estetiknya. Resin komposit terbaru yaitu nanofiller dan nanohybrid yang masih diperdebatkan ketahanannya terhadap zat warna minuman kopi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan perubahan warna permukaan resin komposit nanofiller dan nanohybrid setelah perendaman kopi. Terdapat 36 sampel yang dibagi dalam 6 kelompok dengan ukuran diameter 6 mm, tebal 3 mm. Pengukuran warna menggunakan vita easyshade classic yang diurutkan berdasarkan value. Hasil data dianalisis menggunakan Wilcoxon Test dan Mann-Whitney Test. Didapatkan Perubahan warna pada nanohybrid lebih sedikit dibandingkan pada nanofiller dan secara statistik berbeda bermakna (p<0,05). Sehingga nanohybrid memiliki ketahanan terhadap zat warna yang lebih baik daripada nanofiller.

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Resin composites continue developed to improve aesthetic performance. The newest composite resin are nanofiller and nanohybrid where color resistance to coffee drinks still debating. The aim of this study is to compare surface discoloration nanofiller and nanohybrid resin composites after immersion coffee. There are 36 samples were divided into 6 groups with a diameter of 6 mm, thickness 3 mm. Color measurements using vita easyshade classic that is sorted by value.Results data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney Test. Changes in color on nanohybrid lower than the nanofiller and statistically significant (p<0.05). Therefore nanohybrid has resistance to color better than nanofiller."

"Skripsi ini membahas pengaruh teknik inkremental dan aplikasi re-etch re-bond terhadap pencegahan perubahan warna tepi restorasi resin komposit nanohybrid setelah perendaman dalam larutan kopi, dengan cara membagi 24 gigi molar 3 menjadi 4 kelompok. Sample dibuat kavitas berbentuk lingkaran dengan diameter 2 mm kemudian ditumpat resin komposit nanohybrid dengan teknik inkremental (kelompok I-II) dan bulk (kelompok III-IV),pada kelompok I juga diaplikasikan re- etch re-bond setelah finishing lalu direndam dalam larutan kopi. Hasilnya, kelompok I menunjukkan nilai pewarnaan tepi tumpatan yang terendah dan pewarnaan tepi bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05) terjadi pada penghitungan hari ke-6 dan ke-12. Kesimpulannya, teknik penumpatan inkremental dan pengaplikasian re-etch re-bond dapat meminimalkan perubahan warna tepi tumpatan.

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This study discusses the influence of incremental technique and re-etch re-bond applications to the prevention of marginal discoloration nanohybrid composite resin after immersed in a solution of coffee, by dividing the 24 third molars into 4 groups. Sample made a circular cavity with a diameter of 2 mm then restored by nanohybrid composite resin with incremental technique (group I-II) and bulk (group III-IV), in group I also applied re-etch re-bond after finishing and then immersed in a solution of coffee . As a result, group I showed the lowest value of marginal discoloration and the marginal discoloration statistically significant (p <0.05) occurred in the counting day 6 and 12. In conclusion, incremental techniques and application of re-etch re- bond can minimize marginal discoloration of composite resin"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan perubahan warna permukaan nanofil yang dipoles dengan teknik pemolesan one step dan multi step polish setelah perendaman kopi. 30 sampel, dibagi menjadi 3 perlakuan: dipoles PoGo® (one step), dipoles Sof-Lex® (multi step) dan tidak dipoles. Sampel direndam kopi selama 12 hari. Pengukuran perubahan warna menggunakan vita classic. Setelah perendaman selama 12 hari, seluruh sampel direndam kopi (dipoles Sof-Lex®, PoGo® dan tidak poles) menunjukkan perubahan warna. Perubahan warna pada nanofil dipoles Sof-Lex® lebih kecil dibanding PoGo® namun tidak bermakna. Dapat disimpulkan multi-step polish menghasilkan perubahan warna lebih kecil dibanding one step polish namun tidak bermakna.

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This research aims to compare color change on nanofiller polished by one step and multi step polish techniques after being immersed in coffee. 30 samples treated into 3 types, polished by PoGo® (one step), Polished by Sof-Lex® (multi step) and unpolished. Samples were immersed in coffee in 12 days. Colour change was measured by using vita classic. After 12 days of immersion, all sample groups (polished by PoGo®, polished by Sof-Lex®, and unpolished) immersed in coffee, reveal color change. Color change on nanocomposite polished by Sof-Lex® is less than the one polished by PoGo®. It can be concluded multi step polish produces less color change compare to one step polish but the difference is not significant"

"Latar Belakang: Resin komposit single-shade merupakan resin komposit yang dapat menghasilkan warna menyerupai berbagai shade gigi tanpa tambahan pigmen. Resin komposit single-shade tetap memiliki potensi perubahan warna saat terpapar zat pewarna. Teh hitam dan oolong memiliki kadar tanin yang dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas warna resin komposit. Maka, dilakukan pengujian perubahan warna resin komposit single-shade setelah perendaman dalam larutan teh hitam dan oolong. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan perubahan warna antara resin komposit single-shade yang direndam dalam larutan teh hitam dan oolong. Metode: Spesimen resin komposit single-shade dan konvensional nanohybrid (n = 42) dibagi ke dalam 6 kelompok, kemudian direndam dalam larutan teh hitam dan oolong selama 24 jam/hari dalam waktu 7 hari. Pengukuran perubahan warna dilakukan dengan colorimeter. Hasil: Perendaman dalam larutan teh hitam menghasilkan perubahan warna yang tidak sesuai pada resin komposit single-shade. Terdapat perbedaan perubahan warna signifikan antara resin komposit konvensional dalam kedua larutan teh, serta antara resin komposit single-shade dalam kedua larutan teh (p < 0.05). Kesimpulan: Perendaman resin komposit dalam teh hitam atau oolong menyebabkan perubahan warna resin komposit konvensional dan single-shade. Teh hitam menyebabkan perubahan warna lebih besar dibandingkan teh oolong pada kedua jenis resin komposit.

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Single-shade composite resin is a composite resin that produces various teeth shades without additional pigments. Single-shade composite resin still has its color change potential when exposed to colorants. Black and oolong tea possess tannin contents that influence composite resin’s color stability. Therefore, single-shade resin composite’s color change was evaluated after its immersion in black and oolong tea solutions. Objective: To determine color change difference of single-shade composite resin after its immersion in black and oolong tea solutions. Methods: Single-shade and conventional nanohybrid composite resin specimens (n = 42) were divided into 6 groups, then immersed in black and oolong tea solutions for 24 hours/day for 7 days. Color change measurements were taken with a colorimeter. Results: Immersion in black tea resulted in unacceptable color change in single-shade composite resin. Significant difference in color change was found between conventional composite resin immersed in black and oolong tea, and between single-shade composite resin immersed in black and oolong tea (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Black and oolong tea immersion causes color change in conventional and single-shade composite resins. Black tea causes larger color change compared to oolong tea in both composite resins."

"Latar Belakang: Resin komposit nanofiller merupakan resin komposit yang menggunakan filler nanomerik dan nanocluster, yang partikelnya saling berikatan kovalen satu sama lain, sehingga fillernya seperti buah anggur yang padat. Sedangkan resin komposit nanohibrid merupakan resin komposit dengan filler gabungan, yakni filler nanofil sampai makrofil. Dengan peningkatan komposisi pada resin komposit nanofiller dan nanohibrid diharapkan memiliki stabilitas warna yang baik. Stabilitas warna resin komposit dapat dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor, yakni faktor instrinsik dan ekstrinsik yang saling memengaruhi satu sama lain. Untuk menilai stabilitas warna resin komposit dapat dievaluasi dengan menggunakan beberapa uji,yakni; uji perubahan warna, pelepasan filler barium, penyerapan air, pelepasan matriks resin, dan uji kekasaran permukaan. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbandingan stabilitas warna resin komposit nanofiller dan nanohibrid. Metode: Terdapat 20 spesimen yang dibagi kedalam 4 kelompok. Kelompok I (nanofiller) dan II (nanohibrid) sebagai kelompok kontrol yang direndam didalam saliva buatan, sedangkan kelompok III (nanofiller) dan IV (nanohibrid) diberikan perlakuan perendaman kunyit, kopi dan penyikatan gigi. Masing-masing kelompok dianalisis perubahan warna dan jumlah filler barium sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan akhir dengan menggunakan colourimeter dan FESEM/EDX. Terdapat 2 kelompok tambahan lainnya untuk penyerapan air sebagai data pendukung perubahan warna dan pelepasan filler barium. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna dalam hal perubahan warna, pelepasan filler barium dan penyerapan air pada resin komposit nanofiller dan nanohibrid dengan nilai kemaknaan ( p < 0,05). Terdapat hubungan terjadinya perubahan warna dan pelepasan filler barium, dengan kekuatan korelasi sebesar 64,7% (korelasi kuat) dan dengan nilai kemaknaan (p < 0,05). Kesimpulan: Stabilitas warna resin komposit nanofiller lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan resin komposit nanohibrid.

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Background: The nanofiller composite resin is a composite resin that uses nanomeric and nanocluster fillers, whose particles are covalently bonded to each other, so that the filler is like a dense grape. Nanohibrid composite resin is a composite resin with combined fillers; nano fillers to macrofiller. The increase in composition of nanofiller and nanohibrid composite resins it is expected to have good colour stability. The colour stability of composite resin can be influenced by two factors; intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence each other. To assess the colour stability of composite resins can be evaluated using several tests; colour change test, leaching of barium filler, water sorption, leaching of resin, and surface roughness test. Objective: To analyze the comparison of colour stability in nanofiller and nanohibrid composite resins. Methods: There were 20 specimens divided into 4 groups. Group I (nanofiller) and II (nanohibrid) as a control group were immersed in artificial saliva, while group III (nanofiller) and IV (nanohibrid) were immersed in a solution of turmeric, coffee and brushing with toothbrush. Each group analyzed the number of barium fillers and the colour change before and after the final treatment using EDX/FESEM and colourimeter. There are 2 other additional and different groups for water sorption as supporting data for colour change and leaching of barium fillers. Results: There were significant differences in colour change, leaching of barium filler and water absorption in nanofiller and nanohibrid composite resins with significance values (p <0.05). There was a correlation between the colour change and the leaching of barium filler in composite resins with a correlation strength of 64.7% (strong correlation) with significance value (p <0.05). Conclusion: The colour stability of nanofiller composite resins is better compared to nanohibrid composite resins."

"Biomedical foams are a new class of materials, which are increasingly being used for tissue engineering applications. Biomedical Foams for Tissue Engineering Applications provides a comprehensive review of this new class of materials, whose structure can be engineered to meet the requirements of nutrient trafficking and cell and tissue invasion, and to tune the degradation rate and mechanical stability on the specific tissue to be repaired.Part one explores the fundamentals, properties, and modification of biomedical foams, including the optimal design and manufacture of biomedical foam pore structure for tissue engineering applications, biodegradable biomedical foam scaffolds, tailoring the pore structure of foam scaffolds for nerve regeneration, and tailoring properties of polymeric biomedical foams. Chapters in part two focus on tissue engineering applications of biomedical foams, including the use of bioactive glass foams for tissue engineering applications, bioactive glass and glass-ceramic foam scaffolds for bone tissue restoration, composite biomedical foams for engineering bone tissue, injectable biomedical foams for bone regeneration, polylactic acid (PLA) biomedical foams for tissue engineering, porous hydrogel biomedical foam scaffolds for tissue repair, and titanium biomedical foams for osseointegration."

"Latar Belakang: Perendaman resin komposit nanohibrid dan mikrohibrid di dalam jus berbagai buah menunjukkan perubahan warna total (ΔE) lebih gelap, namun tidak disertai dengan nilai-nilai komponen warna yang lain, yaitu kecerahan (L*), kroma merah-hijau (a*), dan kroma kuning-biru (b*). G-aenial Anterior merupakan resin komposit mikrohibrid dengan estetika berkualitas tinggi. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh perendaman resin komposit nanohibrid dan mikrohibrid G-aenial Anterior dalam larutan-larutan yang mengandung klorofil, bit, dan kolagen terhadap perubahan warna total (ΔE), kecerahan (ΔL), kroma merah-hijau (Δa), dan kroma kuning-biru (Δb). Metode: Spesimen (21spesimen) dipersiapkan dengan memolimerisasi resin komposit nanohibrid dan mikrohibrid G-aenial Anterior selama 20 detik dengan iradiansi 1000 mW/cm2 untuk masing-masing jenis resin komposit. Spesimen dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, masing-masing kelompok dilakukan perendaman selama 7 hari dengan setiap larutan-larutan klorofil, bit, atau kolagen. Pengukuran warna dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolorimeter CIE untuk menghasilkan L*a*b*. Perubahan warna spesimen yang dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah perendaman menghasilkan ΔL, Δa, Δb dan ΔE dengan perhitungan dari rumus CIE. Signifikasi perbedaan warna spesimen sebelum (L*1; a*1; b*1) dan sesudah (L*2; a*2; b*2) setelah dilakukan perendaman dilakukan dengan uji t-test. Signifikansi perbedaan perubahan warna ΔL, Δa, Δb, dan ΔE setelah perendaman antar larutan atau antar resin komposit dilakukan dengan Uji One-Way ANOVA. Signifikansi perbedaan data yang homogen (ΔL dan Δb) menggunakan post hoc Bonferroni sedangkan data yang heterogen (Δa dan ΔE) menggunakan post hoc Tamhane. Hasil: Resin komposit nanohibrid dan mikrohibrid G-aenial Anterior setelah perendaman di dalam larutan klorofil, bit, dan kolagen memberi perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) antara L*1-L*2 dan b*1-b*2 yang signifikan (p<0,05). Resin komposit nanohibrid dan mikrohibrid G-aenial Anterior setelah perendaman di dalam larutan klorofil memberi ΔL kurang cerah (p<0,05), Δa semakin kehijauan (p<0,05), Δb semakin kekuningan (p<0,05) dan ΔE> 3,3. Setelah perendaman resin komposit di dalam larutan bit, terlihat ΔL kurang cerah (p<0,05), Δa semakin kemerahan (p<0,05), Δb semakin kekuningan (p<0,05),dan nilai ΔE>3,3. Setelah perendaman resin komposit dalam larutan kolagen, ΔL kurang cerah, Δa semakin kemerahan, dan Δb kekuningan, yang mana perubahan kurang signifikan; dan nilai ΔE<1. Kesimpulan: Perendaman spesimen di dalam larutan klorofil, bit, dan kolagen menurunkan kecerahan dan meningkatkan warna kekuningan. Larutan klorofil menampilkan perubahan warna lebih kehijauan, sedangkan, larutan bit dan kolagen menyebabkan perubahan warna lebih kemerahan. Namun, perubahan warna oleh larutan kolagen kurang signifikan. Perendaman spesimen di dalam larutan klorofil, bit menampilkan ΔE di luar kisaran batas perubahan warna.

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Background: Immersion of nanohybrid and microhybrid composite resins in various fruit juices showed a darker total color change (ΔE), but was not accompanied by other color component values, namely brightness (L*), red-green chroma (a*), and yellow-blue chroma (b*). G-aenial Anterior is a microhybrid composite resin with high quality aesthetics. Objective: To analyze the effect of immersion of nanohybrid and microhybrid composite resins G-aenial Anterior in solutions containing chlorophyll, beetroot, and collagen on total color changes (ΔE), brightness (ΔL), red-green chroma (Δa), and yellow-blue chroma (Δb). Method: Specimens (21 specimens) were prepared by polymerizing nanohybrid and microhybrid composite resins G-aenial Anterior for 20 seconds with an irradiance of 1000 mW/cm2 for each type of composite resin. The specimens were divided into 3 groups, each group was soaked for 7 days with each chlorophyll, beetroot, or collagen solution. Color measurements were performed using a CIE colorimeter to produce L*a*b*. The color changes of the specimens before and after immersion produced ΔL, Δa, Δb and ΔE with calculations from the CIE formula. The significance of the color differences of the specimens before (L*1; a*1; b*1) and after (L*2; a*2; b*2) after immersion was performed using the t-test. The significance of the differences in color changes ΔL, Δa, Δb, and ΔE after immersion between solutions or between composite resins was performed using the One-Way ANOVA Test. The significance of the differences in homogeneous data (ΔL and Δb) used the Bonferroni post hoc while the heterogeneous data (Δa and ΔE) used the Tamhane post hoc. Results: Nanohybrid and microhybrid composite resin G-aenial Anterior after immersion in chlorophyll, beetroot, and collagen solution gave significant differences (p<0.05) between L*1-L*2 and b*1-b*2 which were significant (p<0.05). Nanohybrid and microhybrid composite resin G-aenial Anterior after immersion in chlorophyll solution gave ΔL less bright (p<0.05), Δa more greenish (p<0.05), Δb more yellowish (p<0.05) and ΔE> 3.3. After immersion of the composite resin in beetroot solution, ΔL was less bright (p<0.05), Δa more reddish (p<0.05), Δb more yellowish (p<0.05), and ΔE>3.3. After immersion of composite resin in collagen solution, ΔL was less bright, Δa was more reddish, and Δb was yellowish, which were less significant changes; and the ΔE value <1. Conclusion: Immersion of specimens in chlorophyll, beetroot, and collagen solutions decreased brightness and increased yellowish color. Chlorophyll solution displayed a more greenish color change, while beetroot and collagen solutions caused a more reddish color change. However, the color change by collagen solution was less significant. Immersion of specimens in chlorophyll, beetroot solutions displayed ΔE outside the range of color change limits."

"ABSTRACTTujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh sistem pemolesan terhadap perubahan warna resin komposit mikrohibrida setelah perendaman dalam larutan Luwakwhite coffee. Material dan Metode Penelitian: Dalam penelitian ini digunakan empat puluh dua spesimen berdiameter 6 mm dan tebal 2 mm yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok dengan 2 bahan yang berbeda yaitu G-aenial PosteriorTM dan Filtek Z250TM dipoles menggunakan Sof-Lex disc SuperfineTM, PoGo, dan tidak dipoles. Spesimen di polimerisasi menggunakan LED Curing Unit dengan irradiansi 700 mW/cm2 (LED Max Hilux) selama 20 detik. Setelah dipoles, spesimen direndam dalam larutan Luwak white coffee selama 7 hari. Perubahan warna diukur menggunakan colorimeter NH310 (Shenzhen 3NH) dengan sistem warna CIE Lab. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Statistik One-Way Anova Test. Hasil: Setelah dipoles, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) pada nilai I E1 dan nilai I a1, namun untuk nilai I L1 dan nilai I b1 tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan. Setelah perendaman dalam larutan Luwakwhite coffee, terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) pada nilai I E2, nilai I b2. Sedangkan, nilai I L2 hampir terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada seluruh kelompok, kecuali G-aenial PosteriorTM yang tidak dipoles dengan Filtek Z250TM yang tidak dipoles, Filtek Z250TM yang tidak dipoles dengan Filtek Z250TM yang dipoles menggunakan Sof-LexTM Superfine, dan G-aenial PosteriorTM yang dipoles menggunakan Sof-LexTM Superfine dengan Filtek Z250TM yang dipoles menggunakan Sof-LexTMSuperfine serta nilai I a2 hampir terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada seluruh kelompok, kecuali Filtek Z250TM yang tidak dipoles dengan Filtek Z250TM yang dipoles menggunakan PoGo. Kesimpulan: Sistem pemolesan yang berbeda dapat mempengaruhi nilai perubahan warna resin komposit mikrohibrida. Pemolesan menggunakan PoGo menghasilkan perubahan warna paling kecil. Filtek Z250TM memiliki perubahan warna terkecil setelah perendaman dalam larutan Luwak white coffeeselama 7 hari.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: This study aims to analyze the influence of polishing systems on color change of microhybrid composite resin after immersion in Luwak white coffee solution.Material and Methods: In this study, fourty two specimens, 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, were divided into six groups with different composite types, that is G-aenial PosteriorTM and Filtek Z250TM, polished with Sof-Lex disc SuperfineTM, PoGo and unpolished. The specimens are polymerized for 20 seconds using a 700 mW/cm2irradiance LED curing unit (LED Max Hilux). After polishing, the specimens are immersed in Luwak white coffee solution for 7 days. The color change is measured using a colorimeter NH310 (Shenzhen 3NH) with the CIE Lab color system. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA test. Results: After polishing, there were statistically significant differences (p<0,05) between the I E1 and I a1 groups. However, statistically significant differences were not found between the I L1 and I b1 groups. After immersed in Luwak white coffee, there were statistically significant differences (p<0,05) between the I E22 and I b1 groups. Meanwhile, almost all of the I L2 groups showed a significant increase, except for G-aenial PosteriorTM unpolished with Filtek Z250TM unpolished, Filtek Z250TM unpolished with Filtek Z250TM polished using Sof-LexTMSuperfine, G-aenial PosteriorTM polished using Sof-LexTM Superfine with Filtek Z250TMpolished using Sof-LexTM Superfine and I a2 groups showed a significant increase, except Filtek Z250TM unpolished with Filtek Z250TM polished using PoGo. Conclusions:It was concluded that different polishing systems affect color change of the microhybrid composite resins. Polishing with PoGo produces the smallest color change. Filtek Z250TM was determined to have the smallest color change after immersion in Luwak white coffee for 7 days."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh hidrogen peroksida 40 terhadap perubahan warna resin komposit nanohibrida oleh larutan teh. Dua puluh spesimen berdiameter 6 mm dan tebal 2 mm dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Setiap kelompok direndam pada larutan teh hijau atau teh hitam selama 7 hari, kemudian di bleaching dan direndam kembali selama 7 hari. Perubahan warna diukur menggunakan colorimeter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna p0,05 antara perubahan warna teh hijau dan teh hitam setelah bleaching. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa hidrogen peroksida 40 mempengaruhi perubahan warna resin komposit nanohibrida.

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This study aims to analyze the influence of 40 hydrogen peroxide on color change of nanohybrid composite resins by tea solution. Twenty specimens, 6 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were divided into two groups. Each group was immersed in green tea or black tea for 7 days, then bleached and re immersed for 7 days. The color change is measured using a colorimeter. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences p 0.05 between green tea and black tea after bleaching. It can be concluded that 40 Hidrogen Peroxide affects colous change of nanohybrid composite resin."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi hidrogen peroksida 40 terhadap kerentanan perubahan warna resin komposit nanohibrida oleh minuman berkarbonasi. Tiga puluh spesimen resin komposit nanohibrida berbentuk silinder diameter 6mm x ketebalan 2mm dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok; Coca-Cola, Fanta Strawberry, dan Sprite n=10. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam minuman masing-masing selama 7 hari, diaplikasikan hidrogen peroksida 40, dan direndam kembali selama 7 hari. Pengukuran warna dilakukan sebanyak empat kali dengan Colorimeter. Nilai perubahan warna kemudian dihitung. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Paired-Samples T Test dan One-Way ANOVA.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of 40 hydrogen peroxide application on nanohybrid composite resin staining susceptibility by carbonated drinks. Thirty cylindrical specimens 6mm diameter x 2mm depth of nanohybrid composite resin were divided into 3 groups Coca Cola, Fanta Strawberry, and Sprite n 10. All specimens were immersed in each drinks for 7 days, bleached with 40 hydrogen peroxide, and re immersed for 7 days. Color measurement was done four times using a Colorimeter. Color differences between each measurement were calculated. Data were analyzed statistically by Paired Samples T Test and One Way ANOVA. "